Coagulation activation markers are biomarkers of net activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. [1] [2] Examples include prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT), fibrinopeptide A (FpA), fibrin monomers (FMs), plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex (PAP), activated protein C–protein C inhibitor (APC-PCI), and D-dimer (DD). [1] [2] These compounds are markers of thrombin generation (F1+2, TAT, APC-PCI), fibrin generation (FpA, FMs), and fibrinolysis (DD, PAP). [1] [2] Coagulation activation markers, particularly D-dimer, are useful in the diagnosis of acute venous thromboembolism. [1] [3] They may also be useful in the assessment of hypercoagulability and venous thromboembolism risk. [4] [5] [6]
Levels of coagulation activation markers are increased with pregnancy, [7] with estrogen-containing birth control pills, [8] with menopausal hormone therapy, [9] [6] and with high-dose parenteral estradiol therapy for prostate cancer. [10] [11] [12] Transdermal estradiol appears to have less influence on coagulation activation markers than oral estrogens in menopausal hormone therapy. [9] Birth control pills containing estradiol or estetrol also appear to have less influence on coagulation activation markers than ethinylestradiol-containing birth control pills. [8]
Markers of platelet activation ( primary hemostasis) include platelet factor 4 (PF4), β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), and P-selectin. [13] [14]
Coagulation activation markers are biomarkers of net activation of coagulation and fibrinolysis. [1] [2] Examples include prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin–antithrombin complex (TAT), fibrinopeptide A (FpA), fibrin monomers (FMs), plasmin-α2-antiplasmin complex (PAP), activated protein C–protein C inhibitor (APC-PCI), and D-dimer (DD). [1] [2] These compounds are markers of thrombin generation (F1+2, TAT, APC-PCI), fibrin generation (FpA, FMs), and fibrinolysis (DD, PAP). [1] [2] Coagulation activation markers, particularly D-dimer, are useful in the diagnosis of acute venous thromboembolism. [1] [3] They may also be useful in the assessment of hypercoagulability and venous thromboembolism risk. [4] [5] [6]
Levels of coagulation activation markers are increased with pregnancy, [7] with estrogen-containing birth control pills, [8] with menopausal hormone therapy, [9] [6] and with high-dose parenteral estradiol therapy for prostate cancer. [10] [11] [12] Transdermal estradiol appears to have less influence on coagulation activation markers than oral estrogens in menopausal hormone therapy. [9] Birth control pills containing estradiol or estetrol also appear to have less influence on coagulation activation markers than ethinylestradiol-containing birth control pills. [8]
Markers of platelet activation ( primary hemostasis) include platelet factor 4 (PF4), β-thromboglobulin (β-TG), and P-selectin. [13] [14]