Cedar Paul, née Gertrude Mary Davenport (1880 – 18 March 1972) was a singer, author, translator and journalist.
[1]
Biography
Gertrude Davenport came from a musical family: she was the granddaughter of the composer
George Alexander Macfarren and the daughter of the composer
Francis William Davenport (1847–1925).
[1] She was educated at convent schools in
Belgium,
France,
Italy and
England, and studied music in
Germany.
She was a member of the
Independent Labour Party from 1912 to 1919, and Secretary of the British Section of the
Women's International Council of Socialist and Labour Organizations from 1917 to 1919.
[2] She married
Eden Paul, and from 1915 onwards was active - under the name of Cedar Paul - as a translator and writer in collaboration with her husband. The pair became members of the
Communist Party of Great Britain,
[2] and Cedar served on the executive committee of the
Plebs League in the 1920s.
[3] Together with
Lyster Jameson, the Pauls made "strenuous attempts [...] to develop psychology" as a component of working-class education in the Plebs League.
[4] However, some working-class League members resented them:
In the labour colleges [...] there was considerable resentment against the middle-class intellectuals who came into the Plebs League during and immediately after the war. Two books written by Eden and Cedar Paul, Creative Revolution (1920) and Proletcult (1921), attracted criticism for their obscure vocabulary - they coined words like 'ergatocracy' to replace the ugly 'dictatorship of the proletariat' - and generally school marmish tone
[5]
Cedar and Eden Paul were extraordinarily prolific translators in the interwar years, translating a range of
socialist and
psychotherapy works, as well as novels, particularly
historical novels. They were the official translators for
Stefan Zweig and
Emil Ludwig, and their translations from
German also included works by
Karl Marx,
Rudolf Hilferding,
Karl Jaspers,
Rudolf Brunngraber, and
Heinrich von Treitschke. However, they also translated work from
French,
Italian (including a work by
Robert Michels) and
Russian (including works by
Joseph Stalin, and
Georgi Plekhanov, and
Mikhail Lermontov's
A Hero of Our Time).
After Eden Paul's death in 1944, Cedar Paul published only a small number of translations under her own name. She found herself in serious debt and experienced dire poverty, living in a caravan.
[6]
Works
Translations undertaken with
Eden Paul
- History of Germany in the nineteenth century by
Heinrich von Treitschke, 1915–19. Translated from the German.
- Political parties; a sociological study of the oligarchical tendencies of modern democracy by
Robert Michels. New York, Hearst's International Library Co., 1915. Translated from the Italian.
- The twentieth century Molière: Bernard Shaw by
Augustin Frédéric Hamon. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1915. Translated from the French.
- The diary of a French private, war-imprisonment, 1914-1915 by
Gaston Riou. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1916. Translated from the French.
- The sexual crisis: a critique of our sex life by
Grete Meisel-Hess. New York: Critic and Guide Co., 1917. Translated from the German.
- Heredity, disease and human evolution by
Hugo Ribbert. New York: Critic and Guide Co., 1918. Translated from the German.
-
Boehm-Bawerk's Criticism of Marx by
Rudolf Hilferding. Glasgow : Socialist Labour Press, [1919.] Translated from the German.
- The spirit of Russia : studies in history, literature and philosophy by
T. G. Masaryk. London : Allen & Unwin; New York : Macmillan, 1919. Translated from the German. 2 vols.
- Suggestion and autosuggestion : a psychological and pedagogical study based upon the investigations made by the new Nancy School by
Charles Baudouin. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd, 1920. Translated from the French.
- A new school in Belgium by
A. Faria de Vasconcellos, with an introduction by
Adolphe Ferrière. London:
G. G. Harrap & Co., 1919. Translated from the French.
- Karl Marx by
Achille Loria. London, G. Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1920. Translated from the Italian.
- The Forerunners by
Romain Rolland. New York: Brace & Howe, 1920. Translated from the French Les Précurseurs (1919).
- The industrial development of Palestine by Nahum Wilbuschewitsch. [London]: Trade and Industry Dept. of the Central Bureau of the Zionist Organisation (London), 1920. Translated from the German.
- A young girl's diary (anon., prefaced with a letter by
Sigmund Freud). New York: T. Seltzer, 1921. Translated from the German Tagebuch eines halbwüchsigen Mädchens.
- Psychoanalysis and sociology by
Aurel Kolnai. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1921.
- Letters from prison: with a portrait and a facsimile by
Rosa Luxemburg. Berlin : Pub. House of the Young International, ©1921, t.p. 1923. Translated from the German.
- In Days to Come by
Walther Rathenau. London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1921. Translated from the German.
- Casanova's homecoming by
Arthur Schnitzler. New York: Private printing for subscribers only, 1921. 1,250 copies printed. Translated from the German.
- Romain Rolland; the man and his work by
Stefan Zweig. New York, T. Seltzer, 1921. Translated from the original manuscript.
- Studies in psychoanalysis; an account of twenty-seven concrete cases preceded by a theoretical exposition. Comprising lectures delivered in Geneva at the Jean Jacques Rousseau institute and at the Faculty of letters in the university by
Charles Baudouin. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1922. Translated from the French.
-
The ABC of Communism: a popular explanation of the program of the Communist Party of Russia by
Nikolai Bukharin and
Yevgeni Preobrazhensky. [S.l.] : Communist Party of Great Britain, 1922. Translated from the Russian.
- The restoration of agriculture in the famine area of Russia: being the interim report of the State Economic Planning Commission of the Council for Labour and Defence of the Russian Socialist Federal Soviet Republic'. London: Labour Publishing Co., 1922. Translated from the Russian.
- Psychoanalysis and sociology by
Aurel Kolnai. New York: Harcourt, Brace and Co., 1922. Translated from the German Psychoanalyse und Soziologie. Zur Psychologie von Masse und Gesellschaft (1920).
- History of Switzerland, 1499-1914 by
Wilhelm Oechsli. Cambridge University Press, 1922. Translated from the German.
- Jeremiah, a drama in nine scenes by
Stefan Zweig. New York: T. Seltzer, 1922. Translated from the author's revised German text.
- Through dictatorship to democracy by
Klara Zetkin. Glasgow : Socialist Labour Press, [ca. 1922]. Translated from the German.
- The power within us by
Charles Baudouin. New York: Dodd, Mead and Co., 1923. Translated from the French
- Vitamins; a critical survey of the theory of accessory food factors by
Ragnar Berg. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1923. Translated from the German.
- The dominant sex; a study in the sociology of sex differentiation by
Mathilde and Mathias Vaerting. New York, George H. Doran Co., [1923]. Translated from the German Weibliche Eigenart im Männerstaat und die männliche Eigenart im Frauenstaat.
- Contemporary studies by
Charles Baudouin. London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd., [1924]. Translated from the French.
- Psychoanalysis and aesthetics by Charles Baudouin. New York: Dodd, Mead, 1924. Translated from the French Le Symbole Chez Verhaeren.
- The inner discipline by Charles Baudouin and Alexandre Lestchinsky. New York: Holt, 1924. Translated from the French.
- The new theories of matter and the atom by
Alfred Berthoud. London: G. Allen & Unwin; New York: Macmillan, [1924]. Translated from the French.
- Labour's alternative: the United States of Europe or Europe limited by
Edo Fimmen. London, Labour Pub. Co., 1924. Translated from the German.
- Love in children and its aberrations; a book for parents and teachers by
Oskar Pfister. New York: Dodd, Mead and Company, 1924. Translated from the German.
- The remaking of Russia by
Kurt Wiedenfeld. London: Labour Pub. Co., 1924. Translated from the German.
- Sigmund Freud, his personality, his teaching, & his school by
Fritz Wittels. London: G. Allen & Unwin, [1924]. Translated from the German.
