Classification of sleep disorders | |
---|---|
Specialty | Sleep medicine |
Classification of sleep disorders comprises systems for classifying medical disorders associated with sleep. Systems have changed, increasingly using technological discoveries to advance the understanding of sleep and recognition of sleep disorders.
Three systems of classification are in use worldwide: the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD). The ICD and DSM lump different disorders together, while the ICSD tends to split related disorders into multiple discrete categories. There has, over the last 60 years, occurred a slow confluence of the three systems of classification. [1] The validity and reliability of various sleep disorders are yet to be proved and need further research within the ever-changing field of sleep medicine.
Systems for the classification of sleep disorders are used to classify medical disorders related to human sleep patterns. Three systems of classification are in use worldwide: [2]
The ICD and DSM lump different disorders together, while the ICSD tends to split related disorders into multiple discrete categories. There has, over the last 60 years, occurred a slow confluence of the three major classification systems. [1]
The first book on sleep[ citation needed] was published in 1830 by Robert MacNish; it described sleeplessness, nightmares, sleepwalking and sleep-talking. Narcolepsy, hypnogogic hallucination, wakefulness and somnolence were mentioned by other authors of the nineteenth century. Westphal, in 1877, described first case of narcolepsy, the name coined later by Gelineu in 1880 in association with cataplexy. Lehermitte called it paroxysmal hypersomnia in 1930 to differentiate it from prolonged hypersomnia. Roger in 1932 coined the term parasomnia and classified hypersomnia, insomnia and parasomnia. [3] Kleitman in 1939 recognized types of parasomnias as nightmares, night terrors, somniloquy (sleep-talking), somnambulism (sleepwalking), grinding of teeth, jactatians, enuresis, delirium, nonepileptic convulsions and personality dissociation. [4] Broughton in 1968 developed classification of the arousal disorders as confusional arousals: night terrors and sleep walking. [5] Insomnias were classified as primary and secondary until 1970 when they were recognized as symptoms of other disorders. Sir William Osler in 1906 correlated snoring, obesity and somnolence (sleepiness) to Dicken's description of Joe. Charles Burwell in 1956 recognized obstructive sleep apnea as Pickwickian syndrome. [6] Circadian rhythm sleep disorders were discovered in 1981 by Weitzman as delayed sleep phase syndrome in contrast to advanced sleep phase syndrome in 1979. [7]
Classification of sleep disorders, as developed in the 19th century, used primarily three categories: insomnia, hypersomnia and nightmare. In the 20th century, increasingly in the last half of it, technological discoveries led to rapid advances in the understanding of sleep and recognition of sleep disorders. Major sleep disorders were defined following the development of electroencephalography (EEG) in 1924 by Hans Berger.
Year | ICSD | ICD | DSM | Development |
---|---|---|---|---|
1955 | ICD-7R [8] | Disturbance of sleep was seen as a symptom of other diseases | ||
1965 | ICD-8 [9] | Recognized as both a disease and a symptom of other diseases | ||
1968 | DSM-II | Disorder of Sleep as an independent category | ||
1975 | ICD-9 [10] | Organic sleep disorder, nonorganic sleep disorder and as symptom of other diseases | ||
1979 | Nosology | Clinical classification into four major groups: Disorder of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) - Insomnias, Disorder of Excessive sleep (DOES) - Hypersomnias, Disorder of sleep-wake schedule (Circadian rhythm disorders) and Parasomnias | ||
1980 | ICD-CM | DSM-III | Manifestation of other disorders with physical manifestation, as Sleep walking and Sleep terror | |
1987 | DSM-III-R | Sleep Disorders were classified into dysomnias and parasomnias. | ||
1990 | ICSD | Expanded previous system into Dysomnias, Parasomnias, Symptomatic and Proposed disorder of sleep | ||
1990 | ICD-10 [11] | Organic sleep disorders included under nervous system disorder, nonorganic under psychiatric disorders and a third category as manifestation of other diseases | ||
1994 | DSM-IV | Dyssomnias, Parasomnias, Manifestation of mental disorders and Other | ||
1997 | ICSD-R | First detailed classification of various sleep disorders
| ||
2000 | DSM-IV-TR |
| ||
2005 | ICSD-2 | Most extensive classification of sleep disorders | ||
2010 | ICD-10-CM [12] | Three major categories, F51 as nonorganic sleep disorders, G47 organic sleep disorders and R- as symptoms of sleep disorders | ||
2013 | ICSD-3 | DSM-V | Lumping and splitting of sleep disorders and concordance of two systems | |
2015 | ICD-11 Beta [13] | Proposed beta version yet to be finalized in line with ICDS3 and DSM V |
