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Cheloniellida
Temporal range: Upper Ordovician–Early Devonian
Restoration of Cheloniellon
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
(unranked): † Artiopoda
(unranked): † Vicissicaudata
(unranked): † Cheloniellida
Broili, 1932
Genera

Cheloniellida is a taxon (usually referred to as an order [1] [2]) of extinct Paleozoic arthropods. As of 2018, [2] 7 monotypic genera of cheloniellids had been formally described, whose fossils are found in marine strata ranging from Ordovician to Devonian in age. Cheloniellida has a controversial phylogenetic position, with previous studies associated it as either a member or relative of various fossil and extant arthropod taxa. [2] It was later accepted as a member of Vicissicaudata within Artiopoda. [3] [4] [5]

Morphology

Ventral structures of the anterior region of Cheloniellon calmani, showing differentiation between appendages.

The flattened, ovoid body of cheloniellid comprises an eye-bearing cephalon (head) and segmented trunk region, dorsally divided by a series of tergites (dorsal exoskeleton). The cephalon could be divided into procephalon and gnathocephalon. [2] Compared to other members of Artiopoda, the head shield (dorsal exoskeleton of cephalon) of cheloniellid is relatively reduced. [2] [3] The trunk is wider than the cephalon and is made up of 8-13 tergites. [2] The pleural (lateral) tips of first few tergites are directed anterolaterally, becoming increasingly posterolaterally directed rearward, giving the segmental boundaries between tergites a radiated appearance. [3] [2] The last trunk segment, also known as postabdomen, [4] is tiny and laterally encompassed by the pleural regions of previous tergite. [2]

Based on available materials, the cephalon comprises a pair of antennae and 5 pairs of uniramus appendages, with the posterior 4 pairs bore gnathobases. [6] There are evidences that the non-gnathobasic second cephalic appendages are specialized or even raptorial in some species. [6] [2] Each of the trunk segments (except the last one) has a pair of biramous appendages each consisting of a leg-like endopod and a shorter exopod. [2] The last trunk segment has a pair of spine/whip-like appendages referred as furcae [3] or cerci, [6] some species bore a medial spine between it which may or may not be a telson. [2]

Classification

Phylogenetic position

The specialized second appendages (Pap, green) and gnathobasic appendages (Gap, cyan) of Cheloniellon had been compared to chelicerate prosomal appendages by some studies. [6] [7]

While Boudreaux (1979) regarded Cheloniellida as a class, [8] further studies usually treat Cheloniellida as an order. [1] [2] Cheloniellida has a controversial phylogenetic position within arthropod higher classifications, with studies mainly around 20th century suggested it as a relative/member of either Crustacea, Trilobita, Chelicerata or Aglaspidida. [2] Some species even had been misidentified as polyplacophoran mollusks ( chiton) when being first described. [9] Originally, the iconic cheloniellid Cheloniellon was believed to be a crustacean similar to trilobites. [10] [11] Subsequent authors suggests that it occupied a position intermediate between trilobitomorphs and chelicerates, [6] [7] while some also interpreted it as a sister group of crustaceans [12] or chelicerates [13] [14] as well. The suggested close relationship between cheloniellids and chelicerates was inferred by the gnathobasic appendages similar to those of merostomes (e.g. Xiphosurans and Eurypterids), and the hypothesis that the chelicerates arose from trilobitomorphs through the loss of deutocerebral antennae (i.e. first antennae) and specialization of tritocerebral appendages into chelicerae (comparable to the cheloniellid antennae and specialized 2nd appendages), [6] [7] a scenario which is not supported by gene expression, [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] neuroanatomical [20] [21] and developmental [22] evidences (suggests that chelicerae are in fact deutocerebral).

Artiopoda
Summarized phylogeny of Artiopoda with focus on Cheloniellida, based on Lerosey-Aubril et al. (2017). [4]

As of 21st century, Cheloniellida was mostly found to form a clade with Aglaspidida and Xenopoda (e.g. Sidneyia and Emeraldella). [23] [3] [24] [25] [4] The clade was formally named Vicissicaudata in 2013, [3] united by a differentiated terminal trunk area (postabdomen) that bears a pair of non-leg-like appendages. [3] [4] Numerous phylogenetic analyses also retrieved Vicissicaudata within Artiopoda, [4] a diverse arthropod taxon comprising trilobites and similar fossil taxa that may [26] [24] or may not [3] [25] [4] be closely related to chelicerates.

