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Chamalal (also called Camalal or Chamalin) is an Andic language of the Northeast Caucasian language family spoken in southwestern Dagestan, Russia by approximately 500 ethnic Chamalals. It has three quite distinct dialects, Gadyri, Gakvari, and Gigatl. ^[2]

History

Chamalal is spoken in southwestern Dagestan, Russia by indigenous Chamalals since the 8th or 9th century. The ethnic population is approximately 5,000, with around 500 speakers. The language has a 6b (threatened) status.

Geographic distribution

The approximately 500 ethnic speakers live in eight villages in the Tsumadinsky District on the left bank of the Andi-Koisu river in the Dagestan Republic and in the Chechnya Republic. The speakers are mostly Muslim, primarily following Sunni Islam since the 8th or 9th century.

Official status

There are no countries with Chamalal as an official language.

Dialects/Varieties

Chamalal has three distinct dialects: Gadyri (Gachitl-Kvankhi), Gakvari (Agvali-Richaganik-Tsumada-Urukh), and Gigatl (Hihatl). There are also two more dialects: Kwenkhi, Tsumada.

Derived languages

Gigatl (Hihatl) and Chamalal proper (with Gadyri, Gakvari, Tsumada and Kwenkhi dialects) are considered to be sublanguages.

Writing system

Chamalal is an unwritten language. Avar and Russian are used in school, and Avar is also used for literary purposes.

Bibliography

• Anderson, Stephen (2005). "Review: The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Vols. 1-4". Book Reviews. Language. 81 (4): 993–996. doi: 10.1353/lan.2005.0161. JSTOR  4490030.
• "Back Matter". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 109 (2). 1996. JSTOR  41288916.
• Blažek, Václav (2002). "The 'beech'-argument — State-of-the-Art". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 115 (2): 190–217. JSTOR  41289089.
• Friedman, Victor (2005). "Review:The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Volume 3: The North East Caucasian Languages, Part 1". The Slavic and East European Journal. 49 (3): 537–539. doi: 10.2307/20058337. JSTOR  20058337.
• Greppin, John A. C. (1996). "New Data on the Hurro-Urartian Substratum in Armenian". Historische Sprachforschung / Historical Linguistics. 109 (1): 40–44. JSTOR  41288886.
• Harris, Alice C. (2009). "Exuberant Exponence in Batsbi". Natural Language & Linguistic Theory. 27 (2): 267–303. doi: 10.1007/s11049-009-9070-8. JSTOR  40270318.
• Haspelmath, Martin (1996). "Review:The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus, Vol. 4: North East Caucasian Languages, Part 2". Book Reviews. Language. 72 (1): 126–129. doi: 10.2307/416797. JSTOR  416797.
• Kolga, M.; Tõnurist, I.; Vaba, L.; Viikberg, J. (1993). The Red book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire.
• Magomedova, P. T. (2004). "Chamalal". The Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus. Vol. 3: The North East Caucasian Languages, Part 1. pp. 3–65.
• Schulze, Wolfgang (2005). "Grammars for East Caucasian". Anthropological Linguistics. 47 (3): 321–352. JSTOR  25132340.
• Szczśniak, Andrew L. (1963). "A Brief Index of Indigenous Peoples and Languages of Asiatic Russia". Anthropological Linguistics. 5 (6): 1–29. JSTOR  30022425.
• Tuite, Kevin; Schulze, Wolfgang (1998). "A Case of Taboo-Motivated Lexical Replacement in the Indigenous Languages of the Caucasus". Anthropological Linguistics. 40 (3): 363–383. JSTOR  30028646.
• Voegelin, C. F.; Voegelin, F. M. (1966). "Index of Languages of the World". Anthropological Linguistics. 8 (6): i–xiv, 1–222.

References

Further reading

• Margus Kolga; Igor Tõnurist; Lembit Vaba; Jüri Viikberg (1993). "The Chamalals". The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire.