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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Breast enlargement supplements are frequently portrayed as being a natural means to increase breast size, and with the suggestion that they are free from risk. [1]: 1330  The popularity of breast enlargement supplements stems from their heavy promotion [1]: 1330  toward women. [2]: 1345  Though there has been historical folklore about using herbs for breast enlargement, [2] [3] there is no scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of any breast enlargement supplement. [1] [2] At times, testimonials by companies have been faked. [2]: 1345 

In the United States, both the Federal Trade Commission and the Food and Drug Administration have taken action against the manufacturers of these products for fraudulent practices. [4] [5] [6] [7] The Mayo Clinic advises that there may be serious drug interactions with their use. [8]

Types and ingredients

Products typically contain a variety of ingredients of plant or fungal origin. The compounds claimed to be pharmacologically active are typically estrogen mimics (called xenoestrogens; specifically known as phytoestrogens in plants and mycoestrogens in fungi). [9]

Commonly used ingredients include: [1]: 1330  [2]: 1345 

Efficacy and safety

There is inadequate scientific study whether herbal breast enlargement can be safely achieved. [2] It is unlikely that any of the common ingredients would be efficacious. [2]: 1347  [8] No randomized, blinded and fully controlled tests has been performed to test any breast enhancement product. [1]: 1332  Most supplement ingredients do not have significant adverse effects, but some ingredients are potentially dangerous for consumption or use. [2]: 1348 

In the United States, herbal products are normally sold under " generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) rules and are not approved for any indication.

Some naturally occurring compounds produced by plants and fungi can carry serious health risks.

  • One potential risk is an increased chance of breast cancer.
  • Some of the ingredients included in supplements are carcinogenic, including don quai. [1]: 1331 
  • By altering the body's hormonal levels, certain ingredients, including zearalenone, may reduce fertility. [9]
  • One ingredient, kava, may cause liver damage. [2]: 1347 
  • Black cohosh has been shown to have no estrogenic effect in vivo or in vitro. [1]: 1330 
  • Hops contains estrogen-like compounds, called prenylflavonoids, the most potent of which is 8-prenylnaringenin. [11] Hops' effect on fertility lacks research. [10]: 4914  Prenylflavonoids from hops have anticancer properties. [11]
  • Zearalenone and its derivatives are a class of xenoestrogens associated with many herbal bust enhancement products. [9] There have been some claims that zearalenone can increase the size of breasts in humans, but there are no tests of efficacy or safety. [2]: 1345  Zearalenone, produced by a toxic fungus, is a mycoestrogen that stimulates the growth of breast cancer cells, increases the chance of estrogen dependent breast cancer, and may reduce fertility. [9] Other supplements are unlikely to have been spoiled with the mould. [2]: 1348  [10]

Indirect assay tests of the product Erdic (also known as Bust out) on the uterus of rodents, by measuring the amount of estrogen present, showed no difference from the control. [2]: 1345  Preliminary findings in 2001, in mice, suggested that hops-based products would be ineffective. [12] Another test, of a hops ingredient on mice showed weak effects for high dosages. [2]: 1346  [10] Diosgenin, which is present in fenugreek and wild yam, affected maturation, but that wasn't enough evidence for this indication. [2]: 1347 

