Clitorophallus is a term used to refer to the penis or clitoris. It is typically used when the clitorophallus is of a size where it is not clear as to whether it is a penis or a clitoris ( ambiguous genitalia). [1] [2] Often it is a matter of size that leads people to differentiate it as a penis or a clitoris, [3] [4] [5] [6] though placement of the urethral meatus may also play a part.
During sexual development of an embryo, the clitorophallus is typically referred to as the " genital tubercle". The stages of development between male and female embryos are identical until around the 9th week post-fertilization, thus the clitorophallus is not distinguishable as a penis or a clitoris. [7] The position of the urethra is also likely to vary (see Hypospadias and Epispadias). These occasions may occur when someone is intersex, which is also referred to as " disorders of sex development" or "DSD". The term may also be used when referring to the phallus of a transsexual, and not limited to humans. [8] [9] [10] [11] In certain contexts, the term may appear as "clitorophallic". [12]
The terms "clitoropenis" or "clitoropenile" have also been used for the same purposes. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
References
- ^ Emans, S. Jean; Laufer, Marc R. (2019-10-14). Emans, Laufer, Goldstein's Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Wolters Kluwer Health. ISBN 978-1-9751-0745-1.
- ^ Sanfilippo, Joseph S.; Lara-Torre, Eduardo; Gomez-Lobo, Veronica (2019-08-06). Sanfilippo's Textbook of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-37584-9.
- ^ Grimstad, Frances; Boskey, Elizabeth R.; Taghinia, Amir; Estrada, Carlos R.; Ganor, Oren (2021). "The role of androgens in clitorophallus development and possible applications to transgender patients". Andrology. 9 (6): 1719–1728. doi: 10.1111/andr.13016. ISSN 2047-2927. PMID 33834632. S2CID 233192141.
- ^ Huhtaniemi, Heino FL (2019). "Intersexuality: Gender assignment and social care". Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Academic Publishers. p. 578. ISBN 978-0-12-812200-6.
- ^ Money, John (1991). Biographies of Gender and Hermaphroditism in Paired Comparisons: Clinical Supplement to the Handbook of Sexology. Elsevier. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-444-81403-6.
- ^ Goel, Krishna M.; Gupta, Devendra K. (2012-12-15). Hutchison's Paediatrics. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 456. ISBN 978-93-5090-686-6.
- ^ P A, Aatsha; Krishan, Kewal (2022), "Embryology, Sexual Development", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32491533, retrieved 2022-07-31
- ^ Helbing, Caren C.; Crump, Kate; Bailey, Carmen M.; Kohno, Satomi; Veldhoen, Nik; Bryan, Teresa; Bermudez, Dieldrich; Guillette, Louis J. (2006-11-01). "Isolation of the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) thyroid hormone receptor α and β transcripts and their responsiveness to thyroid stimulating hormone". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 149 (2): 141–150. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.05.019. ISSN 0016-6480. PMID 16884722.
- ^ Guillette Jr., Louis J.; Pickford, Daniel B.; Crain, D. Andrew; Rooney, Andrew A.; Percival, H. Franklin (1996-01-01). "Reduction in Penis Size and Plasma Testosterone Concentrations in Juvenile Alligators Living in a Contaminated Environment". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 101 (1): 32–42. doi: 10.1006/gcen.1996.0005. ISSN 0016-6480. PMID 8713642.
- ^ Pickford, D. B.; Guillette, L. J.; Crain, D. A.; Rooney, A. A.; Woodward, A. R. (2000). "Plasma Dihydrotestosterone Concentrations and Phallus Size in Juvenile American Alligators (A. mississippiensis) from Contaminated and Reference Populations". Journal of Herpetology. 34 (2): 233–239. doi: 10.2307/1565420. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 1565420.
- ^ Guillette, Louis J.; Woodward, Allan R.; Crain, D. Andrew; Pickford, Daniel B.; Rooney, Andrew A.; Percival, H. Franklin (1999-12-01). "Plasma Steroid Concentrations and Male Phallus Size in Juvenile Alligators from Seven Florida Lakes". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 116 (3): 356–372. doi: 10.1006/gcen.1999.7375. ISSN 0016-6480. PMID 10603274.
