From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chamber of Progress
FormationNovember 2020
Type Trade association
Headquarters McLean, Virginia, United States
CEO
Adam Kovacevich
Staff (2021)
5 [1]
Website Official website Edit this at Wikidata

The Chamber of Progress is an American trade group that represents technology companies on issues such as antitrust law, content moderation, and self-driving cars. The group describes itself as a progressive advocacy organization, while some have characterized it as an astroturfing corporate front group opposing government regulation and unionization. [2] It was established in 2020 by Adam Kovacevich and is funded by Amazon, Uber, Meta, Google, Apple, Twitter, and other technology companies. [3]

History

Amazon, whose headquarters are pictured, is among the funders of the Chamber of Progress.

The Chamber of Progress was incorporated in November 2020 and announced in March 2021 by its founder and CEO Adam Kovacevich, a former Google lobbyist, Lime executive, Tom Cotton campaigner, and press secretary to United States Senator Joe Lieberman. [4] [2] [5] [6] [7]

Leadership and organization

The Chamber of Progress is registered as a nonstock 501(c)(6) corporation in Virginia and is headquartered in McLean, Virginia. [1] [4] Its CEO is Adam Kovacevich. [1] As of 2021, the organization's advisory board consists of Colorado State Senator Jeff Bridges, New Jersey State Senator Troy Singleton, Malcom Glenn, Vikrum Aiyer, Roy Bahat, Hillary Brill, Maura Corbett, Michele Jawando, Helen Milby, Joefass Miller, Alejandro Roark, Julie Samuels and California State Assemblymember Blanca Rubio. [1]

The organization is funded by big tech companies such as Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google, Twitter, Uber, and Zillow, as well as smaller tech companies such as DoorDash, Instacart, Lyft, Nuro, Turo, Waymo, and Wing. [3] [8] [2] The Chamber of Progress has a policy of not disclosing the amount of money it receives from its corporate donors. [9]

In May 2021, leaked emails obtained by Politico showed what it described as "a fairly cozy" relationship between the Chamber of Progress and Google. [10] According to the email, a Google public affairs staff member had emailed the company's employees soliciting their assistance in recruiting for a new position the Chamber of Progress was seeking to fill, going on to note that Google maintained "regular communication" with the organization. [10]

As of October 2021, the organization had five employees. [1] [11]

Positions

According to the organization, Chamber of Progress is a "tech industry coalition devoted to a progressive society, economy, workforce, and consumer climate. We back public policies that will build a fairer, more inclusive country in which all people benefit from technological leaps". [1]

Kovacevich has described the organization as committed to advancing progressive policies but is not reflexively anti-business. [12]

Autonomous vehicles

In an opinion article written by Kovacevich, he supports updating automobile regulations to allow for the deployment of more self-driving cars. [13] The Chamber of Progress is critical of automaker Tesla for marketing its cars as “self-driving” even though they are not fully autonomous. [14]

Benefits for rideshare workers

The Chamber of Progress opposes legislative efforts in California to reclassify some rideshare and food delivery drivers from independent contractors to employees and has denounced "purists within organized labor" seeking to do so. [15]

Consumer protection

The Chamber of Progress opposed the 2021 INFORM Consumers Act, a bi-partisan bill intended by its sponsors to curtail the trafficking of fraudulent goods by ecommerce sites. [16]

Corporate taxes

The Chamber of Progress supports raising corporate taxes, in order to help fund the American Jobs Plan. [17]

Health misinformation regulation

The Chamber of Progress has opposed legislation in Texas [18] [19] and Florida [20] that would limit the ability of social media platforms to take down misinformation and other content that violates community standards. The organization also opposed legislation proposed by United States Senators Amy Klobuchar and Ben Ray Lujan that would hold social media companies liable for the dissemination of false or erroneous health and medical information and advice. [21]

