Cunninghamella elegans | |
---|---|
Scientific classification
![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Mucoromycota |
Class: | Mucoromycetes |
Order: | Mucorales |
Family: | Cunninghamellaceae |
Genus: | Cunninghamella |
Species: | C. elegans
|
Binomial name | |
Cunninghamella elegans | |
Synonyms | |
|
Cunninghamella elegans is a species of fungus in the genus Cunninghamella found in soil. [3]
It can be grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth, a liquid medium used for cultivation of yeasts and molds from liquid which are normally sterile.
As opposed to C. bertholletiae, it is not a human pathogen, [4] with the exception of two documented patients. [5]
Cunninghamella elegans is a filamentous fungus that produces purely gray colonies. [6]
Electron microscopy studies show that the conidia are covered with spines. [7]
Cunninghamella elegans is able to degrade xenobiotics. [8] It has a variety of enzymes of phases I (modification enzymes acting to introduce reactive and polar groups into their substrates) and II (conjugation enzymes) of the xenobiotic metabolism, as do mammals. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, aryl sulfotransferase, glutathione S-transferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UDP-glucosyltransferase activities have been detected in cytosolic or microsomal fractions. [9]
Cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-450 reductase in C. elegans are part of the phase I enzymes. They are induced by the corticosteroid cortexolone and by phenanthrene. [10] C. elegans also possesses a lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase, another enzyme in the cytochrome P450 family. [11]
Cunninghamella elegans also possesses a glutathione S-transferase. [12]
Cunninghamella elegans is a microbial model of mammalian drug metabolism. [13] [14] [15] [16] The use of this fungus could reduce the over-all need for laboratory animals. [17]
Cunninghamella elegans is able to transform the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline [18] and doxepin, [19] the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapine, [20] the muscle relaxant cyclobenzaprine, [21] the typical antipsychotic chlorpromazine as well as the antihistamine and anticholinergic methdilazine [22] and azatadine. It is also able to transform the antihistamines brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine and pheniramine. [23]
It forms a glucoside with the diuretic furosemide. [16]
The transformation of oral contraceptive mestranol by C. elegans yields two hydroxylated metabolites, 6beta-hydroxymestranol and 6beta,12beta-dihydroxymestranol. [24]
The phase I cytochrome P450 enzyme systems of C. elegans has been implicated in the neutralization of numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). [6]
It can degrade molecules such as anthracene, 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene and 7-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene, [25] phenanthrene, [26] acenaphthene, [27] 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene, [28] naphthalene, [29] fluorene [30] or benzo(a)pyrene. [31]
In the case of phenanthrene, C. elegans produces a glucoside conjugate of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene ( phenanthrene 1-O-beta-glucose). [32]
Cunninghamella elegans is also able to degrade the herbicides alachlor, [33] metolachlor [34] and isoproturon [35] as well as the fungicide mepanipyrim. [3]
Cunninghamella elegans can be used to study the metabolism of phenols. This type of molecules already have reactive and polar groups comprised within their structure therefore phases I enzymes are less active than phase II (conjugation) enzymes.
In flavonols, an hydroxyl group is available in the 3- position allowing the glycosylation at that position. The biotransformation of quercetin yields three metabolites, including quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. Glucosylation and O-methylation are involved in the process. [36]
In flavones, there is no hydroxyl group available at the 3- position. Conjugation, in the form of
sulfation occurs at the 7- or 4'- positions.
Apigenin and
chrysin are also transformed by C. elegans and produce
apigenin 7-sulfate,
apigenin 7,4′-disulfate,
chrysin 7-sulfate.
[37]
Sulfation also occurs on
naringenin and produces
naringenin-7-sulfate.
