This article needs additional citations for
verification. (March 2015) |
Catathrenia | |
---|---|
Specialty | Otorhinolaryngology, sleep medicine, Somnology |
Symptoms | groaning or moaning during sleep |
Catathrenia or nocturnal groaning is a sleep-related breathing disorder, consisting of end-inspiratory apnea (breath holding) and expiratory groaning during sleep. It describes a rare condition characterized by monotonous, irregular groans while sleeping. [1] Catathrenia begins with a deep inspiration. The person with catathrenia holds her or his breath against a closed glottis, similar to the Valsalva maneuver. Expiration can be slow and accompanied by sound caused by vibration of the vocal cords or a simple rapid exhalation. Despite a slower breathing rate, no oxygen desaturation usually occurs. [2] [3] [4] The moaning sound is usually not noticed by the person producing the sound, but it can be extremely disturbing to sleep partners. [1] It appears more often during expiration REM sleep than in NREM sleep. [5]
Catathrenia is distinct from both somniloquy (sleep talking) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The sound is produced during exhalation, as opposed to snoring, which occurs during inhalation.
Catathrenia (from the Greek kata, meaning “below”, and threnia, meaning “to lament”). [6]
Catathrenia has been defined as a parasomnia in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders Diagnostic and Coding Manual (ICSD-2), but there is debate about its classification. [1] Importantly, in the latest version of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3), catathrenia has been included in the category of respiratory disorders, and thus it has been removed from the parasomnia category, as it was in the second version of the manual; nevertheless, a debate about the nature and classification of the disorder, still exist. [7]
Catathrenia itself is not considered life-threatening.
Bed partners generally report hearing the person take a deep breath, hold it, then slowly exhale; often with a high-pitched squeak or groaning sound. [8]
There are reported characteristics that are shared among patients with catathrenia. The main characteristics are:
There are a few other similarities[ citation needed] amongst people with catathrenia that have not yet been studied properly:
Certain side effects include sore throat, fatigue, and dizziness. [13]
It was in 1983 when the first case of catathrenia was described. [19] The disorder is especially rare and many sleep specialists and otolaryngologists are still unfamiliar with this atypical sleep pattern. [8] Catathrenia must be distinguished from moaning during epileptic seizures, central sleep apnea, sleep-related laryngospasm, snoring, and stridor. [2] Since polysomnography alone is insufficient to correctly distinguish catathrenia from central sleep apnea, a video-polysomnography with audio recording is necessary to diagnose catathrenia and avoid mistakes. [2] Despite the fact that the incidence of catathrenia might be underestimated due to misdiagnoses, an institution in Norway has found an incidence of 4 out of 1,004 (0.4%) among patients with sleep and/or wake problems over a 1-year period. [20] A previous study in Japan found an incidence of 25 out of 15,052 (0.17%) among patients with sleep and/or wake problems over a 10-year period. [21]
Sleeping in a more upright position seems to lessen catathrenia (as well as sleep apnea).[ citation needed] Performing regular aerobic exercise, where steady breathing is necessary (running, cycling etc.) may lessen catathrenia. Strength exercise, on the other hand, may worsen catathrenia because of the tendency to hold one's breath while exercising.[ citation needed] Yoga and/or meditation focused on steady and regular breathing may lessen catathrenia.[ citation needed]
Some evidence indicates that continuous positive airway pressure can be an effective treatment for catathrenia: [22] [23] in a study, the subject using CPAP significantly decreased the sounds typically produced because of the disorder, which almost disappeared.
The exact cause of catathrenia is still unknown, [24] there is debate on whether the cause is physical or neurological a question that requires further study.
