From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Genus of trees
Leaves of
Sideroxylon mirmulano
Sideroxylon is a
genus of trees in the
family
Sapotaceae described as a genus by
Linnaeus in 1753.
[3]
[5] They are collectively known as bully trees . The generic name is derived from the
Greek words σιδηρος (sideros ), meaning "
iron ", and ξύλον (xylon ), meaning "wood."
[6]
Distribution
The genus is distributed mainly in
North and
South America , but also in
Africa ,
Madagascar , southern
Asia , and various oceanic islands.
[4] Some species, such as gum bully (
S. lanuginosum ),
S. tenax , and buckthorn bully (
S. lycioides ), are found in
subtropical areas of
North America . The only
South African species, the white milkwood (
S. inerme ), is associated with three historical sites, and these individuals were declared national monuments due to their unusual longevity.
[7]
[8]
Ecology
Several species have become rare due to logging and other forms of
habitat destruction . The tambalacoque (
S. grandiflorum ) of
Mauritius was affected by the
extinction of the
birds which dispersed its seed; it was suggested that the species entirely depended on the
dodo (Raphus cucullatus ) for that purpose and nearly became a victim of
coextinction , but this is not correct.
[9]
[10] Bully trees provide food for the
larvae of certain
Lepidoptera , such as the
bumelia webworm moth (
Urodus parvula ) as well as several species of
Coleoptera of the genus
Plinthocoelium , commonly known as
bumelia borers .
Species
83 species are currently accepted:
[11]
Sideroxylon acunae (Borhidi)
T.D.Penn. -
Cuba
Sideroxylon alachuense L.C.Anderson -
United States (
Florida )
Sideroxylon altamiranoi (Rose & Standl.) T.D.Penn. -
Mexico (
Hidalgo ,
Querétaro )
Sideroxylon americanum (Mill.) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (
Yucatán Peninsula ),
West Indies
Sideroxylon anomalum (Urb.) T.D.Penn. -
Hispaniola (
Barahona Province ,
Dominican Republic )
Sideroxylon beguei Capuron ex Aubrév. -
Madagascar
Sideroxylon bequaertii De Wild. -
Democratic Republic of the Congo
Sideroxylon betsimisarakum Lecomte - Madagascar
Sideroxylon borbonicum A.DC. -
Réunion
Sideroxylon boutonianum A.DC. -
Mauritius
Sideroxylon brucebenzii Cuevas & A.Vázquez – Mexico (Jalisco)
Sideroxylon bullatum (R.A.Howard & Proctor) T.D.Penn. -
Jamaica
Sideroxylon canariense Leyens, Lobin & A.Santos -
Canary Islands
Sideroxylon cantoniense Lour. -
Southeast China
Sideroxylon capiri (A.DC.) Pittier -
Mesoamerica , West Indies
Sideroxylon capuronii Aubrév. - Madagascar
Sideroxylon cartilagineum (Cronquist) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (
Sinaloa ,
Jalisco ,
Guerrero )
Sideroxylon celastrinum (Kunth) T.D.Penn. - United States (
Texas ), Mesoamerica,
Colombia ,
Venezuela , Cuba,
Bahamas
Sideroxylon cinereum Lam. - Mauritius
Sideroxylon cochranei A.Vázquez & Santana Mich. – Mexico (Jalisco)
Sideroxylon contrerasii (Lundell) T.D.Penn. - Mesoamerica
Sideroxylon cubense (Griseb.) T.D.Penn. - West Indies
Sideroxylon dominicanum (Whetstone & T.A.Atk.) T.D.Penn. - Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)
Sideroxylon durifolium (Standl.) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (
Chiapas ),
Belize
Sideroxylon ekmanianum (Urb.) Bisse, J.E.Gut. & Iglesias - Cuba
Sideroxylon eriocarpum (Greenm. & Conz.) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (
Oaxaca )
Sideroxylon eucoriaceum (Lundell) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (
Veracruz ),
Guatemala
Sideroxylon eucuneifolium (Lundell) T.D.Penn. - Guatemala
Sideroxylon excavatum T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Guerrero, Oaxaca)
Sideroxylon fimbriatum Balf.f. - Yemen (Socotra)
Sideroxylon floribundum Griseb. - Belize, Guatemala, Jamaica
Sideroxylon foetidissimum Jacq. - West Indies, Southern Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, United States (Florida)
Sideroxylon galeatum (A.W.Hill) Baehni - Mauritius (
Rodrigues )
Sideroxylon gerrardianum (Hook.f.) Aubrév. - Madagascar
Sideroxylon grandiflorum A.DC. - Mauritius
Sideroxylon hirtiantherum T.D.Penn. - Guatemala,
Honduras
Sideroxylon horridum (Griseb.) T.D.Penn. - Cuba,
Cayman Islands
Sideroxylon ibarrae (Lundell) T.D.Penn. - Guatemala (
Baja Verapaz )
Sideroxylon inerme L. -
Africa (
Somalia to
Cape Province ,
South Africa ),
Seychelles (
Aldabra ),
French Southern and Antarctic Lands (
Juan de Nova I )
Sideroxylon jubilla (Ekman ex Urb.) T.D.Penn. - Cuba
Sideroxylon lanuginosum Michx. – - United States (
Arizona to
South Carolina ,
Kentucky ),
[12] northeastern Mexico
Sideroxylon leucophyllum S.Wats. - Mexico (