Monopolization

In 2021, Chamber of Progress submitted comments opposing the Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) proposed revocation of a 2015 policy statement that prohibited the FTC from challenging unfair competition that stops short of violating antirust laws. [22] The statement was ultimately revoked over the Chamber of Progress' objections. [22] The same year it took the lead in opposing a package of new antitrust legislation proposed by David Cicilline and Pramila Jayapal and according to Slate, sought to "slow down the legislative process so that ... [they'd] have more time to win over lawmakers to vote the bills down". [23] [24]

Tech regulation

The Chamber of Progress supports proposals to provide additional funding for the Federal Trade Commission to create a new tech bureau focused on privacy, data security, and identity theft. [25] The organization opposes reform or repeal of Section 230, arguing that this internet legislation incentivizes companies to delete lawful but objectionable content, like hate speech. [26]

Unionizing

In April 2021, the Chamber of Progress released a statement opposing Amazon worker unionizing efforts in Alabama and denouncing "union activists". [27] According to Vice, the organization said that "Amazon employees' rejection of the union was a 'progressive story'". [28]

Voting legislation

The Chamber of Progress supports the For the People Act and the John Lewis Voting Rights Act. [29]

Analysis

Sarah Miller, executive director of the American Economic Liberties Project, has described the organization as an " astroturf group" which masquerades as a progressive organization but is designed to head-off governmental regulation of its member companies. [2] Mike Lux of American Family Voices has said of the organization that it shows no evidence "that tech companies are going to put any energy or money or muscle or attention to supporting progressive causes". [2] Vivek Ramaswamy has dismissed the organization as " crony capitalism at its heart". [30] Writing in Jewish Currents, Cilo Chang called the group "progressive camouflage" for anti-union organizing. [31] Public Citizen's Jane Chung has said Chamber of Progress is "sleight of hand" and that it uses "progressive slogans, and interests like 'democracy reform' and 'income equality' ... all the while, we know that this is really just a front group for advancing corporate interests in Washington". [32]

United States Senator Amy Klobuchar has expressed skepticism with the Chamber of Progress, saying – with respect to the group's name – "you're honest that what you are is really the tech companies' Chamber of Commerce. But at least the Chamber of Commerce has a real name". [33]

United States Representative Ami Bera has applauded the organization and said that the Democratic Party will be working with the group "in defining the next chapter of tech policy". [2] In her Substack email newsletter, Nancy Scola says the Chamber is positioned to take advantage of the disconnect between lawmakers' opposition to tech companies and consumers' embrace of them. [34]