Some medications have been involved in breast enlargement as a side effect. [2] [8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Chalfoun, Charbel; McDaniel, Candice; Motarjem, Pejman; Evans, Gregory R. D.; Plastic Surgery Educational Foundation DATA Committee (2004). "Breast-Enhancing Pills: Myth and Reality". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 114 (5): 1330–3. doi: 10.1097/01.PRS.0000141495.14284.8B. PMID  15457059.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Fugh-Berman, A (2003). "'Bust enhancing' herbal products". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 101 (6): 1345–9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-7844(03)00362-4. PMID  12798545. S2CID  9929583.
  3. ^ Breast-Enlarging Herbs: A Bust?, Psychology Today, 2010
  4. ^ 2003 Annual Review of Antitrust Law Developments. American Bar Association, ABA Section of Antitrust Law. p. 179.
  5. ^ "Developer of Purported Breast Enhancement Product Settles FTC Charges". 22 January 2003. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  6. ^ "Warning Letters - Dixie Health Inc 8/30/13". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  7. ^ "Marketers of Purported "Breast Enhancement" System Settle FTC Charges". 26 December 2002. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Pruthi M.D., Sandhya (16 August 2012). "Natural breast enhancement: Does it work?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  9. ^ a b c d e Pazaiti, A.; Kontos, M.; Fentiman, I. S. (2012). "ZEN and the art of breast health maintenance". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 66 (1): 28–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02805.x. PMID  22145580. S2CID  13304480.
  10. ^ a b c d Milligan, S. R.; Kalita, JC; Pocock, V; Van De Kauter, V; Stevens, JF; Deinzer, ML; Rong, H; De Keukeleire, D (2000). "The Endocrine Activities of 8-Prenylnaringenin and Related Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Flavonoids". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 85 (12): 4912–5. doi: 10.1210/jcem.85.12.7168. PMID  11134162.
  11. ^ a b Stevens, Jan F; Page, Jonathan E (2004). "Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: To your good health!". Phytochemistry. 65 (10): 1317–30. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.04.025. PMID  15231405.
  12. ^ Coldham, N.G; Sauer, M.J (2001). "Identification, quantitation and biological activity of phytoestrogens in a dietary supplement for breast enhancement". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 39 (12): 1211–24. doi: 10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00081-3. PMID  11696395.
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Breast_enlargement_supplement&oldid=1216141747"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Breast enlargement supplements are frequently portrayed as being a natural means to increase breast size, and with the suggestion that they are free from risk. [1]: 1330  The popularity of breast enlargement supplements stems from their heavy promotion [1]: 1330  toward women. [2]: 1345  Though there has been historical folklore about using herbs for breast enlargement, [2] [3] there is no scientific evidence to support the effectiveness of any breast enlargement supplement. [1] [2] At times, testimonials by companies have been faked. [2]: 1345 

In the United States, both the Federal Trade Commission and the Food and Drug Administration have taken action against the manufacturers of these products for fraudulent practices. [4] [5] [6] [7] The Mayo Clinic advises that there may be serious drug interactions with their use. [8]

Types and ingredients

Products typically contain a variety of ingredients of plant or fungal origin. The compounds claimed to be pharmacologically active are typically estrogen mimics (called xenoestrogens; specifically known as phytoestrogens in plants and mycoestrogens in fungi). [9]

Commonly used ingredients include: [1]: 1330  [2]: 1345 

Efficacy and safety

There is inadequate scientific study whether herbal breast enlargement can be safely achieved. [2] It is unlikely that any of the common ingredients would be efficacious. [2]: 1347  [8] No randomized, blinded and fully controlled tests has been performed to test any breast enhancement product. [1]: 1332  Most supplement ingredients do not have significant adverse effects, but some ingredients are potentially dangerous for consumption or use. [2]: 1348 

In the United States, herbal products are normally sold under " generally recognized as safe" (GRAS) rules and are not approved for any indication.

Some naturally occurring compounds produced by plants and fungi can carry serious health risks.