- ^ Schober, Justine M. (2006), Oldham, Keith T.; Stringer, Mark D.; Mouriquand, Pierre D. E. (eds.), "Feminization (surgical aspects)", Pediatric Surgery and Urology: Long-Term Outcomes (2 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 595–610, ISBN 978-0-511-54575-7, retrieved 2021-11-29
- ^ Earp, Brian; Abdulcadir, Jasmine; Adler, Peter; Alderson, Priscilla (September 2019). "Medically Unnecessary Genital Cutting and the Rights of the Child: Moving Toward Consensus". ResearchGate. ISSN 1526-5161.
- ^ Hutton, J. M. (1987). "Incubation temperatures, sex ratios and sex determination in a population of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)". Journal of Zoology. 211 (1): 143–155. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb07458.x. ISSN 1469-7998.
- ^ Reese, A. M. (1924). "The structure and development of the intromittent organ of the Crocodilia". Journal of Morphology. 38 (3): 301–313. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1050380302. ISSN 1097-4687. S2CID 85865226.
- ^ Nuñez Otaño, Noelia Betiana; Imhof, Alba; Bolcatto, Pablo Guillermo; Larriera, Alejandro (June 2010). "Sex differences in the genitalia of hatchlings Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801)". Herpetological Review. ISSN 0018-084X.
- ^ Ciocan, Hernán; Leiva, Pamela M. L.; Simoncini, Melina S. (August 2020). "Sexual Identification of Caiman latirostris Hatchlings by Cloacal Inspection". South American Journal of Herpetology. 16 (1): 50–55. doi: 10.2994/SAJH-D-18-00075.1. ISSN 1808-9798. S2CID 221380233.
Clitorophallus is a term used to refer to the penis or clitoris. It is typically used when the clitorophallus is of a size where it is not clear as to whether it is a penis or a clitoris ( ambiguous genitalia). [1] [2] Often it is a matter of size that leads people to differentiate it as a penis or a clitoris, [3] [4] [5] [6] though placement of the urethral meatus may also play a part.
During sexual development of an embryo, the clitorophallus is typically referred to as the " genital tubercle". The stages of development between male and female embryos are identical until around the 9th week post-fertilization, thus the clitorophallus is not distinguishable as a penis or a clitoris. [7] The position of the urethra is also likely to vary (see Hypospadias and Epispadias). These occasions may occur when someone is intersex, which is also referred to as " disorders of sex development" or "DSD". The term may also be used when referring to the phallus of a transsexual, and not limited to humans. [8] [9] [10] [11] In certain contexts, the term may appear as "clitorophallic". [12]
The terms "clitoropenis" or "clitoropenile" have also been used for the same purposes. [13] [14] [15] [16] [17]
References
- ^ Emans, S. Jean; Laufer, Marc R. (2019-10-14). Emans, Laufer, Goldstein's Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. Wolters Kluwer Health. ISBN 978-1-9751-0745-1.
- ^ Sanfilippo, Joseph S.; Lara-Torre, Eduardo; Gomez-Lobo, Veronica (2019-08-06). Sanfilippo's Textbook of Pediatric and Adolescent Gynecology. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-351-37584-9.
- ^ Grimstad, Frances; Boskey, Elizabeth R.; Taghinia, Amir; Estrada, Carlos R.; Ganor, Oren (2021). "The role of androgens in clitorophallus development and possible applications to transgender patients". Andrology. 9 (6): 1719–1728. doi: 10.1111/andr.13016. ISSN 2047-2927. PMID 33834632. S2CID 233192141.
- ^ Huhtaniemi, Heino FL (2019). "Intersexuality: Gender assignment and social care". Encyclopedia of Endocrine Diseases. Vol. 5 (2nd ed.). Academic Publishers. p. 578. ISBN 978-0-12-812200-6.
- ^ Money, John (1991). Biographies of Gender and Hermaphroditism in Paired Comparisons: Clinical Supplement to the Handbook of Sexology. Elsevier. p. 152. ISBN 978-0-444-81403-6.
