46°07′41″N 91°41′14″E / 46.128186°N 91.687306°E
Geographical range | South Siberia |
---|---|
Dates | 2750-1900 BCE. [7] |
Preceded by | Afanasievo culture |
Followed by |
Munkhkhairkhan culture Sagsai culture Deer stones culture Subeshi culture |
The Chemurchek culture (Ch:切木尔切克, Qièmùěrqièkè; Ru: Чемурчекская культура), also called Khemtseg, Hemtseg, Qiemu’erqieke, Shamirshak (2750-1900 BCE), is a Bronze Age archaeological culture of western Mongolia and the borders of neighbouring countries, such as the Dzungarian Basin of Xinjiang and eastern Kazakhstan. [7] It immediately follows the Afanasievo culture, and is contemporary with the early Tarim Mummies to the south and the Okunev culture to the north. [9] The Chemurchek burials are characterized by large rectangular stone fences, built around collective tombs. The mortuary position of the deceased (supine position with flexed legs) is similar to that of the Afanasievo culture, but the Chemurchek culture is considered as distinct. The name "Chemurchek culture" is derived from the Chemurchek cemetery [10] in Altay City of Chinese Xinjiang. [11] Chemurchek sites have been identified from western Mongolia to areas as far west as the Ili valley ( Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture). [12]
Anthropomorphic standing stones were erected next to the tombs, on their eastern side. [7] [14] Their faces are flattened with a straight nose and globular eyes. They appear to be naked as pectoral muscles seem to be depicted. [15] They far predate and are very different from Turkic balbal statues found in the same general area but dated to the 7th-10th centuries CE. [16] They are highly similar to Western European anthropomorphic stelae, suggesting the transfer of cultural characteristics through migration. [17] A more developed tradition of anthropomorphic stelae existed in the contemporary Okunev culture to the north, in the Minusinsk basin ( c. 2550/2500 – c. 1900/1700 BCE). [18]
In the tombs, artifacts have been recovered, such as stone bowls, bone tools, ceramics (grey wares with sophisticated patterns of incised decoration), or metal jewelry. [7] Bronze artifacts too are available. [19] Bronze tools include knives, awls, spearheads and arrowheads. Bronze was cast in open or composite stone molds, and seems to have been a focus of economic production. [12]
Dental analysis has shown that the Chemurchek culture consumed ruminant dairy products. [7]
The people of the Chemurchek culture were apparently descendants of Afanasievo populations intermixed with local populations. [1] Their genetic profile shows a contribution of about 50% from the Afanasievans, combined with about 30% of Ancient North Eurasian (an ancient Siberian substrate represented by the Tarim mummies of sample Tarim_EMBA1), and small proportions of Ancient Northeast Asian (Baikal_EBA) and BMAC (Geoksyur_EN). [13]
In the Altai Mountains and to the southeast, Afanasievans seem to have coexisted with the early period of the Chemurchek culture for some time, as some of their burials are contemporary and some of the artifacts of the burials coincide. [20] The Chemurchek culture had various characteristics of West European origin. [21]
Another Chemurcheck burial site was discovered in Yagshiin khuduu in Bulgan soum, Khovd aimag, which contained "the oldest kurgan stelae" discovered so far in Mongolia, dated to c. 2500-2000 BCE. [22]
Archaeologist Alexey Kovalev has remarked on the similarities between the material and tomb cultures of the Chemurcheks and those of Southern France, leading him to suggest a migratory origin for the Chemurchek culture from Western Europe and more specifically southern France. [24]
The Chemurchek statues have a lot in common with southern France statues of the late 4th millennium such as " La Dame de Saint-Sernin" or the " Statue-menhir de Maison-Aube". [25] Kovalev further suggests that the Chemurchek culture may be associated with Proto- Tokharians, who must have migrated to the east around this period, and whose Western Indo-European language is closest to proto-Germanic and proto-Italian, corresponding to the broad geographical area encompassing southern France. The language of the Chemurchek/Proto-Tocharians may have originated from the same general location in Western Europe, as did their burial and statuary styles. [26] [17] According to Alexey Kovalev:
Taken together, the architecture of burial constructions, the tradition of collective burials in crypts, the form and ornamentation of vessels, the style of stone statues, the paintings on walls of burialchambers, the slate plaques and images of importantdeities reveal a strong analogy with materials of the Middle-Final Neolithic period of Western Europe. The complex of specific attributes that appeared in Dzhungaria from c. 2700-2600 BCE is very close to those found at Final Neolithic sites in southern France, the Jura Mountains, and western Switzerland c. 3200-2600 BCE. The transfer of such a complex set of cultural traditions such a great distance seems impossible without the migration of ancient people.
