Like the other members in the CMTM protein family, CMTM6 has a structure that contains
domains (i.e. parts) similar to those in
chemokine proteins;
tetraspanin proteins (also termed transmembrane-4 superfamily proteins); the
myelin and lymphocyte protein (also termed MAR protein); proteins that direct
membrane vesicle trafficking; and proteins that are embedded across cell membranes. CMTM6 proteins are expressed in virtually all tissues[11] and are located in cell
plasma membranes (i.e. cell surface membranes),
lysosomes,
endosomes,
cytosol, attached to the cell's
cytoskeleton, and in extracellular spaces.[8]
Functions and actions
CMTM6 localizes with and binds to cell
PD-L1 protein located on cell surface membranes thereby maintaining PD-L1'S expression at this site; it also localizes with PD-L1 protein located in
recycling endosomes and thereby prevents PD-L1 from being degraded by
lysosomal enzymes. These actions increase and maintain high levels of PD-L1 on cell surface membranes.[11]PD-L1 protein on the surface of normal cells binds to
PD-1 receptors on a type of
cytotoxic T cells (i.e.
CD8+ T cells[11]) and thereby blocks these T-cells from organizing an immune response that would kill them. This PD-L1/CD8+ T cell circuit is one of several
immune checkpoint mechanisms for maintaining
self-tolerance, i.e. for preventing CD8+ T cells from attacking normal cells. Tumor cells may employ this immune-evading tactic: they may express PD-L1 and thereby block CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses to themselves. In effect, the robust expression of PD-L1 helps not only normal cells but also cancer cells to evade immune destruction.[12]
^Han W, Ding P, Xu M, Wang L, Rui M, Shi S, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Yang T, Ma D (June 2003). "Identification of eight genes encoding chemokine-like factor superfamily members 1-8 (CKLFSF1-8) by in silico cloning and experimental validation". Genomics. 81 (6): 609–17.
doi:
10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00095-8.
PMID12782130.
^Lu J, Wu QQ, Zhou YB, Zhang KH, Pang BX, Li L, Sun N, Wang HS, Zhang S, Li WJ, Zheng W, Liu W (2016). "Cancer Research Advance in CKLF-like MARVEL Transmembrane Domain-Containing Member Family (Review)". Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 17 (6): 2741–4.
PMID27356683.
^
abMazarico Gallego JM, Herrera Juárez M, Paz-Ares L (March 2020). "The safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 19 (3): 233–242.
doi:
10.1080/14740338.2020.1736554.
PMID32129104.
S2CID212405175.
^Huo X, Shen G, Liu Z, Liang Y, Li J, Zhao F, Ren D, Zhao J (December 2021). "Addition of immunotherapy to chemotherapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 168: 103530.
doi:
10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103530.
PMID34801695.
^Latif F, Bint Abdul Jabbar H, Malik H, Sadaf H, Sarfraz A, Sarfraz Z, Cherrez-Ojeda I (December 2021). "Atezolizumab and pembrolizumab in triple-negative breast cancer: a meta-analysis". Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 22 (2): 229–235.
doi:
10.1080/14737140.2022.2023011.
PMID34949142.
S2CID245482969.
Like the other members in the CMTM protein family, CMTM6 has a structure that contains
domains (i.e. parts) similar to those in
chemokine proteins;
tetraspanin proteins (also termed transmembrane-4 superfamily proteins); the
myelin and lymphocyte protein (also termed MAR protein); proteins that direct
membrane vesicle trafficking; and proteins that are embedded across cell membranes. CMTM6 proteins are expressed in virtually all tissues[11] and are located in cell
plasma membranes (i.e. cell surface membranes),
lysosomes,
endosomes,
cytosol, attached to the cell's
cytoskeleton, and in extracellular spaces.[8]
Functions and actions
CMTM6 localizes with and binds to cell
PD-L1 protein located on cell surface membranes thereby maintaining PD-L1'S expression at this site; it also localizes with PD-L1 protein located in
recycling endosomes and thereby prevents PD-L1 from being degraded by
lysosomal enzymes. These actions increase and maintain high levels of PD-L1 on cell surface membranes.[11]PD-L1 protein on the surface of normal cells binds to
PD-1 receptors on a type of
cytotoxic T cells (i.e.
CD8+ T cells[11]) and thereby blocks these T-cells from organizing an immune response that would kill them. This PD-L1/CD8+ T cell circuit is one of several
immune checkpoint mechanisms for maintaining
self-tolerance, i.e. for preventing CD8+ T cells from attacking normal cells. Tumor cells may employ this immune-evading tactic: they may express PD-L1 and thereby block CD8+ T cell-mediated immune responses to themselves. In effect, the robust expression of PD-L1 helps not only normal cells but also cancer cells to evade immune destruction.[12]
^Han W, Ding P, Xu M, Wang L, Rui M, Shi S, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Chen Y, Yang T, Ma D (June 2003). "Identification of eight genes encoding chemokine-like factor superfamily members 1-8 (CKLFSF1-8) by in silico cloning and experimental validation". Genomics. 81 (6): 609–17.
doi:
10.1016/s0888-7543(03)00095-8.
PMID12782130.
^Lu J, Wu QQ, Zhou YB, Zhang KH, Pang BX, Li L, Sun N, Wang HS, Zhang S, Li WJ, Zheng W, Liu W (2016). "Cancer Research Advance in CKLF-like MARVEL Transmembrane Domain-Containing Member Family (Review)". Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention. 17 (6): 2741–4.
PMID27356683.
^
abMazarico Gallego JM, Herrera Juárez M, Paz-Ares L (March 2020). "The safety and efficacy of pembrolizumab for the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer". Expert Opinion on Drug Safety. 19 (3): 233–242.
doi:
10.1080/14740338.2020.1736554.
PMID32129104.
S2CID212405175.
^Huo X, Shen G, Liu Z, Liang Y, Li J, Zhao F, Ren D, Zhao J (December 2021). "Addition of immunotherapy to chemotherapy for metastatic triple-negative breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials". Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology. 168: 103530.
doi:
10.1016/j.critrevonc.2021.103530.
PMID34801695.
^Latif F, Bint Abdul Jabbar H, Malik H, Sadaf H, Sarfraz A, Sarfraz Z, Cherrez-Ojeda I (December 2021). "Atezolizumab and pembrolizumab in triple-negative breast cancer: a meta-analysis". Expert Review of Anticancer Therapy. 22 (2): 229–235.
doi:
10.1080/14737140.2022.2023011.
PMID34949142.
S2CID245482969.