Emily Birnbaum, a journalist with Politico, noted in 2021 that the Chamber of Progress now receives much of the media attention that used to go to the Internet Association. [35]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Chamber of Progress". progresschamber.org. Chamber of Progress. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Friedman, Dan (April 9, 2021). "An Ex-Google Lobbyist Who Backed Jim Jordan Is Leading Big Tech's Bid to Court the Left". Mother Jones. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Technology's Progressive Future". Chamber of Progress. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Entity Information: Chamber of Progress". scc.virginia.gov. Virginia State Corporation Commission. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  5. ^ Mann, Ted (June 12, 2019). "Google Axes Lobbyists Amid Growing Government Scrutiny". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  6. ^ Craig, Taylor (15 January 2021). "E-Scooter Startup Lime Hopes to Operate in New York by Spring". Cheddar. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  7. ^ Banares, Ilya (28 March 2021). "Ex-Google Policy Lead Founds Tech-Friendly Progressive Group". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  8. ^ Klar, Rebecca (April 9, 2021). "Former Google executive launches left-leaning tech coalition". The Hill. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  9. ^ Birnbaum, Emily (April 9, 2021). "Democrats are out for Big Tech. Google's former policy head wants to talk them down". Protocol. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  10. ^ a b Birnbaum, Emily (30 April 2021). "Leaked Google email reveals ties to new pro-tech group". politico.com. Politico. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  11. ^ Din, Benjamin. "Senate to vote on Khan as antitrust pressure heats up". Politico. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  12. ^ Birnbaum, Emily (2021-03-29). "Google's former policy head wants to protect Big Tech from Dems". Protocol. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  13. ^ Kovacevich, Adam (July 21, 2021). "Congress should stop stalling autonomous vehicle technologies". dailynews.com. The Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  14. ^ Siddiqui, Faiz (September 25, 2021). "Tesla owners can now request 'Full Self-Driving,' prompting criticism from regulators and safety advocates". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  15. ^ Kovacevich, Adam (2 March 2021). "Voters Rejected California's Gig-Work Ban. Will Congressional Democrats Listen?". Chamber of Progress. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  16. ^ Din, Benjamin (May 14, 2021). "What to watch for at the Christchurch summit". Politico. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  17. ^ Feiner, Lauren (15 April 2021). "Tech industry group funded by Amazon, Facebook and Google says it supports a corporate tax hike". CNBC. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  18. ^ Brodkin, Jon (September 10, 2021). "Texas law could force social media to host misinformation and hate speech". Ars Technica. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  19. ^ "Tech Industry Groups Support Suit Against Texas Social Media Law". Bloomberg Law. October 7, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  20. ^ Loiaconi, Stephen (May 25, 2021). "Florida Republicans tout bill targeting 'Silicon Valley elites,' but challenges loom". ABC. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  21. ^ Hughes, Siobhan (July 22, 2021). "Bill Would Strip Social Media of Protections for Health Misinformation". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  22. ^ a b Klar, Rebecca (July 1, 2021). "FTC votes to expand antitrust enforcement powers". The Hill. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  23. ^ Mak, Aaron (June 28, 2021). "All the Ways Silicon Valley Is Freaking Out About Congress' Plan to Break Up Big Tech". Slate. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  24. ^ Maruri, Katya (July 24, 2021). "What Do the House Antitrust Bills Mean for Big Tech?". Governing Magazine. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  25. ^ "Chamber of Progress Applauds FTC Privacy & Security Boost". Chamber of Progress. September 13, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  26. ^ Davis, Wendy (March 28, 2021). "Google Veteran Launches Tech Policy Organization". MediaPost. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  27. ^ "The Alabama Amazon employees' rejection ..." @ProgressChamber. Twitter. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  28. ^ Gurley, Lauren Kaori (April 9, 2021). "World's Most Powerful Tech Companies Celebrate Bessemer Union Loss". Vice. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  29. ^ Sabin, Sam (March 28, 2021). "As Democrats' Once-Cozy Relationship With Tech Is Tested, Ex-Google Policy Lead's New Trade Group Touts Industry's Benefits". Morning Consult. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  30. ^ Nelson, Joshua (March 30, 2021). "Big Tech 'blowing woke smoke' with new 'Chamber of Progress' coalition: 'Woke Inc.' author". Fox News. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  31. ^ Chang, Cilo (April 2, 2021). "The Fight for the Right to Organize". Jewish Currents. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  32. ^ Jackson, Janine (9 April 2021). "'We Really Can't Take Anything These Companies Say at Face Value'". fair.org. Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  33. ^ Sullivan, Mark (August 17, 2021). "Amy Klobuchar is busy holding Apple's and Google's feet to the fire". Fast Company. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  34. ^ Scola, Nancy (April 2, 2021). "Welcome to Slow Build". Substack. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  35. ^ Birnbaum, Emily (July 11, 2021). "'Nowhere to be found': The internet industry's D.C. powerhouse recedes". Politico. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Chamber of Progress
FormationNovember 2020
Type Trade association
Headquarters McLean, Virginia, United States
CEO
Adam Kovacevich
Staff (2021)
5 [1]
Website Official website Edit this at Wikidata

The Chamber of Progress is an American trade group that represents technology companies on issues such as antitrust law, content moderation, and self-driving cars. The group describes itself as a progressive advocacy organization, while some have characterized it as an astroturfing corporate front group opposing government regulation and unionization. [2] It was established in 2020 by Adam Kovacevich and is funded by Amazon, Uber, Meta, Google, Apple, Twitter, and other technology companies. [3]

History

Amazon, whose headquarters are pictured, is among the funders of the Chamber of Progress.