Baja California ,
Sonora )
Sideroxylon lycioides L. – buckthorn bully -
Southeastern United States (Texas to
Delaware )
[13]
Sideroxylon macrocarpum (Nutt.) J.R.Allison - United States (
Georgia )
Sideroxylon majus (Gaertn.f.) Baehni - Réunion
Sideroxylon marginatum (Decne. Ex Webb) -
Cape Verde
Sideroxylon mascatense (A. DC.) T.D. Penn. -
Ethiopia to
Pakistan
Sideroxylon mirmulano R.Br. -
Madeira
Sideroxylon moaense (Bisse & J.E.Gut.) J.E.Gut. - Cuba
Sideroxylon montanum (Sw.) T.D.Penn. - Jamaica
Sideroxylon nadeaudii (Drake) Smedmark & Anderb. -
Tahiti
Sideroxylon nervosum Wall. ex G.Don -
Myanmar
Sideroxylon obovatum Lam. - West Indies, Venezuela
Sideroxylon obtusifolium (Roem. & Schult.) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Veracruz) to
Paraguay
Sideroxylon occidentale (Hemsl.) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Baja California, Sonora)
Sideroxylon octosepalum (Urb.) T.D.Penn. - Jamaica (
Clarendon Parish )
Sideroxylon palmeri (Rose) T.D.Penn. - Mexico
Sideroxylon peninsulare (Brandegee) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (Baja California)
Sideroxylon persimile (Hemsl.) T.D.Penn. - Mesoamerica, Colombia, Venezuela,
Trinidad and Tobago (
Trinidad )
Sideroxylon picardae (Urb.) T.D.Penn. - Hispaniola (
Haiti , Dominican Republic)
Sideroxylon polynesicum (Hillebr.) Smedmark & Anderb. - United States (
Hawaii ),
French Polynesia (
Rapa-Iti )
Sideroxylon portoricense Urb. - Mesoamerica,
Greater Antilles
Sideroxylon puberulum A.DC. - Mauritius
Sideroxylon reclinatum Michx. - United States (
Louisiana ,
Mississippi ,
Alabama , Georgia, Florida, South Carolina)
[14]
Sideroxylon repens (Urb. and Ekman) T.D.Penn. - Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)
Sideroxylon retinerve T.D.Penn. - Honduras
Sideroxylon rotundifolium (Sw.) T.D.Penn. - Jamaica
Sideroxylon rubiginosum T.D.Penn. - Hispaniola (Dominican Republic)
Sideroxylon salicifolium (L.) Lam. - West Indies, Mesoamerica, Florida
Sideroxylon saxorum Lecomte - Madagascar
Sideroxylon sessiliflorum (Poir.) Capuron ex Aubrév. - Mauritius
Sideroxylon socorrense (Brandegee) T.D.Penn. - Mexico (
Socorro Island )
Sideroxylon spinosum L. - Morocco, Algeria, Mauritania, and Western Sahara
Sideroxylon st-johnianum (H.J.Lam & B.Meeuse) Smedmark & Anderb. -
Pitcairn Islands (
Henderson Island )
Sideroxylon stenospermum (Standl.) T.D.Penn. - Mesoamerica
Sideroxylon stevensonii (Standl.) Standl. & Steyerm. - Mexico (Chiapas), Belize, Guatemala
Sideroxylon tambolokoko Aubrév. - Madagascar
Sideroxylon tenax L. - United States (Florida, Georgia, South Carolina,
North Carolina )
[15]
Sideroxylon tepicense (Standl.) T.D.Penn. - Mesoamerica
Sideroxylon thornei (Cronquist) T.D.Penn. - United States (Florida, Georgia, Alabama)
[16]
Sideroxylon verruculosum (Cronquist) T.D.Penn. - Mexico
Sideroxylon wightianum S.Mori -
China (
Guizhou ,
Yunnan ,
Guangdong ),
Vietnam
Formerly placed here
References
^
"Genus: Sideroxylon L." Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture. 2009-09-30. Retrieved 2010-11-01 .
^ lectotype designated by Baillon, Bull. Mens. Soc. Linn. Paris 908 (1891)
^
a
b
Tropicos, Sideroxylon L.
^
a
b
Kew World Checklist of Selected Plant Families
^
Linnaeus, Carl von. 1753. Species Plantarum 1: 192-193 in Latin
^ Gledhill, D. (2008).
The Names of Plants (4 ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 352.
ISBN
978-0-521-86645-3 .
^
Flora of North America, Vol. 8 Page 236, Bully, Sideroxylon Linnaeus, Sp. Pl. 1: 192. 1753; Gen. Pl. ed. 5, 89. 1754.
^
Flora of China, Vol. 15 Page 212, 铁榄属 tie lan shu Sinosideroxylon (Engler) Aubreville, Adansonia, n.s. 3: 32. 1963.
^ Witmer, M. C.; A. S. Cheke (1991).
"The dodo and the tambalacoque tree: an obligate mutualism reconsidered" .
Oikos . 61 (1): 133–137.
doi :
10.2307/3545415 .
JSTOR
3545415 .
^ Hershey, D. R. (2004).
"The widespread misconception that the tambalacoque absolutely required the dodo for its seeds to germinate" . Plant Science Bulletin . 50 : 105–108.
^
Sideroxylon L.
Plants of the World Online . Retrieved 4 July 2023.
^
Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon lanuginosum
^
Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon lycioides
^
Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon reclinatum
^
Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon tenax
^
Biota of North America Program 2013 county distribution map, Sideroxylon thornei
^
a
b
c
d
e
f
g
h
i
j
k
l
m
"GRIN Species Records of Sideroxylon " . Germplasm Resources Information Network . United States Department of Agriculture. Retrieved 2010-09-10 .
External links