Included genera and species

The unambiguous members of cheloniellids shown as follows:

  • Cheloniellon Broili, 1932
    • Cheloniellon calmani Broili, 1932—Lower Devonian, Germany
  • Duslia Jahn, 1893
    • Duslia insignis Jahn, 1893—Upper Ordovician, Czech Republic, Morocco
  • Eoduslia Van Roy, 2006 (unpublished?)
    • Eoduslia brahimtahiri Van Roy, 2006—Upper Ordovician, Morocco (unpublished?)
  • Neostrabops Caster & Macke, 1952
    • Neostrabops martini Caster & Macke, 1952—Upper Ordovician, United States
  • Paraduslia Dunlop, 2002
    • Paraduslia talimaae Dunlop, 2002—Lower Devonian, Russia
  • Pseudarthron Selden & White, 1984
    • Pseudarthron whittingtoni Selden & White, 1984—Upper Silurian
  • Triopus Barrande, 1872
    • Triopus drabowiensis Barrande, 1872—Upper Ordovician, Czech Republic, Morocco

In 2018, a new species (informally named " Latromirus" in an unpublished thesis from 2016 [27]) was described in a preprint by Wendruff et al. [2] According to Braddy & Dunlop 2021, the enigmatic Parioscorpio may have cheloniellid affinities, [28] however that interpretation is denied by Van Roy et al. 2022, only remaining specimen UWGM 2439 (holotype specimen of "Latromirus") as possible cheloniellid. [29]