— Alexey Kovalev, The Chemurchek (Qie'muerqieke) cultural phenomenon [30]
In particular, regarding the architecture of the tombs: "the unique architectural technique of constructing perimeter embankments lined with stone facades was used before the appearance of the Chemurchek monuments only during the construction of megalithic tombs of France and the British Isles". [31] Three main types of Chemurchek tombs are recorded: the Alkabek, Bulgan and Kermuqi types. [32]
While this culture is known primarily from the excavations at Ke'ermuqi, many such burials are known in the Altai foothills, for example, in the counties of Habahe, Jimunai, and Bu'erqin (IAX, 1981a) and new excavations have been initiated in this region. The distribution of Ke'ermuqi type burials indicates that they are widespread along the foothills of the Zhunge'er Basin but are not found across the Tianshan Mountains. In western Zhunge'er, Ke'ermuqi type tombs have been identified at the site of A'erkate in the Yili Valley (Li Yuchun, 1962) and at the sites of Adongquelu and Aershate near Wenquan (Li, 1988). The Ke'ermuqi culture extended to the southern parts of the Zhunge'er Basin with burials found near Ulumuqi (Wang Mingzhe, 1984; IAX, 1985b, pi. 148) and near Mulei (Huang and Dai, 1986). Also, a Ke'ermuqi-style gray incised round-bottomed jar was found at Kan'erzi, in Qitai County (CCQ, 1982), in the region of the Yanbulake] eastern Xinjiang oasis cultures.
Bronze artifacts are relatively few in comparison with the Siberian materials and consist mainly of tools such as knives, awls, spearheads, and arrowheads. However, stone molds for bronze casting suggest an economic focus on metal production, unexpected on the basis of the tomb inventory. These include composite molds for spades and an open mold for knives and awls (IAX, 1981a). The artifact assemblage from Ke'ermuqi burials is also distinguished from the highland assemblages by its emphasis on stone objects: jars, bowls, cups with single handles (including one cow-headed handle), mortars and pestles, stone lamps, and arrowheads.
The use of stelae in the Minusinsk Basin is similar to that in Mongolia. Starting with the Early Bronze Age, stelae were erected during the Okunevo culture (c. 2550/2500-1900/1700 BCE)
the so-called Chemurchek cultural phenomenon — a set of characteristics of West European origin, which appeared there no later than 2700–2600 BC
46°07′41″N 91°41′14″E / 46.128186°N 91.687306°E
Geographical range | South Siberia |
---|---|
Dates | 2750-1900 BCE. [7] |
Preceded by | Afanasievo culture |
Followed by |
Munkhkhairkhan culture Sagsai culture Deer stones culture Subeshi culture |
The Chemurchek culture (Ch:切木尔切克, Qièmùěrqièkè; Ru: Чемурчекская культура), also called Khemtseg, Hemtseg, Qiemu’erqieke, Shamirshak (2750-1900 BCE), is a Bronze Age archaeological culture of western Mongolia and the borders of neighbouring countries, such as the Dzungarian Basin of Xinjiang and eastern Kazakhstan. [7] It immediately follows the Afanasievo culture, and is contemporary with the early Tarim Mummies to the south and the Okunev culture to the north. [9] The Chemurchek burials are characterized by large rectangular stone fences, built around collective tombs. The mortuary position of the deceased (supine position with flexed legs) is similar to that of the Afanasievo culture, but the Chemurchek culture is considered as distinct. The name "Chemurchek culture" is derived from the Chemurchek cemetery [10] in Altay City of Chinese Xinjiang. [11] Chemurchek sites have been identified from western Mongolia to areas as far west as the Ili valley ( Bortala Mongol Autonomous Prefecture). [12]
Anthropomorphic standing stones were erected next to the tombs, on their eastern side. [7] [14] Their faces are flattened with a straight nose and globular eyes. They appear to be naked as pectoral muscles seem to be depicted. [15] They far predate and are very different from Turkic balbal statues found in the same general area but dated to the 7th-10th centuries CE. [16] They are highly similar to Western European anthropomorphic stelae, suggesting the transfer of cultural characteristics through migration. [17] A more developed tradition of anthropomorphic stelae existed in the contemporary Okunev culture to the north, in the Minusinsk basin ( c. 2550/2500 – c. 1900/1700 BCE). [18]
In the tombs, artifacts have been recovered, such as stone bowls, bone tools, ceramics (grey wares with sophisticated patterns of incised decoration), or metal jewelry. [7] Bronze artifacts too are available. [19] Bronze tools include knives, awls, spearheads and arrowheads. Bronze was cast in open or composite stone molds, and seems to have been a focus of economic production. [12]
Dental analysis has shown that the Chemurchek culture consumed ruminant dairy products. [7]
