Black-fronted titi [1] | |
---|---|
Black-fronted titi in Prados, Brazil | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Primates |
Suborder: | Haplorhini |
Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
Family: | Pitheciidae |
Genus: | Callicebus |
Species: | C. nigrifrons
|
Binomial name | |
Callicebus nigrifrons (
Spix, 1823)
| |
Black-fronted titi range |
The black-fronted titi monkey (Callicebus nigrifrons) is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey.
The black-fronted titi is a small diurnal primate. [3] The body of this primate is covered in grey to brown fur with black fur concentrated around the face, the tail is slightly orange in color. [4] [5] Body weight ranges from 1 to 2 kilograms and the head-body length is around 270 to 450 millimeters. [4] This species does not exhibit sexual dimorphism. [5] Members of this species can live up to 12 years of age in captivity. [6]
The black-fronted titi is endemic to the Atlantic forest region of Brazil [7] [8] [4] and has a home range averaging 20 hectares. [8] The black-fronted titi is arboreal and prefers the middle to upper canopy of the forest. [5] However, it will move to the forest floor at times to forage, travel, and play. [9] Play behavior on the forest floor has been documented between black-fronted titis and marmosets in Brazil. [10]
The diet of the black-fronted titi is frugivorous and they forage in dense vegetation. [5] They are also known to eat leaves, seeds, invertebrates, and flowers. [7] [11] [8] Due to their highly frugivorous diet, they play a key role in seed dispersion. [12]
Predators of the black-fronted titi include the harpy eagle, owls, hawks, falcons, tayra, jaguarundi, ocelot, margay, oncilla, pumas, jaguars, large snakes, and other, larger primates (such as howler monkeys). [5] [3] Black-fronted titis are particularly vulnerable to harpy eagle attacks when they move to the upper portion of the canopy to sunbathe on cold mornings. [5] After detecting a raptor, black-fronted titis alert the surrounding area quickly through alarm calls before hiding. [5]
The black-fronted titi is socially monogamous [13] [5] [4] and is typically found in a group of two to six individuals, which includes the adult pair and their offspring. [9] [4] Females give birth to one offspring per year, usually in July or August. [14] Parental care and social activities with the offspring are carried out by the male of this species, while the female only provides milk. [14] Both males and females disperse from their natal group at three years of age. [9]
The black-fronted titi is territorial and will defend territories, food resources, and mates with loud calls individually or in duets or choruses. [8] [9] Loud calls are used for within and between group communication and have a high amplitude and a low frequency which allows them to be heard over long distances. [15] Loud calls are broadcast at dawn and when titis see or hear another group. [8] When confronted by a predator, duets and choruses can last up to two hours, with group members alternating between soft and loud calls. [16] There are no sex differences in calling behavior during predator interactions, both males and females will call. [5] The black-fronted titi can produce calls which encode the predator type (aerial or terrestrial) and predator location to nearby conspecifics. [17]
Characteristic of the Callicebinae subfamily, black-fronted titis can be observed with interwoven tails, a behavior thought to reinforce pair bonds and strengthen social relationships. [18] [19] [20]
The black-fronted titi is classified as near threatened by the IUCN due to extensive habitat loss, forest fragmentation, and an estimated population decline of more than 20% in the past 24 years. [9] Small, isolated populations are common due to fragmentation and in some areas this has led to the species going locally extinct. [4] Noise pollution can also negatively impact this species. One study found that noise from mining operations restricted the black-fronted titis long-distance communication due to the overlap in frequency between mining noise and loud calls, this is significant for a species that relies heavily on vocal communication in social interactions. [8]
Black-fronted titi [1] | |
---|---|
Black-fronted titi in Prados, Brazil | |
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Chordata |
Class: | Mammalia |
Order: | Primates |
Suborder: | Haplorhini |
Infraorder: | Simiiformes |
Family: | Pitheciidae |
Genus: | Callicebus |
Species: | C. nigrifrons
|
Binomial name | |
Callicebus nigrifrons (
Spix, 1823)
| |
Black-fronted titi range |
The black-fronted titi monkey (Callicebus nigrifrons) is a species of titi, a type of New World monkey.
The black-fronted titi is a small diurnal primate. [3] The body of this primate is covered in grey to brown fur with black fur concentrated around the face, the tail is slightly orange in color. [4] [5] Body weight ranges from 1 to 2 kilograms and the head-body length is around 270 to 450 millimeters. [4] This species does not exhibit sexual dimorphism. [5] Members of this species can live up to 12 years of age in captivity. [6]
The black-fronted titi is endemic to the Atlantic forest region of Brazil [7] [8] [4] and has a home range averaging 20 hectares. [8] The black-fronted titi is arboreal and prefers the middle to upper canopy of the forest. [5] However, it will move to the forest floor at times to forage, travel, and play. [9] Play behavior on the forest floor has been documented between black-fronted titis and marmosets in Brazil. [10]
The diet of the black-fronted titi is frugivorous and they forage in dense vegetation. [5] They are also known to eat leaves, seeds, invertebrates, and flowers. [7] [11] [8] Due to their highly frugivorous diet, they play a key role in seed dispersion. [12]
Predators of the black-fronted titi include the harpy eagle, owls, hawks, falcons, tayra, jaguarundi, ocelot, margay, oncilla, pumas, jaguars, large snakes, and other, larger primates (such as howler monkeys). [5] [3] Black-fronted titis are particularly vulnerable to harpy eagle attacks when they move to the upper portion of the canopy to sunbathe on cold mornings. [5] After detecting a raptor, black-fronted titis alert the surrounding area quickly through alarm calls before hiding. [5]
The black-fronted titi is socially monogamous [13] [5] [4] and is typically found in a group of two to six individuals, which includes the adult pair and their offspring. [9] [4] Females give birth to one offspring per year, usually in July or August. [14] Parental care and social activities with the offspring are carried out by the male of this species, while the female only provides milk. [14] Both males and females disperse from their natal group at three years of age. [9]
The black-fronted titi is territorial and will defend territories, food resources, and mates with loud calls individually or in duets or choruses. [8] [9] Loud calls are used for within and between group communication and have a high amplitude and a low frequency which allows them to be heard over long distances. [15] Loud calls are broadcast at dawn and when titis see or hear another group. [8] When confronted by a predator, duets and choruses can last up to two hours, with group members alternating between soft and loud calls. [16] There are no sex differences in calling behavior during predator interactions, both males and females will call. [5] The black-fronted titi can produce calls which encode the predator type (aerial or terrestrial) and predator location to nearby conspecifics. [17]
Characteristic of the Callicebinae subfamily, black-fronted titis can be observed with interwoven tails, a behavior thought to reinforce pair bonds and strengthen social relationships. [18] [19] [20]
The black-fronted titi is classified as near threatened by the IUCN due to extensive habitat loss, forest fragmentation, and an estimated population decline of more than 20% in the past 24 years. [9] Small, isolated populations are common due to fragmentation and in some areas this has led to the species going locally extinct. [4] Noise pollution can also negatively impact this species. One study found that noise from mining operations restricted the black-fronted titis long-distance communication due to the overlap in frequency between mining noise and loud calls, this is significant for a species that relies heavily on vocal communication in social interactions. [8]