Diagnoses of sleep disorders are based on self-assessment questionnaires, clinical interview, physical examination and laboratory procedures. The validity and reliability of various sleep disorders are yet to be proved and need further research within the ever-changing field of sleep medicine. Admittedly, the development of sleep disorder classification remains as much an art as it is a science. [1]
The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) was produced by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) in association with the European Sleep Research Society, the Japanese Society of Sleep Research, and the Latin American Sleep Society. The classification was developed as a revision and update of the Diagnostic Classification of Sleep and Arousal Disorders (DCSAD) that was produced by both the Association of Sleep Disorders Centers (ASDC) and the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep and was published in the journal Sleep in 1979. [14] [15]
The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) uses a multiaxial system for stating and coding diagnoses both in clinical reports or for data base purposes. The axial system uses International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9- CM) coding wherever possible. Additional codes are included for procedures and physical signs of particular interest to sleep disorders clinicians and researchers. Diagnoses and procedures are listed and coded on three main "axes." The axial system is arranged as follows: [16]
ICSD 2 is tabulated in the main article International Classification of Sleep Disorders
The last edition of ICSD-3 is a unified classification of sleep disorders. It includes seven major categories: insomnia disorders, sleep-related breathing disorders, central disorders of hypersomnolence, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, sleep-related movement disorders, parasomnias, and other sleep disorders. Each of these categories has several subgroups: [17]
Applicable To
Approximate Synonyms
ICD-9 [21] | Sleep Disorders |
---|---|
Primary Sleep Disorders | |
307.42 | |
307.44 |
Primary Hypersomnia Specify if Recurrent |
347.00 | |
780.59 | |
307.45 | |
327.31 | Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Delayed Sleep Phase Type |
327.35 | Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Jet Lag Type |
327.36 | Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Shift Work Type |
327.30 | Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Unspecified Type |
307.47 | Dyssomnia NOS |
307.47 | Nightmare Disorder |
307.46 | Sleep Terror Disorder |
307.46 | Sleepwalking Disorder |
307.47 | Parasomnia NOS |
307.42 | Insomnia Related to ... [Indicate the Axis I or Axis II Disorder] |
307.44 | Hypersomnia Related to ... [Indicate the Axis I or Axis II Disorder] |
327.14 | Sleep Disorder Due to ... [Indicate the General Medical Condition], Hypersomnia Type |
327.01 | Sleep Disorder Due to ... [Indicate the General Medical Condition], Insomnia Type |
327.8 | Sleep Disorder Due to ... [Indicate the General Medical Condition], Mixed Type |
327.44 | Sleep Disorder Due to ... [Indicate the General Medical Condition], Parasomnia Type |
291.82 | Alcohol-Induced Sleep Disorder |
292.85 | Amphetamine-Induced Sleep Disorder |
292.85 | Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disorder |
292.85 | Cocaine-Induced Sleep Disorder |
292.85 | Opioid-Induced Sleep Disorder |
292.85 | Other (or Unknown) Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder |
Sleep-wake disorders comprise 11 diagnostic groups: [22][ failed verification][ clarification needed]
ICD9-CM | ICD10-CM | DSM 5 |
---|---|---|
Insomnia disorder | ||
780.52 | G47.00 | Insomnia disorder
Specify if: With non-sleep disorder mental comorbidity. With other Medical comorbidity. With other sleep disorder |
780.52 | G47.09 | Other specified insomnia disorder |
780.52 | G47.00 | Unspecified insomnia disorder |
780.54 | G47.10 |
Hypersomnolence disorderSpecify if: With mental disorder. With medical condition. With another sleep disorder |
780.54 | G47.19 | Other specified hypersomnolence disorder |
780.54 | G47.10 | Unspecified hypersomnolence disorder |
347.00 | G47.419 | Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy |
347.00 | G47.419 | Autosomal dominant narcolepsy, obesity, and type 2 diabetes |
347.00 | G47.419 | Narcolepsy without cataplexy but with hypocretin deficiency |
347.01 | G47.411 | Narcolepsy with cataplexy but without hypocretin deficiency |
347.10 | G47.429 | Narcolepsy secondary to another medical condition |
327.23 | G47.33 | |
780.57 | G47.37 | Central sleep apnea comorbid with opioid use |
327.21 | G47.31 | Idiopathic central sleep apnea: |
786.04 | R06.3 | Cheyne-Stokes breathing |
780.57 | G47.37 | Central sleep apnea comorbid with opioid use
Note: First code opioid use disorder, if present. Specify current severity |
327.24 | G47.34 | Idiopathic hypoventilation |