References

  1. ^ a b Hou, Xianguang. (1997). Arthropods of the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, southwest China (PDF). Bergström, Jan, 1938-. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. ISBN  82-00-37693-1. OCLC  38305908.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wendruff, Andrew James, et al. "New cheloniellid arthropod with large raptorial appendages from the Silurian of Wisconsin, USA." BioRxiv (2018): 407379. [1]
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Legg, David A.; Braddy, Simon J. (February 2013). "The phylogeny of aglaspidid arthropods and the internal relationships within Artiopoda". Cladistics. 29 (1): 15–45. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00413.x. PMID  34814371. S2CID  85744103.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Zhu, Xuejian; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2017-09-11). "The Vicissicaudata revisited – insights from a new aglaspidid arthropod with caudal appendages from the Furongian of China". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 11117. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...711117L. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11610-5. ISSN  2045-2322. PMC  5593897. PMID  28894246.
  5. ^ Du, Kun-sheng; Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Yang, Jie; Zhang, Xi-guang (2019). "A soft-bodied euarthropod from the early Cambrian Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte of China supports a new clade of basal artiopodans with dorsal ecdysial sutures". Cladistics. 35 (3): 269–281. doi: 10.1111/cla.12344. ISSN  0748-3007. PMID  34622993. S2CID  89985331.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Stürmer, Wilhelm; Bergström, Jan (1978). "The arthropod Cheloniellon from the devonian hunsrück shale". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 52 (1): 57–81. doi: 10.1007/BF03006730. S2CID  87725308.
  7. ^ a b c STfJRMER, W. t~ BERGSTROM, J. 1981. Weinbergina, a xiphosuran arthropod from the Devonian Hunsriick Slate. - Palaontologische Zeitschrift 55: 237-255. [2] Archived 2020-06-20 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Boudreaux H. B., 1979. Significance of intersegmental tendon system in arthropod phylogeny and monophyletic classification of Arthropoda. pp. 551-586. In.: Gupta A.P. [Ed.]. Arthropod Phylogeny. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, N.Y., 1-762
  9. ^ Chlupác I. The enigmatic arthropod Duslia from the Ordovician of Czechoslovakia. Palaeontol. 1988; 31:611–620. [3]
  10. ^ BROILI, F. (1932): Ein neuer Crustacee aus dem rheinischen Unterdevon. -- Sitzungsber. bayer. Akad. Wiss.: 27--38; Miinchen. [4]
  11. ^ BROILI, F. (1933): Ein zweites Exemplar von Cheloniellon. -- Sitzungsber. bayer. Akad. Wiss.: 11--32; Miinchen. [5]
  12. ^ Delle Cave, L. and A.M. Simonetta (1991) Early Palaeozoic arthropods and problems of arthropod phylogeny; with some notes on taxa of doubtful affinities. In The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa, eds. A. M. Simonetta and S. Conway Morris. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Vol. 189–244.
  13. ^ Wills, M. A., Briggs, D. E. G., Fortey, R. A. & Wilkinson, M. 1995. The significance of fossils in understanding arthropod evolution. Verhandlungen der deutschen zoologischen Gesselschaft 88, 203–15.
  14. ^ Dunlop, J. A.; Selden, P. A. (1998), Fortey, R. A.; Thomas, R. H. (eds.), "The early history and phylogeny of the chelicerates", Arthropod Relationships, The Systematics Association Special Volume Series, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 221–235, doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-4904-4_17, ISBN  978-94-011-4904-4
  15. ^ Telford, Maximilian J.; Thomas, Richard H. (1998-09-01). "Expression of homeobox genes shows chelicerate arthropods retain their deutocerebral segment". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (18): 10671–10675. Bibcode: 1998PNAS...9510671T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.18.10671. ISSN  0027-8424. PMC  27953. PMID  9724762.
  16. ^ Damen, Wim G. M. (2002-03-01). "Parasegmental organization of the spider embryo implies that the parasegment is an evolutionary conserved entity in arthropod embryogenesis". Development. 129 (5): 1239–1250. doi: 10.1242/dev.129.5.1239. ISSN  0950-1991. PMID  11874919.
  17. ^ Jager, Muriel; Murienne, Jérôme; Clabaut, Céline; Deutsch, Jean; Guyader, Hervé Le; Manuel, Michaël (2006). "Homology of arthropod anterior appendages revealed by Hox gene expression in a sea spider". Nature. 441 (7092): 506–508. Bibcode: 2006Natur.441..506J. doi: 10.1038/nature04591. ISSN  1476-4687. PMID  16724066. S2CID  4307398.
  18. ^ Manuel, Michaël; Jager, Muriel; Murienne, Jérôme; Clabaut, Céline; Guyader, Hervé Le (2006-07-01). "Hox genes in sea spiders (Pycnogonida) and the homology of arthropod head segments". Development Genes and Evolution. 216 (7): 481–491. doi: 10.1007/s00427-006-0095-2. ISSN  1432-041X. PMID  16820954. S2CID  833103.
  19. ^ Brenneis, Georg; Ungerer, Petra; Scholtz, Gerhard (2008). "The chelifores of sea spiders (Arthropoda, Pycnogonida) are the appendages of the deutocerebral segment". Evolution & Development. 10 (6): 717–724. doi: 10.1111/j.1525-142X.2008.00285.x. ISSN  1525-142X. PMID  19021742. S2CID  6048195.
  20. ^ Mittmann, Beate; Scholtz, Gerhard (2003-02-01). "Development of the nervous system in the "head" of Limulus polyphemus (Chelicerata: Xiphosura): morphological evidence for a correspondence between the segments of the chelicerae and of the (first) antennae of Mandibulata". Development Genes and Evolution. 213 (1): 9–17. doi: 10.1007/s00427-002-0285-5. ISSN  1432-041X. PMID  12590348. S2CID  13101102.
  21. ^ Harzsch, Steffen; Wildt, Miriam; Battelle, Barbara; Waloszek, Dieter (2005-07-01). "Immunohistochemical localization of neurotransmitters in the nervous system of larval Limulus polyphemus (Chelicerata, Xiphosura): evidence for a conserved protocerebral architecture in Euarthropoda". Arthropod Structure & Development. Arthropod Brain Morphology and Evolution. 34 (3): 327–342. doi: 10.1016/j.asd.2005.01.006. ISSN  1467-8039.
  22. ^ Mittmann, Beate; Scholtz, Gerhard (2003-02-01). "Development of the nervous system in the "head" of Limulus polyphemus (Chelicerata: Xiphosura): morphological evidence for a correspondence between the segments of the chelicerae and of the (first) antennae of Mandibulata". Development Genes and Evolution. 213 (1): 9–17. doi: 10.1007/s00427-002-0285-5. ISSN  1432-041X. PMID  12590348. S2CID  13101102.
  23. ^ Edgecombe, Gregory D.; García-Bellido, Diego C.; Paterson, John R. (2011). "A New Leanchoiliid Megacheiran Arthropod from the Lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale, South Australia". Acta Palaeontologica Polonica. 56 (2): 385–400. doi: 10.4202/app.2010.0080. hdl: 10261/61352. ISSN  0567-7920.
  24. ^ a b Legg, David A. (2014). "Sanctacaris uncata: the oldest chelicerate (Arthropoda)". Naturwissenschaften. 101 (12): 1065–1073. Bibcode: 2014NW....101.1065L. doi: 10.1007/s00114-014-1245-4. ISSN  0028-1042. PMID  25296691. S2CID  15290784.
  25. ^ a b Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Paterson, John R.; García-Bellido, Diego C. (2017). "A new aglaspidid-like euarthropod from the lower Cambrian Emu Bay Shale of South Australia". Geological Magazine. 154 (1): 87–95. Bibcode: 2017GeoM..154...87E. doi: 10.1017/S0016756815001053. ISSN  0016-7568. S2CID  133058010.
  26. ^ Legg, David A.; Sutton, Mark D.; Edgecombe, Gregory D. (2013). "Arthropod fossil data increase congruence of morphological and molecular phylogenies". Nature Communications. 4: 2485. Bibcode: 2013NatCo...4.2485L. doi: 10.1038/ncomms3485. ISSN  2041-1723. PMID  24077329.
  27. ^ Wendruff, Andrew J. (2016). Paleobiology and Taphonomy of Exceptionally Preserved Organisms from the Brandon Bridge Formation (Silurian), Wisconsin, USA (Thesis). The Ohio State University.
  28. ^ Braddy, S.J.; Dunlop, J.A. (2021). "A sting in the tale of Parioscorpio venator from the Silurian of Wisconsin: is it a cheloniellid arthropod?". Lethaia. 54 (1): 1–7. doi: 10.1111/let.12457. S2CID  245285654.
  29. ^ Roy, Peter Van; Rak, Štěpán; Budil, Petr; Fatka, Oldřich (2022-06-13). "Redescription of the cheloniellid euarthropod Triopus draboviensis from the Upper Ordovician of Bohemia, with comments on the affinities of Parioscorpio venator". Geological Magazine. 159 (9): 1471–1489. doi: 10.1017/S0016756822000292. hdl: 1854/LU-8756253. ISSN  0016-7568. S2CID  249652930.
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Cheloniellida&oldid=1213388625"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Cheloniellida
Temporal range: Upper Ordovician–Early Devonian
Restoration of Cheloniellon
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
(unranked): † Artiopoda
(unranked): † Vicissicaudata
(unranked): † Cheloniellida
Broili, 1932
Genera