Multiple studies have described nocturnal vocalisation among animals and have also reported some cases in humans, especially in patients with Parkinson's disease. The nocturnal vocalisation can be groaning, moaning, or different sounds produced while asleep, the most encountered being catathrenia and sleep talking. [14]
{{
cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (
link)
This article needs additional citations for
verification. (March 2015) |
Catathrenia | |
---|---|
Specialty | Otorhinolaryngology, sleep medicine, Somnology |
Symptoms | groaning or moaning during sleep |
Catathrenia or nocturnal groaning is a sleep-related breathing disorder, consisting of end-inspiratory apnea (breath holding) and expiratory groaning during sleep. It describes a rare condition characterized by monotonous, irregular groans while sleeping. [1] Catathrenia begins with a deep inspiration. The person with catathrenia holds her or his breath against a closed glottis, similar to the Valsalva maneuver. Expiration can be slow and accompanied by sound caused by vibration of the vocal cords or a simple rapid exhalation. Despite a slower breathing rate, no oxygen desaturation usually occurs. [2] [3] [4] The moaning sound is usually not noticed by the person producing the sound, but it can be extremely disturbing to sleep partners. [1] It appears more often during expiration REM sleep than in NREM sleep. [5]
Catathrenia is distinct from both somniloquy (sleep talking) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). The sound is produced during exhalation, as opposed to snoring, which occurs during inhalation.
Catathrenia (from the Greek kata, meaning “below”, and threnia, meaning “to lament”). [6]
Catathrenia has been defined as a parasomnia in the International Classification of Sleep Disorders Diagnostic and Coding Manual (ICSD-2), but there is debate about its classification. [1] Importantly, in the latest version of the International Classification of Sleep Disorders (ICSD-3), catathrenia has been included in the category of respiratory disorders, and thus it has been removed from the parasomnia category, as it was in the second version of the manual; nevertheless, a debate about the nature and classification of the disorder, still exist. [7]
Catathrenia itself is not considered life-threatening.
Bed partners generally report hearing the person take a deep breath, hold it, then slowly exhale; often with a high-pitched squeak or groaning sound. [8]
There are reported characteristics that are shared among patients with catathrenia. The main characteristics are:
There are a few other similarities[ citation needed] amongst people with catathrenia that have not yet been studied properly:
Certain side effects include sore throat, fatigue, and dizziness. [13]
It was in 1983 when the first case of catathrenia was described. [19] The disorder is especially rare and many sleep specialists and otolaryngologists are still unfamiliar with this atypical sleep pattern. [8] Catathrenia must be distinguished from moaning during epileptic seizures, central sleep apnea, sleep-related laryngospasm, snoring, and stridor. [2] Since polysomnography alone is insufficient to correctly distinguish catathrenia from central sleep apnea, a video-polysomnography with audio recording is necessary to diagnose catathrenia and avoid mistakes. [2] Despite the fact that the incidence of catathrenia might be underestimated due to misdiagnoses, an institution in Norway has found an incidence of 4 out of 1,004 (0.4%) among patients with sleep and/or wake problems over a 1-year period. [20] A previous study in Japan found an incidence of 25 out of 15,052 (0.17%) among patients with sleep and/or wake problems over a 10-year period. [21]
Sleeping in a more upright position seems to lessen catathrenia (as well as sleep apnea).[ citation needed] Performing regular aerobic exercise, where steady breathing is necessary (running, cycling etc.) may lessen catathrenia. Strength exercise, on the other hand, may worsen catathrenia because of the tendency to hold one's breath while exercising.[ citation needed] Yoga and/or meditation focused on steady and regular breathing may lessen catathrenia.[ citation needed]
Some evidence indicates that continuous positive airway pressure can be an effective treatment for catathrenia: [22] [23] in a study, the subject using CPAP significantly decreased the sounds typically produced because of the disorder, which almost disappeared.
The exact cause of catathrenia is still unknown, [24] there is debate on whether the cause is physical or neurological a question that requires further study.
Multiple studies have described nocturnal vocalisation among animals and have also reported some cases in humans, especially in patients with Parkinson's disease. The nocturnal vocalisation can be groaning, moaning, or different sounds produced while asleep, the most encountered being catathrenia and sleep talking. [14]
{{
cite book}}
: CS1 maint: others (
link)