327.25 | G47.35 | Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation |
327.26 | G47.36 | Comorbid sleep-related hypoventilation |
307.45 | G47.22 | Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Advanced sleep phase type |
307.45 | G47.21 | Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Delayed sleep phase type |
307.45 | G47.23 | Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Irregular sleep-wake type |
307.45 | G47.24 | Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Non-24-hour sleep-wake type |
307.45 | G47.26 | Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Shift work type |
307.45 | G47.20 | Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Unspecified type |
307.46 | F51.4 | Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders, Sleep terror type |
307.46 | F51.3 | Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders, Sleepwalking type |
Nightmare disorder | ||
307.47 | F51.5 | Nightmare disorder |
327.42 | G47.52 | |
333.94 | G25.81 | Restless legs syndrome |
291.82 | Alcohol-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Caffeine-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Cannabis-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Cocaine-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Opioid-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Other (or unknown) substance-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Tobacco-induced sleep disorder | |
780.54 | G47.19 | Other Specified Hypersomnolence Disorder |
780.54 | G47.10 | Unspecified Hypersomnolence Disorder |
Confusional Arousals | ||
Sleepwalking | ||
Sleep terrors | ||
780.59 | G47.8 | |
780.59 | G47.9 |
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Classification of sleep disorders | |
---|---|
Specialty | Sleep medicine |
Classification of sleep disorders comprises systems for classifying medical disorders associated with sleep. Systems have changed, increasingly using technological discoveries to advance the understanding of sleep and recognition of sleep disorders.
Three systems of classification are in use worldwide: the International Classification of Diseases (ICD), the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), and the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD). The ICD and DSM lump different disorders together, while the ICSD tends to split related disorders into multiple discrete categories. There has, over the last 60 years, occurred a slow confluence of the three systems of classification. [1] The validity and reliability of various sleep disorders are yet to be proved and need further research within the ever-changing field of sleep medicine.
Systems for the classification of sleep disorders are used to classify medical disorders related to human sleep patterns. Three systems of classification are in use worldwide: [2]
The ICD and DSM lump different disorders together, while the ICSD tends to split related disorders into multiple discrete categories. There has, over the last 60 years, occurred a slow confluence of the three major classification systems. [1]
The first book on sleep[ citation needed] was published in 1830 by Robert MacNish; it described sleeplessness, nightmares, sleepwalking and sleep-talking. Narcolepsy, hypnogogic hallucination, wakefulness and somnolence were mentioned by other authors of the nineteenth century. Westphal, in 1877, described first case of narcolepsy, the name coined later by Gelineu in 1880 in association with cataplexy. Lehermitte called it paroxysmal hypersomnia in 1930 to differentiate it from prolonged hypersomnia. Roger in 1932 coined the term parasomnia and classified hypersomnia, insomnia and parasomnia. [3] Kleitman in 1939 recognized types of parasomnias as nightmares, night terrors, somniloquy (sleep-talking), somnambulism (sleepwalking), grinding of teeth, jactatians, enuresis, delirium, nonepileptic convulsions and personality dissociation. [4] Broughton in 1968 developed classification of the arousal disorders as confusional arousals: night terrors and sleep walking. [5] Insomnias were classified as primary and secondary until 1970 when they were recognized as symptoms of other disorders. Sir William Osler in 1906 correlated snoring, obesity and somnolence (sleepiness) to Dicken's description of Joe. Charles Burwell in 1956 recognized obstructive sleep apnea as Pickwickian syndrome. [6] Circadian rhythm sleep disorders were discovered in 1981 by Weitzman as delayed sleep phase syndrome in contrast to advanced sleep phase syndrome in 1979. [7]
Classification of sleep disorders, as developed in the 19th century, used primarily three categories: insomnia, hypersomnia and nightmare. In the 20th century, increasingly in the last half of it, technological discoveries led to rapid advances in the understanding of sleep and recognition of sleep disorders. Major sleep disorders were defined following the development of electroencephalography (EEG) in 1924 by Hans Berger.