Cheloniellida is a taxon (usually referred to as an order [1] [2]) of extinct Paleozoic arthropods. As of 2018, [2] 7 monotypic genera of cheloniellids had been formally described, whose fossils are found in marine strata ranging from Ordovician to Devonian in age. Cheloniellida has a controversial phylogenetic position, with previous studies associated it as either a member or relative of various fossil and extant arthropod taxa. [2] It was later accepted as a member of Vicissicaudata within Artiopoda. [3] [4] [5]

Morphology

Ventral structures of the anterior region of Cheloniellon calmani, showing differentiation between appendages.

The flattened, ovoid body of cheloniellid comprises an eye-bearing cephalon (head) and segmented trunk region, dorsally divided by a series of tergites (dorsal exoskeleton). The cephalon could be divided into procephalon and gnathocephalon. [2] Compared to other members of Artiopoda, the head shield (dorsal exoskeleton of cephalon) of cheloniellid is relatively reduced. [2] [3] The trunk is wider than the cephalon and is made up of 8-13 tergites. [2] The pleural (lateral) tips of first few tergites are directed anterolaterally, becoming increasingly posterolaterally directed rearward, giving the segmental boundaries between tergites a radiated appearance. [3] [2] The last trunk segment, also known as postabdomen, [4] is tiny and laterally encompassed by the pleural regions of previous tergite. [2]

Based on available materials, the cephalon comprises a pair of antennae and 5 pairs of uniramus appendages, with the posterior 4 pairs bore gnathobases. [6] There are evidences that the non-gnathobasic second cephalic appendages are specialized or even raptorial in some species. [6] [2] Each of the trunk segments (except the last one) has a pair of biramous appendages each consisting of a leg-like endopod and a shorter exopod. [2] The last trunk segment has a pair of spine/whip-like appendages referred as furcae [3] or cerci, [6] some species bore a medial spine between it which may or may not be a telson. [2]

Classification

Phylogenetic position

The specialized second appendages (Pap, green) and gnathobasic appendages (Gap, cyan) of Cheloniellon had been compared to chelicerate prosomal appendages by some studies. [6] [7]