[38]
Glucosylation may nevertheless occur but in 3'- position, as happens during the microbial transformation of psiadiarabin and its 6-desmethoxy analogue, 5,3′ dihydroxy-7,2′,4′,5′-tetramethoxyflavone, by Cunninghamella elegans NRRL 1392 that gives the 3′-glucoside conjugates of the two flavones. [39]
As in flavones, there is no hydroxyl groups available at the 3- position for glycosylation in flavanones. Therefore, sulfation occurs at the 7- position. In compounds like 7-methoxylated flavanones like 7-O-methylnaringenin ( sakuranetin), demethylation followed by sulfation occur. [40]
It is also able to degrade synthetic phenolic compounds like bisphenol A. [41]
Cunninghamella elegans can transform the nitrogen containing compound phthalazine [42] It is also able to oxidize the organosulfur compound dibenzothiophene. [43]
Methods for efficient C. elegans genomic DNA isolation and transformation have been developed. [44]
The cytochrome P450 of C. elegans has been cloned in Escherichia coli [45] as well as an enolase. [46]
Cunninghamella elegans can be grown in stirred tank batch bioreactor. [47] Protoplasts cultures have been used. [48]
Cunninghamella elegans can be used for phenanthrene bioconversion [47] or for steroid transformation. [48] It has been used to produce isoapocodeine from 10,11-dimethoxyaporphine, [49] triptoquinone from the synthetic abietane diterpene triptophenolide [50] or for the rational and economical bioconversion of antimalarial drug artemisinin to 7beta-hydroxyartemisinin. [51]
Cunninghamella elegans has been used in environmental biotechnology for the treatment of textile wastewaters, [52] for instance those discoloured by azo dyes [53] or malachite green. [54]
Chitin [55] and chitosan isolated from C. elegans can be used for heavy metal biosorption. [56] Production can be made on yam bean ( Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urban) medium. [57]
Cunninghamella elegans
ATCC 9245
[36]
Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 36112
[6]
Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 26269
[6]
Cunninghamella elegans
NRRL 1393
[6]
Cunninghamella elegans
IFM 46109
[56]
Cunninghamella elegans
UCP 542
[53]
Cunninghamella elegans | |
---|---|
Scientific classification
![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Fungi |
Division: | Mucoromycota |
Class: | Mucoromycetes |
Order: | Mucorales |
Family: | Cunninghamellaceae |
Genus: | Cunninghamella |
Species: | C. elegans
|
Binomial name | |
Cunninghamella elegans | |
Synonyms | |
|
Cunninghamella elegans is a species of fungus in the genus Cunninghamella found in soil. [3]
It can be grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth, a liquid medium used for cultivation of yeasts and molds from liquid which are normally sterile.
As opposed to C. bertholletiae, it is not a human pathogen, [4] with the exception of two documented patients. [5]
Cunninghamella elegans is a filamentous fungus that produces purely gray colonies. [6]
Electron microscopy studies show that the conidia are covered with spines. [7]
Cunninghamella elegans is able to degrade xenobiotics. [8] It has a variety of enzymes of phases I (modification enzymes acting to introduce reactive and polar groups into their substrates) and II (conjugation enzymes) of the xenobiotic metabolism, as do mammals. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenase, aryl sulfotransferase, glutathione S-transferase, UDP-glucuronosyltransferase, UDP-glucosyltransferase activities have been detected in cytosolic or microsomal fractions. [9]
Cytochrome P-450 and cytochrome P-450 reductase in C. elegans are part of the phase I enzymes. They are induced by the corticosteroid cortexolone and by phenanthrene. [10] C. elegans also possesses a lanosterol 14-alpha demethylase, another enzyme in the cytochrome P450 family. [11]
Cunninghamella elegans also possesses a glutathione S-transferase. [12]
Cunninghamella elegans is a microbial model of mammalian drug metabolism. [13] [14] [15] [16] The use of this fungus could reduce the over-all need for laboratory animals. [17]
Cunninghamella elegans is able to transform the tricyclic antidepressants amitriptyline [18] and doxepin, [19] the tetracyclic antidepressant mirtazapine, [20] the muscle relaxant cyclobenzaprine, [21] the typical antipsychotic chlorpromazine as well as the antihistamine and anticholinergic methdilazine [22] and azatadine. It is also able to transform the antihistamines brompheniramine, chlorpheniramine and pheniramine. [23]
It forms a glucoside with the diuretic furosemide. [16]
The transformation of oral contraceptive mestranol by C. elegans yields two hydroxylated metabolites, 6beta-hydroxymestranol and 6beta,12beta-dihydroxymestranol. [24]
The phase I cytochrome P450 enzyme systems of C. elegans has been implicated in the neutralization of numerous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH). [6]
It can degrade molecules such as anthracene, 7-methylbenz[a]anthracene and 7-hydroxymethylbenz[a]anthracene, [25] phenanthrene, [26] acenaphthene, [27] 1- and 2-methylnaphthalene, [28] naphthalene, [29] fluorene [30] or benzo(a)pyrene. [31]
In the case of phenanthrene, C. elegans produces a glucoside conjugate of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene ( phenanthrene 1-O-beta-glucose). [32]
Cunninghamella elegans is also able to degrade the herbicides alachlor, [33] metolachlor [34] and isoproturon [35] as well as the fungicide mepanipyrim. [3]
Cunninghamella elegans can be used to study the metabolism of phenols. This type of molecules already have reactive and polar groups comprised within their structure therefore phases I enzymes are less active than phase II (conjugation) enzymes.