- Passion and pain by
Stefan Zweig. London, Chapman and Hall, 1924. Translated from the German.
- Psychological healing: a historical and clinical study by
Pierre Janet. London: G. Allen & Unwin; New York: Macmillan, [1925]. 2 vols. Translated from the French Médications psychologiques
- By airplane towards the North pole; an account of an expedition to Spitzbergen in the summer of 1923 by
Walter Mittelholzer. London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd., [1925]. Translated from the German.
- An end to poverty by
Fritz Wittels. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1925. Translated from the German Die vernichtung der not
- Napoléon by
Emil Ludwig. New York, N.Y. : Boni & Liveright, 1926. Translated from the German.
-
The eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte by Karl Marx. London: G. Allen & Unwin, [1926]. Translated from the German.
- Red money: a statement of the facts relating to the money raised in Russia during the general strike and mining lock-out in Britain by All-Russian Council of Trade Unions. London: Labour Research Dept., 1926.
- Napoleon and his women friends by
Gertrude Aretz. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1927.
- Women and love by
Bernhard Bauer. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1927. 2 vols. Translated from the German.
- The psychology of socialism by
Hendrik de Man. New York: H. Holt and Co. [1927]. Translated from the second German edition.
- Bismarck; the story of a fighter by
Emil Ludwig. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1927. Translated from the German.
- Night: a drama in five acts by
Marcel Martinet. London: C.W. Daniel, 1927. Translated from the French.
- Karl Marx, man, thinker, and revolutionist; a symposium by
David Riazanov. London: M. Lawrence, [1927]. Translated from the German and the Russian.
- Conflicts: three tales by
Stefan Zweig. New York: The Viking Press, 1927. Translated from the German.
- Trenck, the love story of a favourite by
Bruno Frank. New York: A.A. Knopf, 1928. Translated from the German.
- The Son of man: the story of Jesus by Emil Ludwig. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1928. Translated from the German.
- Capital, by
Karl Marx. London: Allen & Unwin, 1928. Translated from the 4th German edition of
Das Kapital.
- Leninism by
Joseph Stalin. London: G. Allen & Unwin, [1928-33]. 2 vols. Translated from the Russian.
- History of the first International by
Yuri Mikhailovich Steklov. London: M. Lawrence, [1928]. Translated from the 3rd Russian ed., with notes from the 4th ed.
- Adepts in self-portraiture: Casanova, Stendhal, Tolstoy by
Stefan Zweig. New York: Viking Press, 1928. Translated from the German
- Master builders: an attempt at the typology of the spirit by Stefan Zweig. New York: Viking Press, 1928–1930. 2 vols. Translated from the German.
- Diana: a novel by
Emil Ludwig. New York: Viking Press, 1929. Translated from the German.
- On Mediterranean shores by Emil Ludwig. London: G. Allen & Unwin, [1929]. Translated from the German.
- Joy in Work by
Hendrik de Man. London, G. Allen & Unwin ltd. [1929]. Translated from the German Der Kampf um die Arbeitsfreude.
- Fundamental problems of Marxism by
Georgi Plekhanov. London, M. Lawrence [1929]. Translated from Osnovnye voprosy marksizma, 2nd Russian ed. (Moscow, 1928).
- Karl Marx: his Life and Work by
Otto Rühle. New York: The Viking press, 1929. Translated from the German.
- The wife of Steffen Tromholt by
Hermann Sudermann. New York : H. Liveright, 1929. Translated from the German Die Frau des Steffen Tromholt.
- Lincoln by
Emil Ludwig. Boston: Little, Brown and Co., 1930. Translated from the German.
- The Communist Manifesto by
Karl Marx, with an introduction and explanatory notes by
D. Ryazanoff [pseud.]. London : Martin Lawrence, [1930]. Text of the Manifesto translated from the German; remainder translated from the revised (1922) edition of Ryazanoff's The communist manifesto (in Russian).