While Boudreaux (1979) regarded Cheloniellida as a class, [8] further studies usually treat Cheloniellida as an order. [1] [2] Cheloniellida has a controversial phylogenetic position within arthropod higher classifications, with studies mainly around 20th century suggested it as a relative/member of either Crustacea, Trilobita, Chelicerata or Aglaspidida. [2] Some species even had been misidentified as polyplacophoran mollusks ( chiton) when being first described. [9] Originally, the iconic cheloniellid Cheloniellon was believed to be a crustacean similar to trilobites. [10] [11] Subsequent authors suggests that it occupied a position intermediate between trilobitomorphs and chelicerates, [6] [7] while some also interpreted it as a sister group of crustaceans [12] or chelicerates [13] [14] as well. The suggested close relationship between cheloniellids and chelicerates was inferred by the gnathobasic appendages similar to those of merostomes (e.g. Xiphosurans and Eurypterids), and the hypothesis that the chelicerates arose from trilobitomorphs through the loss of deutocerebral antennae (i.e. first antennae) and specialization of tritocerebral appendages into chelicerae (comparable to the cheloniellid antennae and specialized 2nd appendages), [6] [7] a scenario which is not supported by gene expression, [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] neuroanatomical [20] [21] and developmental [22] evidences (suggests that chelicerae are in fact deutocerebral).

Artiopoda
Summarized phylogeny of Artiopoda with focus on Cheloniellida, based on Lerosey-Aubril et al. (2017). [4]

As of 21st century, Cheloniellida was mostly found to form a clade with Aglaspidida and Xenopoda (e.g. Sidneyia and Emeraldella). [23] [3] [24] [25] [4] The clade was formally named Vicissicaudata in 2013, [3] united by a differentiated terminal trunk area (postabdomen) that bears a pair of non-leg-like appendages. [3] [4] Numerous phylogenetic analyses also retrieved Vicissicaudata within Artiopoda, [4] a diverse arthropod taxon comprising trilobites and similar fossil taxa that may [26] [24] or may not [3] [25] [4] be closely related to chelicerates.

Included genera and species

The unambiguous members of cheloniellids shown as follows:

  • Cheloniellon Broili, 1932
    • Cheloniellon calmani Broili, 1932—Lower Devonian, Germany
  • Duslia Jahn, 1893
    • Duslia insignis Jahn, 1893—Upper Ordovician, Czech Republic, Morocco
  • Eoduslia Van Roy, 2006 (unpublished?)
    • Eoduslia brahimtahiri Van Roy, 2006—Upper Ordovician, Morocco (unpublished?)
  • Neostrabops Caster & Macke, 1952
    • Neostrabops martini Caster & Macke, 1952—Upper Ordovician, United States
  • Paraduslia Dunlop, 2002
    • Paraduslia talimaae Dunlop, 2002—Lower Devonian, Russia
  • Pseudarthron Selden & White, 1984
    • Pseudarthron whittingtoni Selden & White, 1984—Upper Silurian
  • Triopus Barrande, 1872
    • Triopus drabowiensis Barrande, 1872—Upper Ordovician, Czech Republic, Morocco

In 2018, a new species (informally named " Latromirus" in an unpublished thesis from 2016 [27]) was described in a preprint by Wendruff et al. [2] According to Braddy & Dunlop 2021, the enigmatic Parioscorpio may have cheloniellid affinities, [28] however that interpretation is denied by Van Roy et al. 2022, only remaining specimen UWGM 2439 (holotype specimen of "Latromirus") as possible cheloniellid. [29]