Year | ICSD | ICD | DSM | Development |
---|---|---|---|---|
1955 | ICD-7R [8] | Disturbance of sleep was seen as a symptom of other diseases | ||
1965 | ICD-8 [9] | Recognized as both a disease and a symptom of other diseases | ||
1968 | DSM-II | Disorder of Sleep as an independent category | ||
1975 | ICD-9 [10] | Organic sleep disorder, nonorganic sleep disorder and as symptom of other diseases | ||
1979 | Nosology | Clinical classification into four major groups: Disorder of initiating and maintaining sleep (DIMS) - Insomnias, Disorder of Excessive sleep (DOES) - Hypersomnias, Disorder of sleep-wake schedule (Circadian rhythm disorders) and Parasomnias | ||
1980 | ICD-CM | DSM-III | Manifestation of other disorders with physical manifestation, as Sleep walking and Sleep terror | |
1987 | DSM-III-R | Sleep Disorders were classified into dysomnias and parasomnias. | ||
1990 | ICSD | Expanded previous system into Dysomnias, Parasomnias, Symptomatic and Proposed disorder of sleep | ||
1990 | ICD-10 [11] | Organic sleep disorders included under nervous system disorder, nonorganic under psychiatric disorders and a third category as manifestation of other diseases | ||
1994 | DSM-IV | Dyssomnias, Parasomnias, Manifestation of mental disorders and Other | ||
1997 | ICSD-R | First detailed classification of various sleep disorders
| ||
2000 | DSM-IV-TR |
| ||
2005 | ICSD-2 | Most extensive classification of sleep disorders | ||
2010 | ICD-10-CM [12] | Three major categories, F51 as nonorganic sleep disorders, G47 organic sleep disorders and R- as symptoms of sleep disorders | ||
2013 | ICSD-3 | DSM-V | Lumping and splitting of sleep disorders and concordance of two systems | |
2015 | ICD-11 Beta [13] | Proposed beta version yet to be finalized in line with ICDS3 and DSM V |
Diagnoses of sleep disorders are based on self-assessment questionnaires, clinical interview, physical examination and laboratory procedures. The validity and reliability of various sleep disorders are yet to be proved and need further research within the ever-changing field of sleep medicine. Admittedly, the development of sleep disorder classification remains as much an art as it is a science. [1]
The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) was produced by the American Academy of Sleep Medicine (AASM) in association with the European Sleep Research Society, the Japanese Society of Sleep Research, and the Latin American Sleep Society. The classification was developed as a revision and update of the Diagnostic Classification of Sleep and Arousal Disorders (DCSAD) that was produced by both the Association of Sleep Disorders Centers (ASDC) and the Association for the Psychophysiological Study of Sleep and was published in the journal Sleep in 1979. [14] [15]
The International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD) uses a multiaxial system for stating and coding diagnoses both in clinical reports or for data base purposes. The axial system uses International Classification of Diseases (ICD-9- CM) coding wherever possible. Additional codes are included for procedures and physical signs of particular interest to sleep disorders clinicians and researchers. Diagnoses and procedures are listed and coded on three main "axes." The axial system is arranged as follows: [16]
ICSD 2 is tabulated in the main article International Classification of Sleep Disorders
The last edition of ICSD-3 is a unified classification of sleep disorders. It includes seven major categories: insomnia disorders, sleep-related breathing disorders, central disorders of hypersomnolence, circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, sleep-related movement disorders, parasomnias, and other sleep disorders. Each of these categories has several subgroups: [17]
Applicable To
Approximate Synonyms
ICD-9 [21] | Sleep Disorders |
---|---|
Primary Sleep Disorders | |
307.42 | |
307.44 |
Primary Hypersomnia Specify if Recurrent |
347.00 | |
780.59 | |
307.45 | |
327.31 | Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Delayed Sleep Phase Type |
327.35 | Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Jet Lag Type |
327.36 | Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Shift Work Type |
327.30 | Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Unspecified Type |
307.47 | Dyssomnia NOS |