- Types of economic theory by
Othmar Spann. London : G. Allen & Unwin ltd., [1930]. Translated from the 19th German ed. Also published as The history of economics, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc.
- Economic trends in Soviet Russia by
Aaron Yugow. London : G. Allen & Unwin, 1930. Translated from the German Die Volkswirtschaft der Sowjetunion und ihre Probleme, 1929, a translation by
A. R. L. Gurland from the author's Russian ms.
- Joseph Fouché, the portrait of a politician by
Stefan Zweig. New York: Viking Press, 1930. Translated from the German.
- Three Masters: Balzac, Dickens, Dostoeffsky by Stefan Zweig. London, 1930. Translated from the German.
- Human Heredity by
Erwin Baur,
Eugen Fischer, and
Fritz Lenz. London: G. Allen & Unwin ltd.; New York: The Macmillan Company, [1931]. Translated from the German.
- The problem of genius by
Wilhelm Lange-Eichbaum. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1931. Translated from the German Genieproblem. Eine Einführung.
- Men and forces of our time by
Valeriu Marcu. New York: Viking Press, 1931. Translated from the German.
- Lassalle; the power of illusion and the illusion of power by
Arno Schirokauer. London: G. Allen & Unwin Ltd., [1931]. Translated from the German.
- The conquest of old age: methods to effect rejuvenation and to increase functional activity by
Peter Schmidt. London: G. Routledge, 1931. Translated from the German.
- Desuggestion for the attainment of health, happiness, and success by
Edwin Tietjens. London: Allen & Unwin, [1931]. Translated from the 2nd German ed.
- Awakening Japan: the diary of a German doctor by
Erwin Baelz (ed. by his son, Toku Baelz). New York : The Viking press, 1932. Translation from the German Erwin Bälz; das Leben eines deutschen Arztes im erwachenden Japan..
- Introduction to Sexual Hygiene by
Abraham Buschke and
Friedrich Jacobsohn. London: G. Routledge & Sons, 1932.
- Life of
Mendel by
Hugo Iltis.
- Talks with Mussolini by
Emil Ludwig. London: George Allen & Unwin, 1932. Translated from the German Mussolinis Gespräche mit Emil Ludwig
- The birth of the nations : from the unity of faith to the democracy of money by
Valeriu Marcu. London: G. Routledge, 1932.
- Red Russia by
Theodore Seibert. New York : The Century company, [1932]. Translated from the 3rd German edition of Das rote Russland, Staat, Geist und Alltag der Bolschewiki.
- H. M. Stanley - explorer by
Jakob Wassermann. London: Cassell & Co., 1932.
- Set the children free! by
Fritz Wittels. London: G. Allen & Unwin, ltd., [1932]. Translated from the 4th German edition (1927) of Die befreiung des kindes, "specially revised and brought up to date by the author in 1932".
- Amok by
Stefan Zweig. London: Cassell, 1932.
- The Mind of the Child. A psychoanalytical study by
Charles Baudouin. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1933.
- A Twentieth Century Tragedy by
Rudolf Brunngraber. London: Lovat Dickson, 1933.
- The organism of the mind : an introduction to analytical psychotherapy by
Gustav Richard Heyer. London: K. Paul, Trench, Trubner & co., ltd, 1933.
- Man in the Modern Age by
Karl Jaspers. London: G. Routledge & Sons, 1933.
- Dark angel by
Gina Kaus. London: Cassell, 1933.
- Great doctors: a biographical history of medicine by
Henry E. Sigerist. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1933.
- Genealogy of love by
Curt Thesing. London: G. Routledge, 1933. Translated from the German Stammesgeschichte der Liebe.
- Bula Matari: Stanley, conqueror of a continent by
Jakob Wassermann. New York, Liveright Inc., 1933
- Letter from an unknown woman by
Stefan Zweig. London; Toronto: Cassell, 1933.
- Marie Antoinette, the portrait of an average woman by Stefan Zweig. New York: Viking Press, 1933. Translated from the German.