The Chamber of Progress was incorporated in November 2020 and announced in March 2021 by its founder and CEO Adam Kovacevich, a former Google lobbyist, Lime executive, Tom Cotton campaigner, and press secretary to United States Senator Joe Lieberman. [4] [2] [5] [6] [7]

Leadership and organization

The Chamber of Progress is registered as a nonstock 501(c)(6) corporation in Virginia and is headquartered in McLean, Virginia. [1] [4] Its CEO is Adam Kovacevich. [1] As of 2021, the organization's advisory board consists of Colorado State Senator Jeff Bridges, New Jersey State Senator Troy Singleton, Malcom Glenn, Vikrum Aiyer, Roy Bahat, Hillary Brill, Maura Corbett, Michele Jawando, Helen Milby, Joefass Miller, Alejandro Roark, Julie Samuels and California State Assemblymember Blanca Rubio. [1]

The organization is funded by big tech companies such as Amazon, Apple, Facebook, Google, Twitter, Uber, and Zillow, as well as smaller tech companies such as DoorDash, Instacart, Lyft, Nuro, Turo, Waymo, and Wing. [3] [8] [2] The Chamber of Progress has a policy of not disclosing the amount of money it receives from its corporate donors. [9]

In May 2021, leaked emails obtained by Politico showed what it described as "a fairly cozy" relationship between the Chamber of Progress and Google. [10] According to the email, a Google public affairs staff member had emailed the company's employees soliciting their assistance in recruiting for a new position the Chamber of Progress was seeking to fill, going on to note that Google maintained "regular communication" with the organization. [10]

As of October 2021, the organization had five employees. [1] [11]

Positions

According to the organization, Chamber of Progress is a "tech industry coalition devoted to a progressive society, economy, workforce, and consumer climate. We back public policies that will build a fairer, more inclusive country in which all people benefit from technological leaps". [1]

Kovacevich has described the organization as committed to advancing progressive policies but is not reflexively anti-business. [12]

Autonomous vehicles

In an opinion article written by Kovacevich, he supports updating automobile regulations to allow for the deployment of more self-driving cars. [13] The Chamber of Progress is critical of automaker Tesla for marketing its cars as “self-driving” even though they are not fully autonomous. [14]

Benefits for rideshare workers

The Chamber of Progress opposes legislative efforts in California to reclassify some rideshare and food delivery drivers from independent contractors to employees and has denounced "purists within organized labor" seeking to do so. [15]

Consumer protection

The Chamber of Progress opposed the 2021 INFORM Consumers Act, a bi-partisan bill intended by its sponsors to curtail the trafficking of fraudulent goods by ecommerce sites. [16]

Corporate taxes

The Chamber of Progress supports raising corporate taxes, in order to help fund the American Jobs Plan. [17]

Health misinformation regulation

The Chamber of Progress has opposed legislation in Texas [18] [19] and Florida [20] that would limit the ability of social media platforms to take down misinformation and other content that violates community standards. The organization also opposed legislation proposed by United States Senators Amy Klobuchar and Ben Ray Lujan that would hold social media companies liable for the dissemination of false or erroneous health and medical information and advice. [21]

Monopolization

In 2021, Chamber of Progress submitted comments opposing the Federal Trade Commission's (FTC) proposed revocation of a 2015 policy statement that prohibited the FTC from challenging unfair competition that stops short of violating antirust laws. [22] The statement was ultimately revoked over the Chamber of Progress' objections. [22] The same year it took the lead in opposing a package of new antitrust legislation proposed by David Cicilline and Pramila Jayapal and according to Slate, sought to "slow down the legislative process so that ... [they'd] have more time to win over lawmakers to vote the bills down". [23] [24]

