"Dates of Epoch-Making Events" is an
entry in The Nuttall Encyclopaedia for its listing of the most important turning points in history, particularly
western history. The work's list illustrates
western culture's turning points and
James Wood's views from the early 20th century. The events are listed as in the original listing, with modern
footnotes.
^Most historians consider that Jesus was born around 4 BCE or slightly earlier, See
E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, Penguin Books, 1993, pp. 10–11. For historians and Biblical scholars who place the birth Jesus within the range 7 – 2 BCE include
D. A. Carson,
Douglas J. Moo and
Leon Morris. See An Introduction to the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992, 54, 56
Michael Grant, Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels, Scribner's, 1977, p. 71;
John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew, Doubleday, 1991–, vol. 1:214; , and
Ben Witherington III, "Primary Sources," Christian History 17 (1998) No. 3:12–20.
^The
discovery of the Americas has variously been attributed to others, depending on context and definition. For example, the
Vikings (c. 1000) had previously established a settlement at
L'Anse aux Meadows,
Newfoundland. However, the information regarding other events did not advance the exploration of the Americas by Europe as a whole. See
Discovery of the Americas for other "Americas discovery".
^Nicolaus Copernicus' first circulated a handwritten form in 1514. His epochal book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), was published in 1543 just before he died. Heliocentrism discussions date to classical antiquity, it was not until 1,800 years later, however, in the 16th century, that the mathematician and astronomer Copernicus presented a fully predictive mathematical model of a heliocentric system, which was later elaborated and expanded by
Johannes Kepler.
^Anglicized form of the Novum Organum. The title translates as "new instrument".
^The
steam engine was progressively developed; The
Watt steam engine was developed sporadically from 1763 to 1775. The great step in the development of the steam engine that Watt added was the condensing chamber, a key refinement. Also, this design offered a dramatic increase in
fuel efficiency.
^Though rail transport had been introduced earlier, this is the date for the world's first inter-city passenger railway in which all the trains were timetabled and were hauled for most of the distance solely by
steam locomotives. The
Liverpool and Manchester Railway was a large success in the newly industrialized area.
^Samuel Morse independently developed an electrical telegraph in 1837. Morse's public information was responsible for demonstrations conducted in both England and France. His patent in France was applied for in 1838. See for more:
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, and Edward Lind Morse.
Samuel F.B. Morse: His Letters and Journals. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1914 and
Professor Morse's Electro-Magnetic Telegraph. The American Biblical Repository, April, 1838. See also the
Morse Telegraph (1837) contained in the historical collection of France Telecom, Telecommunication City in
Pleumeur-Bodou, France. Also notable, in regards to the date, was the
William Fothergill Cooke and
Charles Wheatstone demonstration of 1837 in London. See
electrical telegraph for the general development of the apparatus.
"Dates of Epoch-Making Events" is an
entry in The Nuttall Encyclopaedia for its listing of the most important turning points in history, particularly
western history. The work's list illustrates
western culture's turning points and
James Wood's views from the early 20th century. The events are listed as in the original listing, with modern
footnotes.
^Most historians consider that Jesus was born around 4 BCE or slightly earlier, See
E. P. Sanders, The Historical Figure of Jesus, Penguin Books, 1993, pp. 10–11. For historians and Biblical scholars who place the birth Jesus within the range 7 – 2 BCE include
D. A. Carson,
Douglas J. Moo and
Leon Morris. See An Introduction to the New Testament. Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan Publishing House, 1992, 54, 56
Michael Grant, Jesus: An Historian's Review of the Gospels, Scribner's, 1977, p. 71;
John P. Meier, A Marginal Jew, Doubleday, 1991–, vol. 1:214; , and
Ben Witherington III, "Primary Sources," Christian History 17 (1998) No. 3:12–20.
^The
discovery of the Americas has variously been attributed to others, depending on context and definition. For example, the
Vikings (c. 1000) had previously established a settlement at
L'Anse aux Meadows,
Newfoundland. However, the information regarding other events did not advance the exploration of the Americas by Europe as a whole. See
Discovery of the Americas for other "Americas discovery".
^Nicolaus Copernicus' first circulated a handwritten form in 1514. His epochal book, De revolutionibus orbium coelestium (On the Revolutions of the Celestial Spheres), was published in 1543 just before he died. Heliocentrism discussions date to classical antiquity, it was not until 1,800 years later, however, in the 16th century, that the mathematician and astronomer Copernicus presented a fully predictive mathematical model of a heliocentric system, which was later elaborated and expanded by
Johannes Kepler.
^Anglicized form of the Novum Organum. The title translates as "new instrument".
^The
steam engine was progressively developed; The
Watt steam engine was developed sporadically from 1763 to 1775. The great step in the development of the steam engine that Watt added was the condensing chamber, a key refinement. Also, this design offered a dramatic increase in
fuel efficiency.
^Though rail transport had been introduced earlier, this is the date for the world's first inter-city passenger railway in which all the trains were timetabled and were hauled for most of the distance solely by
steam locomotives. The
Liverpool and Manchester Railway was a large success in the newly industrialized area.
^Samuel Morse independently developed an electrical telegraph in 1837. Morse's public information was responsible for demonstrations conducted in both England and France. His patent in France was applied for in 1838. See for more:
Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, and Edward Lind Morse.
Samuel F.B. Morse: His Letters and Journals. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co, 1914 and
Professor Morse's Electro-Magnetic Telegraph. The American Biblical Repository, April, 1838. See also the
Morse Telegraph (1837) contained in the historical collection of France Telecom, Telecommunication City in
Pleumeur-Bodou, France. Also notable, in regards to the date, was the
William Fothergill Cooke and
Charles Wheatstone demonstration of 1837 in London. See
electrical telegraph for the general development of the apparatus.