| Bungandidj | |
|---|---|
| Buwandik | |
| Region | South-east
South Australia South-west Victoria |
| Ethnicity | Bungandidj |
| Extinct | (date missing) |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
xbg |
| Glottolog |
bung1264 |
| AIATSIS [2] |
S13 |
| ELP | Buandig |
Bungandidj is a language of Australia, spoken by the Bungandidj people, Indigenous Australians who lived in an area which is now in south-eastern South Australia and in south-western Victoria. According to Christina Smith and her book on the Buandig people, the Bungandidj called their language drualat-ngolonung (speech of man), or Booandik-ngolo (speech of the Booandik). [3] As of 2017, there is a revival and maintenance programme under way for the language. [4]
Historical variants of the name include: Bunganditj, Bungandaetch, Bunga(n)daetcha, Bungandity, Bungandit, Buganditch, Bungaditj, Pungantitj, Pungatitj, Booganitch, Buanditj, Buandik, Booandik, Boandiks, Bangandidj, Bungandidjk, Pungandik, Bak-on-date, Barconedeet, Booandik-ngolo, Borandikngolo, Bunganditjngolo, and Burhwundeirtch.
Phonology
Bungandidj phonology is typical of Australian languages generally, sharing characteristics such as a single series of stops (no voicing contrast) at six places of articulation, a full corresponding set of nasals, laminals at all four coronal places of articulation and two glides. [5] Extrapolating from historical written sources and knowledge of surrounding languages, Blake posits the following consonant inventory: [5]
Consonants
| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Velar | Dental | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
| Plosive | p [ p] | k [ k] | th [ t̪] | tj [ c] | t [ t] | rt [ ʈ] |
| Nasal | m [ m] | ng [ ŋ] | nh [ n̪] | ny [ ɲ] | n [ n] | rn [ ɳ] |
| Flap/ Trill | rr [ r] | |||||
| Lateral | lh [ l̪] | ly [ ʎ] | l [ l] | rl [ ɭ] | ||
| Approximant | w [ w] | y [ j] | r [ ɻ] | |||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i [ i] | u [ u] | |
| Open | a [ a] |
Notes on orthography
- Early descriptions of Bungandidj made no distinction between the trill/flap / r/ and approximant / ɻ/ and evidence for this contrast is based on comparative evidence only. Blake transcribes both as ⟨r⟩. [5]
- Although there is no voicing distinction, stops are transcribed with voiced symbols ⟨b, g, dh, d, rd⟩ in homorganic nasal-stop clusters (where voicing is expected). [5]
- Syllable-final palatals are transcribed with the digraphs ⟨yt, yn, yl⟩ to avoid a final -y being confused with a vowel. [5]
- Historical sources include five vowel graphemes including ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩; however, it is likely that ⟨e⟩ belongs to the / i/ phoneme and ⟨o⟩ belongs to the / u/ phoneme. However, Blake conservatively retains some ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ segments where they are consistently transcribed in this way across historical sources.
A poem
Smith (1880), on pages 138–139, records a poem written in Bungandidj : [3]
yul-yul, thumbal (Fly beetle, bat, night)
kallaball, moonarerebul (Fly, march-fly, beetle)
nana nan molanin (parrot, little parrot.)
korotaa, king nal (
wattle bird,)
yongo birrit. (
minah bird.)
References
- ^ Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxv.
- ^ S13 Bungandidj at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ a b Christina Smith, The Booandik Tribe of South Australian Aborigines: A Sketch of Their Habits, Customs, Legends, and Language, Spiller, 1880
- ^ Monaghan, Paul (2017). "1. Structures of Aboriginal life at the time of colonisation in South Australia" (PDF). In Brock, Peggy; Gara, Tom (eds.). Colonialism and its aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia. Extract, pp.i-xxiii. Wakefield. p. 17. ISBN 9781743054994.