Tech regulation

The Chamber of Progress supports proposals to provide additional funding for the Federal Trade Commission to create a new tech bureau focused on privacy, data security, and identity theft. [25] The organization opposes reform or repeal of Section 230, arguing that this internet legislation incentivizes companies to delete lawful but objectionable content, like hate speech. [26]

Unionizing

In April 2021, the Chamber of Progress released a statement opposing Amazon worker unionizing efforts in Alabama and denouncing "union activists". [27] According to Vice, the organization said that "Amazon employees' rejection of the union was a 'progressive story'". [28]

Voting legislation

The Chamber of Progress supports the For the People Act and the John Lewis Voting Rights Act. [29]

Analysis

Sarah Miller, executive director of the American Economic Liberties Project, has described the organization as an " astroturf group" which masquerades as a progressive organization but is designed to head-off governmental regulation of its member companies. [2] Mike Lux of American Family Voices has said of the organization that it shows no evidence "that tech companies are going to put any energy or money or muscle or attention to supporting progressive causes". [2] Vivek Ramaswamy has dismissed the organization as " crony capitalism at its heart". [30] Writing in Jewish Currents, Cilo Chang called the group "progressive camouflage" for anti-union organizing. [31] Public Citizen's Jane Chung has said Chamber of Progress is "sleight of hand" and that it uses "progressive slogans, and interests like 'democracy reform' and 'income equality' ... all the while, we know that this is really just a front group for advancing corporate interests in Washington". [32]

United States Senator Amy Klobuchar has expressed skepticism with the Chamber of Progress, saying – with respect to the group's name – "you're honest that what you are is really the tech companies' Chamber of Commerce. But at least the Chamber of Commerce has a real name". [33]

United States Representative Ami Bera has applauded the organization and said that the Democratic Party will be working with the group "in defining the next chapter of tech policy". [2] In her Substack email newsletter, Nancy Scola says the Chamber is positioned to take advantage of the disconnect between lawmakers' opposition to tech companies and consumers' embrace of them. [34]

