Capital punishment is a legal punishment in Pennsylvania. Despite remaining a legal penalty, there have been no executions in Pennsylvania since 1999, and only three since 1976 (all occurring in the 1990s, during the governorship of Tom Ridge). In February 2015, Governor Tom Wolf announced a formal moratorium on executions that is still in effect as of 2023 [update], with incumbent Governor Josh Shapiro continuing Wolf's moratorium. [1] However, capital crimes are still prosecuted and death warrants are still issued.
Prior to 1913, hanging was the common method of execution. [2] In 1834, Pennsylvania became the first state in the union to eradicate public hangings. For the following decades, each county throughout the state was in charge of carrying out private hangings within their jails. [3] 1915 saw the first use of the electric chair, two years after it was approved by the Pennsylvania General Assembly in 1913. The delay was due to the time needed to finish the Western Penitentiary in Centre County, now the State Correctional Institution – Rockview. From 1915 to 1962, 350 people were executed by electric chair. Most of these defendants were men, but two of them were women. [3]
A total of 1,043 people have been executed in Pennsylvania since 1693. [4] As of 2002 this was the third-highest of any other state or commonwealth in the United States, after New York (1,130) and Virginia (1,361). [5] Since 1978, there have been nearly 25,000 homicides throughout the state of Pennsylvania, where 408 of these homicides ended in defendants being put on death row which amounts to 1.6 death sentences for every 100 homicides. [6]
The former governor of Pennsylvania, Robert Casey, signed a bill in 1990 that changed the method of execution from electrocution to lethal injection. [3]
In 2015, the state of Pennsylvania spent about $46 million annually on the death penalty to maintain the prisoners housed on death row, as well as carry out any executions. The average price to house and take care of a death row inmate per year was about $42,000. [7] With concerns over the cost of the death penalty growing, governor Tom Wolf requested a cost-benefit analysis. In February 2015, Wolf announced a moratorium on executions that is still in effect as of February 2023 [update]. [1] [8] [9] Capital crimes are still prosecuted and death warrants are still executed. [9] [10] Wolf stated, "In no way does this mean sympathy for those guilty on death row." [10] In justifying the moratorium, Wolf asserted as concerns that the system claims innocent lives, is not a deterrent to crime, is racially biased, costs a lot of money, and disregards mental illness in the US. [11]
The execution chamber of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is on the grounds of SCI Rockview. Most male death row inmates are housed in SCI Greene, [12] while some are housed at the SCI Phoenix and SCI Somerset. [13] As of 2015 [update], 80% of all Pennsylvania death row inmates were held at Greene. [12] While there are no female capital case inmates, any female death row inmates would be housed at SCI Muncy. [14] Prior to its closure, SCI Graterford housed male death row inmates. [12]
Pennsylvania has only executed three inmates since 1976. The first was Keith Zettlemoyer in May 1995, followed by Leon Moser in August 1995. The third and most recent execution was carried out in July 1999, with the execution of Gary M. Heidnik. In all three cases, the individuals dropped their right to appeal. This makes Pennsylvania one of the least-active states to retain the death penalty. Pennsylvania is one of the states with the highest number of housed death row inmates. [15]
As of December 2021 [update], 110 people were on Pennsylvania's death row, all of whom are male. [16] 74% of inmates in Pennsylvania who are on death row have been on it for more than 10 years. [17] Some inmates who were facing death row have received re-trials or different sentencing strategies due to the 2015 moratorium. [18]
The death penalty is only applied when a defendant is guilty of first-degree murder. A separate hearing must take place for this defendant to be put on death row. If one of the ten aggravating circumstances listed in Pennsylvania law and none of the eight mitigating factors are found to be involved in the case, the verdict is death for the defendant. [3]
When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In the case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there is no retrial). [19] [20]
A death sentence has to be affirmed by the state Supreme Court. If it is affirmed, the governor of the state must sign off on the death warrant within thirty days. This is a signed document known as the 'Governor's Warrant'. [21] Should the governor fail signing the death warrant within thirty days, then the Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections shall sign the death warrant within thirty days. [22] State constitutional provisions require a unanimous vote of the Pardons Board to permanently change any life or death sentence before the governor can commute it. [8]
First-degree murder can be punished by death in Pennsylvania if it involves one of the following aggravating factors: [23]
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Capital punishment is a legal punishment in Pennsylvania. Despite remaining a legal penalty, there have been no executions in Pennsylvania since 1999, and only three since 1976 (all occurring in the 1990s, during the governorship of Tom Ridge). In February 2015, Governor Tom Wolf announced a formal moratorium on executions that is still in effect as of 2023 [update], with incumbent Governor Josh Shapiro continuing Wolf's moratorium. [1] However, capital crimes are still prosecuted and death warrants are still issued.