The people of the Chemurchek culture were apparently descendants of Afanasievo populations intermixed with local populations. [1] Their genetic profile shows a contribution of about 50% from the Afanasievans, combined with about 30% of Ancient North Eurasian (an ancient Siberian substrate represented by the Tarim mummies of sample Tarim_EMBA1), and small proportions of Ancient Northeast Asian (Baikal_EBA) and BMAC (Geoksyur_EN). [13]
In the Altai Mountains and to the southeast, Afanasievans seem to have coexisted with the early period of the Chemurchek culture for some time, as some of their burials are contemporary and some of the artifacts of the burials coincide. [20] The Chemurchek culture had various characteristics of West European origin. [21]
Another Chemurcheck burial site was discovered in Yagshiin khuduu in Bulgan soum, Khovd aimag, which contained "the oldest kurgan stelae" discovered so far in Mongolia, dated to c. 2500-2000 BCE. [22]
Archaeologist Alexey Kovalev has remarked on the similarities between the material and tomb cultures of the Chemurcheks and those of Southern France, leading him to suggest a migratory origin for the Chemurchek culture from Western Europe and more specifically southern France. [24]
The Chemurchek statues have a lot in common with southern France statues of the late 4th millennium such as " La Dame de Saint-Sernin" or the " Statue-menhir de Maison-Aube". [25] Kovalev further suggests that the Chemurchek culture may be associated with Proto- Tokharians, who must have migrated to the east around this period, and whose Western Indo-European language is closest to proto-Germanic and proto-Italian, corresponding to the broad geographical area encompassing southern France. The language of the Chemurchek/Proto-Tocharians may have originated from the same general location in Western Europe, as did their burial and statuary styles. [26] [17] According to Alexey Kovalev:
Taken together, the architecture of burial constructions, the tradition of collective burials in crypts, the form and ornamentation of vessels, the style of stone statues, the paintings on walls of burialchambers, the slate plaques and images of importantdeities reveal a strong analogy with materials of the Middle-Final Neolithic period of Western Europe. The complex of specific attributes that appeared in Dzhungaria from c. 2700-2600 BCE is very close to those found at Final Neolithic sites in southern France, the Jura Mountains, and western Switzerland c. 3200-2600 BCE. The transfer of such a complex set of cultural traditions such a great distance seems impossible without the migration of ancient people.
— Alexey Kovalev, The Chemurchek (Qie'muerqieke) cultural phenomenon [30]
In particular, regarding the architecture of the tombs: "the unique architectural technique of constructing perimeter embankments lined with stone facades was used before the appearance of the Chemurchek monuments only during the construction of megalithic tombs of France and the British Isles". [31] Three main types of Chemurchek tombs are recorded: the Alkabek, Bulgan and Kermuqi types. [32]
While this culture is known primarily from the excavations at Ke'ermuqi, many such burials are known in the Altai foothills, for example, in the counties of Habahe, Jimunai, and Bu'erqin (IAX, 1981a) and new excavations have been initiated in this region. The distribution of Ke'ermuqi type burials indicates that they are widespread along the foothills of the Zhunge'er Basin but are not found across the Tianshan Mountains. In western Zhunge'er, Ke'ermuqi type tombs have been identified at the site of A'erkate in the Yili Valley (Li Yuchun, 1962) and at the sites of Adongquelu and Aershate near Wenquan (Li, 1988). The Ke'ermuqi culture extended to the southern parts of the Zhunge'er Basin with burials found near Ulumuqi (Wang Mingzhe, 1984; IAX, 1985b, pi. 148) and near Mulei (Huang and Dai, 1986). Also, a Ke'ermuqi-style gray incised round-bottomed jar was found at Kan'erzi, in Qitai County (CCQ, 1982), in the region of the Yanbulake] eastern Xinjiang oasis cultures.
Bronze artifacts are relatively few in comparison with the Siberian materials and consist mainly of tools such as knives, awls, spearheads, and arrowheads. However, stone molds for bronze casting suggest an economic focus on metal production, unexpected on the basis of the tomb inventory. These include composite molds for spades and an open mold for knives and awls (IAX, 1981a). The artifact assemblage from Ke'ermuqi burials is also distinguished from the highland assemblages by its emphasis on stone objects: jars, bowls, cups with single handles (including one cow-headed handle), mortars and pestles, stone lamps, and arrowheads.
The use of stelae in the Minusinsk Basin is similar to that in Mongolia. Starting with the Early Bronze Age, stelae were erected during the Okunevo culture (c. 2550/2500-1900/1700 BCE)
the so-called Chemurchek cultural phenomenon — a set of characteristics of West European origin, which appeared there no later than 2700–2600 BC