Emily Birnbaum, a journalist with Politico, noted in 2021 that the Chamber of Progress now receives much of the media attention that used to go to the Internet Association. [35]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f "Chamber of Progress". progresschamber.org. Chamber of Progress. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Friedman, Dan (April 9, 2021). "An Ex-Google Lobbyist Who Backed Jim Jordan Is Leading Big Tech's Bid to Court the Left". Mother Jones. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Technology's Progressive Future". Chamber of Progress. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  4. ^ a b "Entity Information: Chamber of Progress". scc.virginia.gov. Virginia State Corporation Commission. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  5. ^ Mann, Ted (June 12, 2019). "Google Axes Lobbyists Amid Growing Government Scrutiny". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  6. ^ Craig, Taylor (15 January 2021). "E-Scooter Startup Lime Hopes to Operate in New York by Spring". Cheddar. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  7. ^ Banares, Ilya (28 March 2021). "Ex-Google Policy Lead Founds Tech-Friendly Progressive Group". www.bloomberg.com. Retrieved 14 December 2021.
  8. ^ Klar, Rebecca (April 9, 2021). "Former Google executive launches left-leaning tech coalition". The Hill. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  9. ^ Birnbaum, Emily (April 9, 2021). "Democrats are out for Big Tech. Google's former policy head wants to talk them down". Protocol. Retrieved March 29, 2021.
  10. ^ a b Birnbaum, Emily (30 April 2021). "Leaked Google email reveals ties to new pro-tech group". politico.com. Politico. Retrieved May 9, 2021.
  11. ^ Din, Benjamin. "Senate to vote on Khan as antitrust pressure heats up". Politico. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  12. ^ Birnbaum, Emily (2021-03-29). "Google's former policy head wants to protect Big Tech from Dems". Protocol. Retrieved 2022-07-12.
  13. ^ Kovacevich, Adam (July 21, 2021). "Congress should stop stalling autonomous vehicle technologies". dailynews.com. The Los Angeles Daily News. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  14. ^ Siddiqui, Faiz (September 25, 2021). "Tesla owners can now request 'Full Self-Driving,' prompting criticism from regulators and safety advocates". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 28, 2021.
  15. ^ Kovacevich, Adam (2 March 2021). "Voters Rejected California's Gig-Work Ban. Will Congressional Democrats Listen?". Chamber of Progress. Archived from the original on April 9, 2021. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  16. ^ Din, Benjamin (May 14, 2021). "What to watch for at the Christchurch summit". Politico. Retrieved May 16, 2021.
  17. ^ Feiner, Lauren (15 April 2021). "Tech industry group funded by Amazon, Facebook and Google says it supports a corporate tax hike". CNBC. Retrieved April 15, 2021.
  18. ^ Brodkin, Jon (September 10, 2021). "Texas law could force social media to host misinformation and hate speech". Ars Technica. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  19. ^ "Tech Industry Groups Support Suit Against Texas Social Media Law". Bloomberg Law. October 7, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  20. ^ Loiaconi, Stephen (May 25, 2021). "Florida Republicans tout bill targeting 'Silicon Valley elites,' but challenges loom". ABC. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  21. ^ Hughes, Siobhan (July 22, 2021). "Bill Would Strip Social Media of Protections for Health Misinformation". Wall Street Journal. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  22. ^ a b Klar, Rebecca (July 1, 2021). "FTC votes to expand antitrust enforcement powers". The Hill. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  23. ^ Mak, Aaron (June 28, 2021). "All the Ways Silicon Valley Is Freaking Out About Congress' Plan to Break Up Big Tech". Slate. Retrieved July 24, 2021.
  24. ^ Maruri, Katya (July 24, 2021). "What Do the House Antitrust Bills Mean for Big Tech?". Governing Magazine. Retrieved June 27, 2021.
  25. ^ "Chamber of Progress Applauds FTC Privacy & Security Boost". Chamber of Progress. September 13, 2021. Retrieved December 19, 2021.
  26. ^ Davis, Wendy (March 28, 2021). "Google Veteran Launches Tech Policy Organization". MediaPost. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  27. ^ "The Alabama Amazon employees' rejection ..." @ProgressChamber. Twitter. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  28. ^ Gurley, Lauren Kaori (April 9, 2021). "World's Most Powerful Tech Companies Celebrate Bessemer Union Loss". Vice. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  29. ^ Sabin, Sam (March 28, 2021). "As Democrats' Once-Cozy Relationship With Tech Is Tested, Ex-Google Policy Lead's New Trade Group Touts Industry's Benefits". Morning Consult. Retrieved March 28, 2021.
  30. ^ Nelson, Joshua (March 30, 2021). "Big Tech 'blowing woke smoke' with new 'Chamber of Progress' coalition: 'Woke Inc.' author". Fox News. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  31. ^ Chang, Cilo (April 2, 2021). "The Fight for the Right to Organize". Jewish Currents. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  32. ^ Jackson, Janine (9 April 2021). "'We Really Can't Take Anything These Companies Say at Face Value'". fair.org. Fairness & Accuracy in Reporting. Retrieved April 9, 2021.
  33. ^ Sullivan, Mark (August 17, 2021). "Amy Klobuchar is busy holding Apple's and Google's feet to the fire". Fast Company. Retrieved September 25, 2021.
  34. ^ Scola, Nancy (April 2, 2021). "Welcome to Slow Build". Substack. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  35. ^ Birnbaum, Emily (July 11, 2021). "'Nowhere to be found': The internet industry's D.C. powerhouse recedes". Politico. Retrieved December 19, 2021.

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