307.47 | Nightmare Disorder |
307.46 | Sleep Terror Disorder |
307.46 | Sleepwalking Disorder |
307.47 | Parasomnia NOS |
307.42 | Insomnia Related to ... [Indicate the Axis I or Axis II Disorder] |
307.44 | Hypersomnia Related to ... [Indicate the Axis I or Axis II Disorder] |
327.14 | Sleep Disorder Due to ... [Indicate the General Medical Condition], Hypersomnia Type |
327.01 | Sleep Disorder Due to ... [Indicate the General Medical Condition], Insomnia Type |
327.8 | Sleep Disorder Due to ... [Indicate the General Medical Condition], Mixed Type |
327.44 | Sleep Disorder Due to ... [Indicate the General Medical Condition], Parasomnia Type |
291.82 | Alcohol-Induced Sleep Disorder |
292.85 | Amphetamine-Induced Sleep Disorder |
292.85 | Caffeine-Induced Sleep Disorder |
292.85 | Cocaine-Induced Sleep Disorder |
292.85 | Opioid-Induced Sleep Disorder |
292.85 | Other (or Unknown) Substance-Induced Sleep Disorder |
Sleep-wake disorders comprise 11 diagnostic groups: [22][ failed verification][ clarification needed]
ICD9-CM | ICD10-CM | DSM 5 |
---|---|---|
Insomnia disorder | ||
780.52 | G47.00 | Insomnia disorder
Specify if: With non-sleep disorder mental comorbidity. With other Medical comorbidity. With other sleep disorder |
780.52 | G47.09 | Other specified insomnia disorder |
780.52 | G47.00 | Unspecified insomnia disorder |
780.54 | G47.10 |
Hypersomnolence disorderSpecify if: With mental disorder. With medical condition. With another sleep disorder |
780.54 | G47.19 | Other specified hypersomnolence disorder |
780.54 | G47.10 | Unspecified hypersomnolence disorder |
347.00 | G47.419 | Autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia, deafness, and narcolepsy |
347.00 | G47.419 | Autosomal dominant narcolepsy, obesity, and type 2 diabetes |
347.00 | G47.419 | Narcolepsy without cataplexy but with hypocretin deficiency |
347.01 | G47.411 | Narcolepsy with cataplexy but without hypocretin deficiency |
347.10 | G47.429 | Narcolepsy secondary to another medical condition |
327.23 | G47.33 | |
780.57 | G47.37 | Central sleep apnea comorbid with opioid use |
327.21 | G47.31 | Idiopathic central sleep apnea: |
786.04 | R06.3 | Cheyne-Stokes breathing |
780.57 | G47.37 | Central sleep apnea comorbid with opioid use
Note: First code opioid use disorder, if present. Specify current severity |
327.24 | G47.34 | Idiopathic hypoventilation |
327.25 | G47.35 | Congenital central alveolar hypoventilation |
327.26 | G47.36 | Comorbid sleep-related hypoventilation |
307.45 | G47.22 | Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Advanced sleep phase type |
307.45 | G47.21 | Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Delayed sleep phase type |
307.45 | G47.23 | Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Irregular sleep-wake type |
307.45 | G47.24 | Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Non-24-hour sleep-wake type |
307.45 | G47.26 | Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Shift work type |
307.45 | G47.20 | Circadian rhythm sleep-wake disorders, Unspecified type |
307.46 | F51.4 | Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders, Sleep terror type |
307.46 | F51.3 | Non-rapid eye movement sleep arousal disorders, Sleepwalking type |
Nightmare disorder | ||
307.47 | F51.5 | Nightmare disorder |
327.42 | G47.52 | |
333.94 | G25.81 | Restless legs syndrome |
291.82 | Alcohol-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Amphetamine (or other stimulant)-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Caffeine-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Cannabis-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Cocaine-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Opioid-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Other (or unknown) substance-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Sedative-, hypnotic-, or anxiolytic-induced sleep disorder | |
292.85 | Tobacco-induced sleep disorder | |
780.54 | G47.19 | Other Specified Hypersomnolence Disorder |
780.54 | G47.10 | Unspecified Hypersomnolence Disorder |
Confusional Arousals | ||
Sleepwalking | ||
Sleep terrors | ||
780.59 | G47.8 | |
780.59 | G47.9 |
{{
cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires |journal=
(
help)
{{
cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location (
link)