  • One potential risk is an increased chance of breast cancer.
  • Some of the ingredients included in supplements are carcinogenic, including don quai. [1]: 1331 
  • By altering the body's hormonal levels, certain ingredients, including zearalenone, may reduce fertility. [9]
  • One ingredient, kava, may cause liver damage. [2]: 1347 
  • Black cohosh has been shown to have no estrogenic effect in vivo or in vitro. [1]: 1330 
  • Hops contains estrogen-like compounds, called prenylflavonoids, the most potent of which is 8-prenylnaringenin. [11] Hops' effect on fertility lacks research. [10]: 4914  Prenylflavonoids from hops have anticancer properties. [11]
  • Zearalenone and its derivatives are a class of xenoestrogens associated with many herbal bust enhancement products. [9] There have been some claims that zearalenone can increase the size of breasts in humans, but there are no tests of efficacy or safety. [2]: 1345  Zearalenone, produced by a toxic fungus, is a mycoestrogen that stimulates the growth of breast cancer cells, increases the chance of estrogen dependent breast cancer, and may reduce fertility. [9] Other supplements are unlikely to have been spoiled with the mould. [2]: 1348  [10]

Indirect assay tests of the product Erdic (also known as Bust out) on the uterus of rodents, by measuring the amount of estrogen present, showed no difference from the control. [2]: 1345  Preliminary findings in 2001, in mice, suggested that hops-based products would be ineffective. [12] Another test, of a hops ingredient on mice showed weak effects for high dosages. [2]: 1346  [10] Diosgenin, which is present in fenugreek and wild yam, affected maturation, but that wasn't enough evidence for this indication. [2]: 1347 

Some medications have been involved in breast enlargement as a side effect. [2] [8]

See also

References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i Chalfoun, Charbel; McDaniel, Candice; Motarjem, Pejman; Evans, Gregory R. D.; Plastic Surgery Educational Foundation DATA Committee (2004). "Breast-Enhancing Pills: Myth and Reality". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 114 (5): 1330–3. doi: 10.1097/01.PRS.0000141495.14284.8B. PMID  15457059.
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Fugh-Berman, A (2003). "'Bust enhancing' herbal products". Obstetrics & Gynecology. 101 (6): 1345–9. doi: 10.1016/S0029-7844(03)00362-4. PMID  12798545. S2CID  9929583.
  3. ^ Breast-Enlarging Herbs: A Bust?, Psychology Today, 2010
  4. ^ 2003 Annual Review of Antitrust Law Developments. American Bar Association, ABA Section of Antitrust Law. p. 179.
  5. ^ "Developer of Purported Breast Enhancement Product Settles FTC Charges". 22 January 2003. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  6. ^ "Warning Letters - Dixie Health Inc 8/30/13". www.fda.gov. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  7. ^ "Marketers of Purported "Breast Enhancement" System Settle FTC Charges". 26 December 2002. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
  8. ^ a b c Pruthi M.D., Sandhya (16 August 2012). "Natural breast enhancement: Does it work?". Mayo Clinic. Retrieved 8 February 2014.
  9. ^ a b c d e Pazaiti, A.; Kontos, M.; Fentiman, I. S. (2012). "ZEN and the art of breast health maintenance". International Journal of Clinical Practice. 66 (1): 28–36. doi: 10.1111/j.1742-1241.2011.02805.x. PMID  22145580. S2CID  13304480.
  10. ^ a b c d Milligan, S. R.; Kalita, JC; Pocock, V; Van De Kauter, V; Stevens, JF; Deinzer, ML; Rong, H; De Keukeleire, D (2000). "The Endocrine Activities of 8-Prenylnaringenin and Related Hop (Humulus lupulus L.) Flavonoids". Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 85 (12): 4912–5. doi: 10.1210/jcem.85.12.7168. PMID  11134162.
  11. ^ a b Stevens, Jan F; Page, Jonathan E (2004). "Xanthohumol and related prenylflavonoids from hops and beer: To your good health!". Phytochemistry. 65 (10): 1317–30. doi: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2004.04.025. PMID  15231405.
  12. ^ Coldham, N.G; Sauer, M.J (2001). "Identification, quantitation and biological activity of phytoestrogens in a dietary supplement for breast enhancement". Food and Chemical Toxicology. 39 (12): 1211–24. doi: 10.1016/S0278-6915(01)00081-3. PMID  11696395.
Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=Breast_enlargement_supplement&oldid=1216141747"

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