Prior to 1913, hanging was the common method of execution. [2] In 1834, Pennsylvania became the first state in the union to eradicate public hangings. For the following decades, each county throughout the state was in charge of carrying out private hangings within their jails. [3] 1915 saw the first use of the electric chair, two years after it was approved by the Pennsylvania General Assembly in 1913. The delay was due to the time needed to finish the Western Penitentiary in Centre County, now the State Correctional Institution – Rockview. From 1915 to 1962, 350 people were executed by electric chair. Most of these defendants were men, but two of them were women. [3]
A total of 1,043 people have been executed in Pennsylvania since 1693. [4] As of 2002 this was the third-highest of any other state or commonwealth in the United States, after New York (1,130) and Virginia (1,361). [5] Since 1978, there have been nearly 25,000 homicides throughout the state of Pennsylvania, where 408 of these homicides ended in defendants being put on death row which amounts to 1.6 death sentences for every 100 homicides. [6]
The former governor of Pennsylvania, Robert Casey, signed a bill in 1990 that changed the method of execution from electrocution to lethal injection. [3]
In 2015, the state of Pennsylvania spent about $46 million annually on the death penalty to maintain the prisoners housed on death row, as well as carry out any executions. The average price to house and take care of a death row inmate per year was about $42,000. [7] With concerns over the cost of the death penalty growing, governor Tom Wolf requested a cost-benefit analysis. In February 2015, Wolf announced a moratorium on executions that is still in effect as of February 2023 [update]. [1] [8] [9] Capital crimes are still prosecuted and death warrants are still executed. [9] [10] Wolf stated, "In no way does this mean sympathy for those guilty on death row." [10] In justifying the moratorium, Wolf asserted as concerns that the system claims innocent lives, is not a deterrent to crime, is racially biased, costs a lot of money, and disregards mental illness in the US. [11]
The execution chamber of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is on the grounds of SCI Rockview. Most male death row inmates are housed in SCI Greene, [12] while some are housed at the SCI Phoenix and SCI Somerset. [13] As of 2015 [update], 80% of all Pennsylvania death row inmates were held at Greene. [12] While there are no female capital case inmates, any female death row inmates would be housed at SCI Muncy. [14] Prior to its closure, SCI Graterford housed male death row inmates. [12]
Pennsylvania has only executed three inmates since 1976. The first was Keith Zettlemoyer in May 1995, followed by Leon Moser in August 1995. The third and most recent execution was carried out in July 1999, with the execution of Gary M. Heidnik. In all three cases, the individuals dropped their right to appeal. This makes Pennsylvania one of the least-active states to retain the death penalty. Pennsylvania is one of the states with the highest number of housed death row inmates. [15]
As of December 2021 [update], 110 people were on Pennsylvania's death row, all of whom are male. [16] 74% of inmates in Pennsylvania who are on death row have been on it for more than 10 years. [17] Some inmates who were facing death row have received re-trials or different sentencing strategies due to the 2015 moratorium. [18]
The death penalty is only applied when a defendant is guilty of first-degree murder. A separate hearing must take place for this defendant to be put on death row. If one of the ten aggravating circumstances listed in Pennsylvania law and none of the eight mitigating factors are found to be involved in the case, the verdict is death for the defendant. [3]
When the prosecution seeks the death penalty, the sentence is decided by the jury and must be unanimous. In the case of a hung jury during the penalty phase of the trial, a life sentence is issued, even if a single juror opposed death (there is no retrial). [19] [20]
A death sentence has to be affirmed by the state Supreme Court. If it is affirmed, the governor of the state must sign off on the death warrant within thirty days. This is a signed document known as the 'Governor's Warrant'. [21] Should the governor fail signing the death warrant within thirty days, then the Secretary of the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections shall sign the death warrant within thirty days. [22] State constitutional provisions require a unanimous vote of the Pardons Board to permanently change any life or death sentence before the governor can commute it. [8]
First-degree murder can be punished by death in Pennsylvania if it involves one of the following aggravating factors: [23]
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