- Mental healers: Franz Anton Mesmer, Mary Baker Eddy, Sigmund Freud by Stefan Zweig. London: Cassell and Co., Ltd., 1933.
- Leopold the unloved : King of the Belgians and of money by
Ludwig Bauer. London : Cassell, 1934. Translated from the German.
- Lovers in Galilee. An idyl of the time of Tiberius by
Henry Dupuy-Mazuel. London: Hurst & Blackett, [1934.]
- Joseph Kerkhoven’s Third Existence. A novel by
Carl Jacob Wassermann. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1934.
- Erasmus of Rotterdam by
Stefan Zweig. New York: Viking Press, 1934. Translated from the German.
- The new Cæsar: a novel by
Alfred Neumann. London: Hutchinson & Co., 1934.
- Leaders, dreamers, and rebels. An account of the great mass-movements of history and of the wish-dreams that inspired them by
René Fülöp-Miller. Translated from the German. New York: The Viking Press, 1935.
- Coffee : the epic of a commodity by
Heinrich Eduard Jacob. New York: The Viking press, 1935. Translated from the German Sage und Siegeszug des Kaffees. English edition published as The saga of coffee: biography of a product.
- Hindenburg and the saga of the German revolution by
Emil Ludwig. London, Toronto: W. Heinemann, Ltd., [1935]. Translated from the German.
- School of biology by
Curt Thesing. London: G. Routledge & sons, ltd., 1935. Translated from the German.
- Mary, queen of Scotland and the Isles by
Stefan Zweig. New York: Viking Press, 1935. Translated from the German.
- The Davos murders by
Emil Ludwig. New York: Viking Press, 1936.
- Caesar's mantle; the end of the Roman republic by
Ferdinand Mainzer. New York: Viking Press, 1936. Translated from the German.
- Divine adventurer: a novel by
Karl August Meissinger. New York: Viking Press, 1936. Translated from the German Der Abenteurer Gottes.
- Tsushima by
A. S. Novikov-Priboĭ. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1936. Translated from the Russian.
-
Arturo Toscanini by
Paul Stefan. New York: Viking Press, 1936.
- The Right to Heresy. Castellio against Calvin by
Stefan Zweig. London: Cassell & Co., 1936. Translated from the German Castellio gegen Calvin.
- Kerkhoven's third existence by
Jakob Wassermann. New York: Liveright Pub. Corp., 1936.
- Radium: a novel by
Rudolf Brunngraber. London:
G. G. Harrap, 1937.
- Death from the skies: a study of gas and microbial warfare by
Heinz Liepman with the scientific assistance of
H. C. R. Simons. London: Secker & Warburg, 1937. Translated from the German. US edition published as Poison in the air, 1937.
- The gaudy empire: a novel by
Alfred Neumann. New York: A. A. Knopf, 1937.
- Man of December: a story of Napoleon III and the fall of the Second Empire; a novel by
Alfred Neumann. London: Hutchinson, 1937.
- Insulted and exiled: the truth about the German Jews by
Arnold Zweig. London: John Mills, 1937. Translated from the German.
- The buried candelabrum by
Stefan Zweig. New York: Viking Press, 1937. Translated from the German.
- Emperors, angels, and eunuchs: the thousand years of the Byzantine Empire by
Berta Eckstein-Diener. London: Chatto & Windus, 1938. US edition published as Imperial Byzantium, 1938.
- Triumph over pain by
René Fülöp-Miller. New York, Bobbs-Merrill Co., 1938. Translated from the German.
- Racism by
Magnus Hirschfeld. London: Victor Gollancz, 1938. Edited and translated from the German.
- Jewish short-stories of today by
Morris Kreitman. London: Faber & Faber, 1938.
- The mad queen of Spain by
Michael Prawdin. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1938. Translated from the German.
- Conqueror of the seas; the story of Magellan by
Stefan Zweig. New York: Viking Press, 1938. Translated from the German.