In flavonols, an hydroxyl group is available in the 3- position allowing the glycosylation at that position. The biotransformation of quercetin yields three metabolites, including quercetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, kaempferol 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside and isorhamnetin 3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside. Glucosylation and O-methylation are involved in the process. [36]
In flavones, there is no hydroxyl group available at the 3- position. Conjugation, in the form of
sulfation occurs at the 7- or 4'- positions.
Apigenin and
chrysin are also transformed by C. elegans and produce
apigenin 7-sulfate,
apigenin 7,4′-disulfate,
chrysin 7-sulfate.
[37]
Sulfation also occurs on
naringenin and produces
naringenin-7-sulfate.
[38]
Glucosylation may nevertheless occur but in 3'- position, as happens during the microbial transformation of psiadiarabin and its 6-desmethoxy analogue, 5,3′ dihydroxy-7,2′,4′,5′-tetramethoxyflavone, by Cunninghamella elegans NRRL 1392 that gives the 3′-glucoside conjugates of the two flavones. [39]
As in flavones, there is no hydroxyl groups available at the 3- position for glycosylation in flavanones. Therefore, sulfation occurs at the 7- position. In compounds like 7-methoxylated flavanones like 7-O-methylnaringenin ( sakuranetin), demethylation followed by sulfation occur. [40]
It is also able to degrade synthetic phenolic compounds like bisphenol A. [41]
Cunninghamella elegans can transform the nitrogen containing compound phthalazine [42] It is also able to oxidize the organosulfur compound dibenzothiophene. [43]
Methods for efficient C. elegans genomic DNA isolation and transformation have been developed. [44]
The cytochrome P450 of C. elegans has been cloned in Escherichia coli [45] as well as an enolase. [46]
Cunninghamella elegans can be grown in stirred tank batch bioreactor. [47] Protoplasts cultures have been used. [48]
Cunninghamella elegans can be used for phenanthrene bioconversion [47] or for steroid transformation. [48] It has been used to produce isoapocodeine from 10,11-dimethoxyaporphine, [49] triptoquinone from the synthetic abietane diterpene triptophenolide [50] or for the rational and economical bioconversion of antimalarial drug artemisinin to 7beta-hydroxyartemisinin. [51]
Cunninghamella elegans has been used in environmental biotechnology for the treatment of textile wastewaters, [52] for instance those discoloured by azo dyes [53] or malachite green. [54]
Chitin [55] and chitosan isolated from C. elegans can be used for heavy metal biosorption. [56] Production can be made on yam bean ( Pachyrhizus erosus L. Urban) medium. [57]
Cunninghamella elegans
ATCC 9245
[36]
Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 36112
[6]
Cunninghamella elegans ATCC 26269
[6]
Cunninghamella elegans
NRRL 1393
[6]
Cunninghamella elegans
IFM 46109
[56]
Cunninghamella elegans
UCP 542
[53]