Chevak Cup始ik | |
---|---|
Cugtun | |
Native to | United States |
Region | Central Alaska ( Chevak) |
Ethnicity | Cup始ik |
Eskaleut
| |
Early forms | |
Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | 鈥 |
esu-hoo | |
Glottolog | None |
Chevak Cup始ik or just Cup始ik (and sometimes Cugtun) is a subdialect of the Hooper Bay鈥揅hevak dialect of Yup始ik spoken in southwestern Alaska in the Chevak (Cup始ik, Cev始aq) by Chevak Cup始ik Eskimos (own name Cup始it or Cev始allrarmuit). [1] [2] [3] Speakers of the Chevak subdialect refer to themselves as Cup始ik (as opposed to Yup始ik), while speakers of the Hooper Bay subdialect refer to themselves as Yup始ik (not Cup始ik), as in the Yukon-Kuskokwim dialect.
The Central Alaskan Yupik who live in the village of Chevak call themselves Cup始ik (plural Cup始it), whereas those who live on Nunivak Island (Nuniwar in Nunivak Cup始ig, Nunivaaq in Central Yup始ik) call themselves Cup始ig (plural Cup始it), the spelling differences serving as a self-designated cultural identifier between the two groups. In both dialects, the Yup始ik consonant c is pronounced as an English ch. The Cup始ik dialect is readily distinguished from other dialects of Yup始ik by the pronunciation of the Yup始ik "y" sound as a "ch" sound (represented by the letter "c"), and by some fundamental differences in the basic vocabulary.
The oldest fully bilingual person in Chevak is Leo Moses, born in 1933; there are few if any persons born after 1945 who do not speak English. [1]
The first documentation of the Hooper Bay-Chevak dialect (beyond occasional citations) is found in the unpublished notes of Jesuit priests residing at Hooper Bay and Kashunuk in the 1920s and 1930s. Published recognition of Hooper Bay-Chevak as a morphologically distinct dialect of Yup始ik seems to begin with Michael E. Krauss in 1973, [4] although the fundamental differences between the dialects were common knowledge among native speakers. [1] Cup'ik is a critically threatened language, and English the primary language of everyday communication among most of those with knowledge of the language.
Their unique cultural and linguistic identity has allowed them to form a single-site school district, the Kashunamiut School District, rather than joining a neighboring Yup始ik school district. English and Cup始ik bilingual education is done at this school. There is a tri-language system in Chevak; English, Cup始ik, and a mixture of the two languages.
Before 1950 formal education for students in Chevak took place in the Qaygiq [5] (semi-underground men's community house), and in the homes of the people. [6]
The comparison of some words in the two dialects.
Yukon-Kuskokwim Yup始ik | Chevak Cup始ik | meaning |
---|---|---|
elicaraq (Y) / elitnauraq (K) | elicaraq skuularaq (English root) |
student |
elicarista (Y) / elitnaurista (K) | elicarta skuularta (English root) |
teacher |
yugnikek始ngaq | aiparnatugaq | friend |
yuilquq | cuilquq | the wilderness; tundra |
nuussiq | caviggaq | knife (not semi-lunar) |
uluaq | kegginalek | ulu, semi-lunar woman's knife |
canek | evek | a blade or stalk of grass |
ellalluk | ivyuk | rain |
There are 18 letters used in the Cup始ik alphabet: a c e g i k l m n p q r s t u v w y. [7]
These letters are not used in the Cup始ik alphabet except for certain names: b d f h j o x z.
The Russian loanwords used in Chevak Cup始ik date from the period of the Russian America (1733鈥1867). [8]
Chevak Cup始ik | |
---|---|
Cugtun | |
Native to | United States |
Region | Central Alaska ( Chevak) |
Ethnicity | Cup始ik |
Eskaleut
| |
Early forms | |
Latin | |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | 鈥 |
esu-hoo | |
Glottolog | None |
Chevak Cup始ik or just Cup始ik (and sometimes Cugtun) is a subdialect of the Hooper Bay鈥揅hevak dialect of Yup始ik spoken in southwestern Alaska in the Chevak (Cup始ik, Cev始aq) by Chevak Cup始ik Eskimos (own name Cup始it or Cev始allrarmuit). [1] [2] [3] Speakers of the Chevak subdialect refer to themselves as Cup始ik (as opposed to Yup始ik), while speakers of the Hooper Bay subdialect refer to themselves as Yup始ik (not Cup始ik), as in the Yukon-Kuskokwim dialect.
The Central Alaskan Yupik who live in the village of Chevak call themselves Cup始ik (plural Cup始it), whereas those who live on Nunivak Island (Nuniwar in Nunivak Cup始ig, Nunivaaq in Central Yup始ik) call themselves Cup始ig (plural Cup始it), the spelling differences serving as a self-designated cultural identifier between the two groups. In both dialects, the Yup始ik consonant c is pronounced as an English ch. The Cup始ik dialect is readily distinguished from other dialects of Yup始ik by the pronunciation of the Yup始ik "y" sound as a "ch" sound (represented by the letter "c"), and by some fundamental differences in the basic vocabulary.
The oldest fully bilingual person in Chevak is Leo Moses, born in 1933; there are few if any persons born after 1945 who do not speak English. [1]
The first documentation of the Hooper Bay-Chevak dialect (beyond occasional citations) is found in the unpublished notes of Jesuit priests residing at Hooper Bay and Kashunuk in the 1920s and 1930s. Published recognition of Hooper Bay-Chevak as a morphologically distinct dialect of Yup始ik seems to begin with Michael E. Krauss in 1973, [4] although the fundamental differences between the dialects were common knowledge among native speakers. [1] Cup'ik is a critically threatened language, and English the primary language of everyday communication among most of those with knowledge of the language.
Their unique cultural and linguistic identity has allowed them to form a single-site school district, the Kashunamiut School District, rather than joining a neighboring Yup始ik school district. English and Cup始ik bilingual education is done at this school. There is a tri-language system in Chevak; English, Cup始ik, and a mixture of the two languages.
Before 1950 formal education for students in Chevak took place in the Qaygiq [5] (semi-underground men's community house), and in the homes of the people. [6]
The comparison of some words in the two dialects.
Yukon-Kuskokwim Yup始ik | Chevak Cup始ik | meaning |
---|---|---|
elicaraq (Y) / elitnauraq (K) | elicaraq skuularaq (English root) |
student |
elicarista (Y) / elitnaurista (K) | elicarta skuularta (English root) |
teacher |
yugnikek始ngaq | aiparnatugaq | friend |
yuilquq | cuilquq | the wilderness; tundra |
nuussiq | caviggaq | knife (not semi-lunar) |
uluaq | kegginalek | ulu, semi-lunar woman's knife |
canek | evek | a blade or stalk of grass |
ellalluk | ivyuk | rain |
There are 18 letters used in the Cup始ik alphabet: a c e g i k l m n p q r s t u v w y. [7]
These letters are not used in the Cup始ik alphabet except for certain names: b d f h j o x z.
The Russian loanwords used in Chevak Cup始ik date from the period of the Russian America (1733鈥1867). [8]