| Bruges dialect | |
|---|---|
| Brugs | |
| Pronunciation |
|
| Region | Bruges |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
The Bruges dialect ( Standard Dutch and West Flemish: Brugs) is a West Flemish dialect used in Bruges. It is rapidly declining, being replaced with what scholars call general (rural) West Flemish. [1] [2] [3]
- After /u/, the sequence /nd/ is realized as a velar nasal [ ŋ]. [1]
- The sequence /ən/ is realized as a sequence [ən], rather than a syllabic [n̩]. [1]
According to Hinskens & Taeldeman (2013), /r/ is realized as a voiced uvular trill with little friction [ ʀ̝]. In the neighbouring rural area, an alveolar [ r] is used. [1]
However, according to Sebregts (2014), the vast majority of the speakers in Bruges realize /r/ as alveolar, not uvular. [4]
Definitely, the most common realization of /r/ is a voiced alveolar tap [ ɾ], which is used about four times more often than the second most common realization, which is a voiced alveolar trill [ r]. The other alveolar realizations include: a voiceless alveolar trill [ r̥], a partially devoiced alveolar trill [ r̥], a voiceless alveolar fricative tap/trill [ ɾ̞̊ ~ r̝̊, a voiceless alveolar/postalveolar fricative [ ɹ̝̊, ɹ̠̊˔ (the least common realization), a voiced alveolar/postalveolar fricative [ ɹ̝ ~ ɹ̠˔ and a voiced alveolar approximant [ ɹ]. [4]
Among the uvular realizations, he lists a voiced uvular trill [ ʀ], a voiced uvular fricative trill [ ʀ̝], a voiced uvular fricative [ ʁ] and a voiced uvular approximant [ ʁ̞], among which the uvular fricative trill is the most common realization. He also lists a central vowel (which probably means [ ə], [ ɐ] or both of these) and elision of /r/, both of which are very rare. [4]
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | |||||
| short | long | short | long | short | short | long | |
| Close | ɪ | ʏ | ʊ | ||||
| Mid | ɛ | ɛː ɛ̃ː | œ | œː | ə | ɔ | ɔː |
| Open | æ | æː | ɑ | ɑː | |||
- In comparison with Standard Dutch, the short front vowels underwent a chain shift, so that the standard /i, y, ɪ, ʏ, ɛ/ became /ɪ, ʏ, ɛ, œ, æ/. The standard /u/ was also lowered to /ʊ/, yet the standard /ɔ/ was left untouched.
- Among the back vowels, /ʊ, ɔ, ɔː/ are rounded, whereas /ɑ, ɑː/ are unrounded.
- /ɪ, ʏ, ʊ/ are near-close [ ɪ̟, ʏ, ʊ̠; /ɪ/ is fully front, whereas /ʊ/ is fully back.
- /ʏ, ʊ, œː/ (but not /œ, ɔ, ɔː/) are rather weakly rounded [ʏ̜, ʊ̜, œ̜ː].
- Phonetically, /ɛ, ə/ are mid [ ɛ̝, ə, whereas /ɛː, ɛ̃ː, œ, œː, ɔ, ɔː/ are open-mid [ ɛː, ɛ̃ː, œ, œː, ɔ, ɔː.
- Before /l/, /æ/ is lowered and retracted to [ ɑ]. This feature is typical of working class speech and is nearly extinct. [1] [2]
| Ending point | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | |
| Close | iːə uːə | ||
| Close-mid | eɪ øʏ | eːə | oʊ |
| Open-mid | ɔːə | ɔu | |
- All of the diphthongs are falling.
- /eɪ, øʏ, oʊ/ used to be pronounced as monophthongs [eː, øː, oː], [1] a realization which is rapidly regaining popularity among younger speakers.
- Traditionally, /ɔu/ used to have such a close first element that there was practically no distinction between /ɔu/ and /oʊ/.
- Phonetically, /ɔːə/ can be either [ɔːə] or [ɔːɑ].
- ^ a b c d e f Hinskens & Taeldeman (2013), p. 167.
- ^ a b Vandekerckhove (2010), p. 326.
- ^ Taeldeman (2005), p. 277.
- ^ a b c Sebregts (2014), p. 90.