- George Frederick Handel's resurrection. Auferstehung Georg Friedrich Händels by
Stefan Zweig. [London: Corvinus press], 1938. German and English on opposite pages.
- Dmitri Donskoi: a novel by
Sergei Borodin. London: Hutchinson's International Authors, [1940?]
-
A hero of our own times by
Mikhail Lermontov. London: G. Allen & Unwin, 1940.
- The Mongol empire, its rise and legacy by
Michael Prawdin. London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1940.
- Technique of analytical psychotherapy by
Wilhelm Stekel. New York: Norton, 1940.
- Germany tomorrow by
Otto Strasser. London: Jonathan Cape, 1940. Translated from the German. (Incorporating a translation of 'Aufbau des deutschen Sozialismus.')
- The tide of fortune: twelve historical miniatures by
Stefan Zweig. New York: Viking Press, 1940. Translated from the German.
- The coming of socialism by
Lucien Deslinières. London: British Socialist Party, n.d. Translated from the French.
- Through dictatorship to democracy by
Klara Zetkin. Glasgow : Socialist Labor Press, n.d. Translated from the German.
Other works
- (ed. with Eden Paul) Population and birth-control; a symposium. New York: Critic and Guide, 1917. With contributions by
William J. Robinson,
Achille Loria,
Charles V. Drysdale,
Ludwig Quessel, Eden Paul,
Edward Bernstein,
Binnie Dunlop,
Rudolf Manschke,
S. H. Halford and
F. W. Stella Browne.
- (with Eden Paul) Independent working class education: thoughts and suggestions. London: Workers' Socialist Federation, 1918
- (with Eden Paul) Creative revolution, a study of communist ergatocracy. London: G. Allen and Unwin, 1920. (Translated into Japanese, alongside
John Stuart Mill's
The Subjection of Women and
William Mellor's Direct Action, in 1929)
- (with Eden Paul) The appreciation of poetry. London: C.W. Daniel, 1920
- (with Eden Paul) Proletcult (proletarian culture). London: L. Parsons, [1921]. The New Era Series, vol. 12.
- (with Eden Paul) Communism. London: Labour Pub. Co., 1921. Labour booklets, no. 3.
- (with Eden Paul) Anti-Soviet forgeries; a record of some of the forged documents used at various times against the Soviet government. [London]: Workers' Publications, 1927
- (ed. with a biographical introduction, with Eden Paul) A Doctor's Views on Life by
William J. Robinson. London: Allen & Unwin, 1927
- (with Eden Paul and
Edward Conze, eds.) An outline of psychology by
H. Lyster Jameson, 9th ed., completely revised, London : N.C.L.C., 1938. PLEBS outline number one.
- (tr.) Stepan Razin: a novel' by
Aleksey Chapygin. London; New York: Hutchinson international authors, 1946. Translated from the Russian.
- (tr.) The captain by
Alexey Novikov-Priboy. London; New York: Hutchinson International Authors, 1946. Translated from the Russian.
- (tr.) The fatal skin by
Honoré de Balzac. London: Hamish Hamilton, 1949. Translated from the French
La Peau de chagrin.
- (tr.) Where the Sun never set by
Margarita de Planelles. [London]: Godfrey & Stephens.
References
- ^
a
b Who Was Who
- ^
a
b The Labour Who's Who, 1927
-
^ Chris Wrigley, A.J.P. Taylor: radical historian of Europe, I. B. Tauris, 2006, p.37
-
^ J. McIlroy, 'Independent working-class education and trade union education and training', in R. Fieldhouse (ed.) A History of Modern British Adult Education (Leicester, 1996), pp.271-3
-
^ Stuart MacIntyre, quoted in Wrigley, A. J. P. Tayor.
-
^ Carey, Mike (2019). "Cedar and Eden Paul's Creative Revolution: The 'new psychology' and the dictatorship of the proletariat, 1917-1926". Twentieth Century Communism. 17 (17). Lawrence and Wishart: 122–165.
doi:
10.3898/175864319827751349.
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