- ^ a b c d e Blake, Barry J. (2003). The Bunganditj (Buwandik) language of the Mount Gambier region. Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 9780858834958. OCLC 56054287.
| Bungandidj | |
|---|---|
| Buwandik | |
| Region | South-east
South Australia South-west Victoria |
| Ethnicity | Bungandidj |
| Extinct | (date missing) |
Pama–Nyungan
| |
| Dialects |
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 |
xbg |
| Glottolog |
bung1264 |
| AIATSIS [2] |
S13 |
| ELP | Buandig |
Bungandidj is a language of Australia, spoken by the Bungandidj people, Indigenous Australians who lived in an area which is now in south-eastern South Australia and in south-western Victoria. According to Christina Smith and her book on the Buandig people, the Bungandidj called their language drualat-ngolonung (speech of man), or Booandik-ngolo (speech of the Booandik). [3] As of 2017, there is a revival and maintenance programme under way for the language. [4]
Historical variants of the name include: Bunganditj, Bungandaetch, Bunga(n)daetcha, Bungandity, Bungandit, Buganditch, Bungaditj, Pungantitj, Pungatitj, Booganitch, Buanditj, Buandik, Booandik, Boandiks, Bangandidj, Bungandidjk, Pungandik, Bak-on-date, Barconedeet, Booandik-ngolo, Borandikngolo, Bunganditjngolo, and Burhwundeirtch.
Phonology
Bungandidj phonology is typical of Australian languages generally, sharing characteristics such as a single series of stops (no voicing contrast) at six places of articulation, a full corresponding set of nasals, laminals at all four coronal places of articulation and two glides. [5] Extrapolating from historical written sources and knowledge of surrounding languages, Blake posits the following consonant inventory: [5]
Consonants
| Peripheral | Laminal | Apical | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bilabial | Velar | Dental | Palatal | Alveolar | Retroflex | |
| Plosive | p [ p] | k [ k] | th [ t̪] | tj [ c] | t [ t] | rt [ ʈ] |
| Nasal | m [ m] | ng [ ŋ] | nh [ n̪] | ny [ ɲ] | n [ n] | rn [ ɳ] |
| Flap/ Trill | rr [ r] | |||||
| Lateral | lh [ l̪] | ly [ ʎ] | l [ l] | rl [ ɭ] | ||
| Approximant | w [ w] | y [ j] | r [ ɻ] | |||
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i [ i] | u [ u] | |
| Open | a [ a] |
Notes on orthography
- Early descriptions of Bungandidj made no distinction between the trill/flap / r/ and approximant / ɻ/ and evidence for this contrast is based on comparative evidence only. Blake transcribes both as ⟨r⟩. [5]
- Although there is no voicing distinction, stops are transcribed with voiced symbols ⟨b, g, dh, d, rd⟩ in homorganic nasal-stop clusters (where voicing is expected). [5]
- Syllable-final palatals are transcribed with the digraphs ⟨yt, yn, yl⟩ to avoid a final -y being confused with a vowel. [5]
- Historical sources include five vowel graphemes including ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩; however, it is likely that ⟨e⟩ belongs to the / i/ phoneme and ⟨o⟩ belongs to the / u/ phoneme. However, Blake conservatively retains some ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ segments where they are consistently transcribed in this way across historical sources.
A poem
Smith (1880), on pages 138–139, records a poem written in Bungandidj : [3]
yul-yul, thumbal (Fly beetle, bat, night)
kallaball, moonarerebul (Fly, march-fly, beetle)
nana nan molanin (parrot, little parrot.)
korotaa, king nal (
wattle bird,)
yongo birrit. (
minah bird.)
References
- ^ Dixon, R. M. W. (2002). Australian Languages: Their Nature and Development. Cambridge University Press. p. xxxv.
- ^ S13 Bungandidj at the Australian Indigenous Languages Database, Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies
- ^ a b Christina Smith, The Booandik Tribe of South Australian Aborigines: A Sketch of Their Habits, Customs, Legends, and Language, Spiller, 1880
- ^ Monaghan, Paul (2017). "1. Structures of Aboriginal life at the time of colonisation in South Australia" (PDF). In Brock, Peggy; Gara, Tom (eds.). Colonialism and its aftermath: A history of Aboriginal South Australia. Extract, pp.i-xxiii. Wakefield. p. 17. ISBN 9781743054994.
- ^ a b c d e Blake, Barry J. (2003). The Bunganditj (Buwandik) language of the Mount Gambier region. Australian National University. Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. ISBN 9780858834958. OCLC 56054287.