References

  1. ^ a b Hou, Xianguang. (1997). Arthropods of the Lower Cambrian Chengjiang fauna, southwest China (PDF). Bergström, Jan, 1938-. Oslo: Scandinavian University Press. ISBN  82-00-37693-1. OCLC  38305908.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Wendruff, Andrew James, et al. "New cheloniellid arthropod with large raptorial appendages from the Silurian of Wisconsin, USA." BioRxiv (2018): 407379. [1]
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Legg, David A.; Braddy, Simon J. (February 2013). "The phylogeny of aglaspidid arthropods and the internal relationships within Artiopoda". Cladistics. 29 (1): 15–45. doi: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00413.x. PMID  34814371. S2CID  85744103.
  4. ^ a b c d e f g Lerosey-Aubril, Rudy; Zhu, Xuejian; Ortega-Hernández, Javier (2017-09-11). "The Vicissicaudata revisited – insights from a new aglaspidid arthropod with caudal appendages from the Furongian of China". Scientific Reports. 7 (1): 11117. Bibcode: 2017NatSR...711117L. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11610-5. ISSN  2045-2322. PMC  5593897. PMID  28894246.
  5. ^ Du, Kun-sheng; Ortega-Hernández, Javier; Yang, Jie; Zhang, Xi-guang (2019). "A soft-bodied euarthropod from the early Cambrian Xiaoshiba Lagerstätte of China supports a new clade of basal artiopodans with dorsal ecdysial sutures". Cladistics. 35 (3): 269–281. doi: 10.1111/cla.12344. ISSN  0748-3007. PMID  34622993. S2CID  89985331.
  6. ^ a b c d e f Stürmer, Wilhelm; Bergström, Jan (1978). "The arthropod Cheloniellon from the devonian hunsrück shale". Paläontologische Zeitschrift. 52 (1): 57–81. doi: 10.1007/BF03006730. S2CID  87725308.
  7. ^ a b c STfJRMER, W. t~ BERGSTROM, J. 1981. Weinbergina, a xiphosuran arthropod from the Devonian Hunsriick Slate. - Palaontologische Zeitschrift 55: 237-255. [2] Archived 2020-06-20 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ Boudreaux H. B., 1979. Significance of intersegmental tendon system in arthropod phylogeny and monophyletic classification of Arthropoda. pp. 551-586. In.: Gupta A.P. [Ed.]. Arthropod Phylogeny. Van Nostrand Reinhold Company, N.Y., 1-762
  9. ^ Chlupác I. The enigmatic arthropod Duslia from the Ordovician of Czechoslovakia. Palaeontol. 1988; 31:611–620. [3]
  10. ^ BROILI, F. (1932): Ein neuer Crustacee aus dem rheinischen Unterdevon. -- Sitzungsber. bayer. Akad. Wiss.: 27--38; Miinchen. [4]
  11. ^ BROILI, F. (1933): Ein zweites Exemplar von Cheloniellon. -- Sitzungsber. bayer. Akad. Wiss.: 11--32; Miinchen. [5]
  12. ^ Delle Cave, L. and A.M. Simonetta (1991) Early Palaeozoic arthropods and problems of arthropod phylogeny; with some notes on taxa of doubtful affinities. In The Early Evolution of Metazoa and the Significance of Problematic Taxa, eds. A. M. Simonetta and S. Conway Morris. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England. Vol. 189–244.
  13. ^ Wills, M. A., Briggs, D. E. G., Fortey, R. A. & Wilkinson, M. 1995. The significance of fossils in understanding arthropod evolution. Verhandlungen der deutschen zoologischen Gesselschaft 88, 203–15.
  14. ^ Dunlop, J. A.; Selden, P. A. (1998), Fortey, R. A.; Thomas, R. H. (eds.), "The early history and phylogeny of the chelicerates", Arthropod Relationships, The Systematics Association Special Volume Series, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 221–235, doi: 10.1007/978-94-011-4904-4_17, ISBN  978-94-011-4904-4
  15. ^ Telford, Maximilian J.; Thomas, Richard H. (1998-09-01). "Expression of homeobox genes shows chelicerate arthropods retain their deutocerebral segment". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 95 (18): 10671–10675. Bibcode: 1998PNAS...9510671T. doi: 10.1073/pnas.95.18.10671. ISSN  0027-8424. PMC  27953. PMID  9724762.
  16. ^ Damen, Wim G. M. (2002-03-01). "Parasegmental organization of the spider embryo implies that the parasegment is an evolutionary conserved entity in arthropod embryogenesis". Development. 129 (5): 1239–1250. doi: 10.1242/dev.129.5.1239. ISSN  0950-1991. PMID  11874919.
  17. ^ Jager, Muriel; Murienne, Jérôme; Clabaut, Céline; Deutsch, Jean; Guyader, Hervé Le; Manuel, Michaël (2006). "Homology of arthropod anterior appendages revealed by Hox gene expression in a sea spider". Nature. 441 (7092): 506–508. Bibcode: 2006Natur.441..506J. doi: 10.1038/nature04591. ISSN  1476-4687. PMID  16724066. S2CID  4307398.
  18. ^ Manuel, Michaël; Jager, Muriel; Murienne, Jérôme; Clabaut, Céline; Guyader, Hervé Le (2006-07-01). "Hox genes in sea spiders (Pycnogonida) and the homology of arthropod head segments". Development Genes and Evolution. 216 (7): 481–491. doi: 10.1007/s00427-006-0095-2. ISSN  1432-041X. PMID  16820954. S2CID  833103.
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