- Hinskens, Frans; Taeldeman, Johan, eds. (2013), Dutch, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018005-3
- Sebregts, Koen (2014), "3.4.2 Bruges" (PDF), The Sociophonetics and Phonology of Dutch r, Utrecht: LOT, pp. 89–93, ISBN 978-94-6093-161-1
- Taeldeman, Johan (2005), "The influence of urban centres on the spatial diffusion of dialect phenomena", in Auer, Peter; Hinskens, Frans; Kerswill, Paul (eds.), Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 263–284, ISBN 0-521-80687-9
- Vandekerckhove, Reinhild (2010), "Urban and rural language", in Auer, Peter; Schmidt, Jürgen Erich (eds.), Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation. Theories and methods, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 315–332, ISBN 978-3-11-018002-2
| Bruges dialect | |
|---|---|
| Brugs | |
| Pronunciation |
|
| Region | Bruges |
Indo-European
| |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | None |
The Bruges dialect ( Standard Dutch and West Flemish: Brugs) is a West Flemish dialect used in Bruges. It is rapidly declining, being replaced with what scholars call general (rural) West Flemish. [1] [2] [3]
- After /u/, the sequence /nd/ is realized as a velar nasal [ ŋ]. [1]
- The sequence /ən/ is realized as a sequence [ən], rather than a syllabic [n̩]. [1]
According to Hinskens & Taeldeman (2013), /r/ is realized as a voiced uvular trill with little friction [ ʀ̝]. In the neighbouring rural area, an alveolar [ r] is used. [1]
However, according to Sebregts (2014), the vast majority of the speakers in Bruges realize /r/ as alveolar, not uvular. [4]
Definitely, the most common realization of /r/ is a voiced alveolar tap [ ɾ], which is used about four times more often than the second most common realization, which is a voiced alveolar trill [ r]. The other alveolar realizations include: a voiceless alveolar trill [ r̥], a partially devoiced alveolar trill [ r̥], a voiceless alveolar fricative tap/trill [ ɾ̞̊ ~ r̝̊, a voiceless alveolar/postalveolar fricative [ ɹ̝̊, ɹ̠̊˔ (the least common realization), a voiced alveolar/postalveolar fricative [ ɹ̝ ~ ɹ̠˔ and a voiced alveolar approximant [ ɹ]. [4]
Among the uvular realizations, he lists a voiced uvular trill [ ʀ], a voiced uvular fricative trill [ ʀ̝], a voiced uvular fricative [ ʁ] and a voiced uvular approximant [ ʁ̞], among which the uvular fricative trill is the most common realization. He also lists a central vowel (which probably means [ ə], [ ɐ] or both of these) and elision of /r/, both of which are very rare. [4]
| Front | Central | Back | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| unrounded | rounded | unrounded | |||||
| short | long | short | long | short | short | long | |
| Close | ɪ | ʏ | ʊ | ||||
| Mid | ɛ | ɛː ɛ̃ː | œ | œː | ə | ɔ | ɔː |
| Open | æ | æː | ɑ | ɑː | |||
- In comparison with Standard Dutch, the short front vowels underwent a chain shift, so that the standard /i, y, ɪ, ʏ, ɛ/ became /ɪ, ʏ, ɛ, œ, æ/. The standard /u/ was also lowered to /ʊ/, yet the standard /ɔ/ was left untouched.
- Among the back vowels, /ʊ, ɔ, ɔː/ are rounded, whereas /ɑ, ɑː/ are unrounded.
- /ɪ, ʏ, ʊ/ are near-close [ ɪ̟, ʏ, ʊ̠; /ɪ/ is fully front, whereas /ʊ/ is fully back.
- /ʏ, ʊ, œː/ (but not /œ, ɔ, ɔː/) are rather weakly rounded [ʏ̜, ʊ̜, œ̜ː].
- Phonetically, /ɛ, ə/ are mid [ ɛ̝, ə, whereas /ɛː, ɛ̃ː, œ, œː, ɔ, ɔː/ are open-mid [ ɛː, ɛ̃ː, œ, œː, ɔ, ɔː.
- Before /l/, /æ/ is lowered and retracted to [ ɑ]. This feature is typical of working class speech and is nearly extinct. [1] [2]
| Ending point | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Central | Back | |
| Close | iːə uːə | ||
| Close-mid | eɪ øʏ | eːə | oʊ |
| Open-mid | ɔːə | ɔu | |
- All of the diphthongs are falling.
- /eɪ, øʏ, oʊ/ used to be pronounced as monophthongs [eː, øː, oː], [1] a realization which is rapidly regaining popularity among younger speakers.
- Traditionally, /ɔu/ used to have such a close first element that there was practically no distinction between /ɔu/ and /oʊ/.
- Phonetically, /ɔːə/ can be either [ɔːə] or [ɔːɑ].
- ^ a b c d e f Hinskens & Taeldeman (2013), p. 167.
- ^ a b Vandekerckhove (2010), p. 326.
- ^ Taeldeman (2005), p. 277.
- ^ a b c Sebregts (2014), p. 90.
- Hinskens, Frans; Taeldeman, Johan, eds. (2013), Dutch, Walter de Gruyter, ISBN 978-3-11-018005-3
- Sebregts, Koen (2014), "3.4.2 Bruges" (PDF), The Sociophonetics and Phonology of Dutch r, Utrecht: LOT, pp. 89–93, ISBN 978-94-6093-161-1
- Taeldeman, Johan (2005), "The influence of urban centres on the spatial diffusion of dialect phenomena", in Auer, Peter; Hinskens, Frans; Kerswill, Paul (eds.), Dialect Change: Convergence and Divergence in European Languages, Cambridge University Press, pp. 263–284, ISBN 0-521-80687-9
- Vandekerckhove, Reinhild (2010), "Urban and rural language", in Auer, Peter; Schmidt, Jürgen Erich (eds.), Language and Space: An International Handbook of Linguistic Variation. Theories and methods, Walter de Gruyter, pp. 315–332, ISBN 978-3-11-018002-2