- ^ Goel, Krishna M.; Gupta, Devendra K. (2012-12-15). Hutchison's Paediatrics. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers Pvt. Ltd. p. 456. ISBN 978-93-5090-686-6.
- ^ P A, Aatsha; Krishan, Kewal (2022), "Embryology, Sexual Development", StatPearls, Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing, PMID 32491533, retrieved 2022-07-31
- ^ Helbing, Caren C.; Crump, Kate; Bailey, Carmen M.; Kohno, Satomi; Veldhoen, Nik; Bryan, Teresa; Bermudez, Dieldrich; Guillette, Louis J. (2006-11-01). "Isolation of the alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) thyroid hormone receptor α and β transcripts and their responsiveness to thyroid stimulating hormone". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 149 (2): 141–150. doi: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.05.019. ISSN 0016-6480. PMID 16884722.
- ^ Guillette Jr., Louis J.; Pickford, Daniel B.; Crain, D. Andrew; Rooney, Andrew A.; Percival, H. Franklin (1996-01-01). "Reduction in Penis Size and Plasma Testosterone Concentrations in Juvenile Alligators Living in a Contaminated Environment". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 101 (1): 32–42. doi: 10.1006/gcen.1996.0005. ISSN 0016-6480. PMID 8713642.
- ^ Pickford, D. B.; Guillette, L. J.; Crain, D. A.; Rooney, A. A.; Woodward, A. R. (2000). "Plasma Dihydrotestosterone Concentrations and Phallus Size in Juvenile American Alligators (A. mississippiensis) from Contaminated and Reference Populations". Journal of Herpetology. 34 (2): 233–239. doi: 10.2307/1565420. ISSN 0022-1511. JSTOR 1565420.
- ^ Guillette, Louis J.; Woodward, Allan R.; Crain, D. Andrew; Pickford, Daniel B.; Rooney, Andrew A.; Percival, H. Franklin (1999-12-01). "Plasma Steroid Concentrations and Male Phallus Size in Juvenile Alligators from Seven Florida Lakes". General and Comparative Endocrinology. 116 (3): 356–372. doi: 10.1006/gcen.1999.7375. ISSN 0016-6480. PMID 10603274.
- ^ Schober, Justine M. (2006), Oldham, Keith T.; Stringer, Mark D.; Mouriquand, Pierre D. E. (eds.), "Feminization (surgical aspects)", Pediatric Surgery and Urology: Long-Term Outcomes (2 ed.), Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 595–610, ISBN 978-0-511-54575-7, retrieved 2021-11-29
- ^ Earp, Brian; Abdulcadir, Jasmine; Adler, Peter; Alderson, Priscilla (September 2019). "Medically Unnecessary Genital Cutting and the Rights of the Child: Moving Toward Consensus". ResearchGate. ISSN 1526-5161.
- ^ Hutton, J. M. (1987). "Incubation temperatures, sex ratios and sex determination in a population of Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus)". Journal of Zoology. 211 (1): 143–155. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb07458.x. ISSN 1469-7998.
- ^ Reese, A. M. (1924). "The structure and development of the intromittent organ of the Crocodilia". Journal of Morphology. 38 (3): 301–313. doi: 10.1002/jmor.1050380302. ISSN 1097-4687. S2CID 85865226.
- ^ Nuñez Otaño, Noelia Betiana; Imhof, Alba; Bolcatto, Pablo Guillermo; Larriera, Alejandro (June 2010). "Sex differences in the genitalia of hatchlings Caiman latirostris (Daudin, 1801)". Herpetological Review. ISSN 0018-084X.
- ^ Ciocan, Hernán; Leiva, Pamela M. L.; Simoncini, Melina S. (August 2020). "Sexual Identification of Caiman latirostris Hatchlings by Cloacal Inspection". South American Journal of Herpetology. 16 (1): 50–55. doi: 10.2994/SAJH-D-18-00075.1. ISSN 1808-9798. S2CID 221380233.