Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy is a bilateral enlargement of the lymph nodes of pulmonary hila. It is a radiographic term for the enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes and is most commonly identified by a chest x-ray.
Causes
The following are causes of BHL: [1]
- Sarcoidosis [2]
- Infection
- Tuberculosis [2]
- Fungal infection [2]
- Mycoplasma
- Intestinal Lipodystrophy ( Whipple's disease) [3] [4]
- Malignancy
- Inorganic dust disease
- Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
- Such as bird fancier's lung
- Less common causes also exist: [ citation needed]
References
- ^ M. Longmore; I. Wilkinson; T. Turmezei; CK. Cheug (2007). Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 7th Edition. United States, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-856837-7.
- ^ a b c d Criado, E; Sánchez, M; Ramírez, J; Arguis, P; De Caralt, TM; Perea, RJ; Xaubet, A (October 2010). "Pulmonary sarcoidosis: typical and atypical manifestations at high-resolution CT with pathologic correlation". Radiographics. 30 (6): 1567–1586. doi: 10.1148/rg.306105512. PMID 21071376.
- ^ Urbanksi, G; Rivereau, P; Artru, L; Fenollar, F; Raoult, D; Puéchal, X (June 2012). "Whipple disease revealed by lung involvement: a case report and literature review". Chest. 141 (6): 1595–1598. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-1812. PMID 22670021.
- ^ Beers, Mark (2006). The Merck Manual. ISBN 9780911910186.
- ^ Suwatanapongched, T; Gierada, DS (December 2006). "CT of thoracic lymph nodes. Part II: diseases and pitfalls". The British Journal of Radiology. 79 (948): 999–1000. doi: 10.1259/bjr/82484604. PMID 16641412.
- ^ Leung, CC; Yu, IT; Chen, W (May 2012). "Silicosis". The British Journal of Radiology. 379 (9830): 2008–2018. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60235-9. PMID 22534002. S2CID 208793253.
- ^ a b Chong, S; Lee, KS; Chung, MJ; Han, J; Kwon, OJ; Kim, TS (January–February 2006). "Pneumoconiosis: comparison of imaging and pathologic findings". Radiographics. 26 (1): 59–77. doi: 10.1148/rg.261055070. PMID 16418244.
- ^ Owlia, MB; Mehrpoor, G (May 2009). "Adult-onset Still's disease: a review" (PDF). Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 63 (5): 207–221. doi: 10.4103/0019-5359.53169. PMID 19584494.
 | This medical sign article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. |
Bilateral hilar lymphadenopathy is a bilateral enlargement of the lymph nodes of pulmonary hila. It is a radiographic term for the enlargement of mediastinal lymph nodes and is most commonly identified by a chest x-ray.
Causes
The following are causes of BHL: [1]
- Sarcoidosis [2]
- Infection
- Tuberculosis [2]
- Fungal infection [2]
- Mycoplasma
- Intestinal Lipodystrophy ( Whipple's disease) [3] [4]
- Malignancy
- Inorganic dust disease
- Extrinsic allergic alveolitis
- Such as bird fancier's lung
- Less common causes also exist: [ citation needed]
References
- ^ M. Longmore; I. Wilkinson; T. Turmezei; CK. Cheug (2007). Oxford Handbook of Clinical Medicine 7th Edition. United States, New York: Oxford University Press. p. 179. ISBN 978-0-19-856837-7.
- ^ a b c d Criado, E; Sánchez, M; Ramírez, J; Arguis, P; De Caralt, TM; Perea, RJ; Xaubet, A (October 2010). "Pulmonary sarcoidosis: typical and atypical manifestations at high-resolution CT with pathologic correlation". Radiographics. 30 (6): 1567–1586. doi: 10.1148/rg.306105512. PMID 21071376.
- ^ Urbanksi, G; Rivereau, P; Artru, L; Fenollar, F; Raoult, D; Puéchal, X (June 2012). "Whipple disease revealed by lung involvement: a case report and literature review". Chest. 141 (6): 1595–1598. doi: 10.1378/chest.11-1812. PMID 22670021.
- ^ Beers, Mark (2006). The Merck Manual. ISBN 9780911910186.
- ^ Suwatanapongched, T; Gierada, DS (December 2006). "CT of thoracic lymph nodes. Part II: diseases and pitfalls". The British Journal of Radiology. 79 (948): 999–1000. doi: 10.1259/bjr/82484604. PMID 16641412.
- ^ Leung, CC; Yu, IT; Chen, W (May 2012). "Silicosis". The British Journal of Radiology. 379 (9830): 2008–2018. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60235-9. PMID 22534002. S2CID 208793253.
- ^ a b Chong, S; Lee, KS; Chung, MJ; Han, J; Kwon, OJ; Kim, TS (January–February 2006). "Pneumoconiosis: comparison of imaging and pathologic findings". Radiographics. 26 (1): 59–77. doi: 10.1148/rg.261055070. PMID 16418244.
- ^ Owlia, MB; Mehrpoor, G (May 2009). "Adult-onset Still's disease: a review" (PDF). Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 63 (5): 207–221. doi: 10.4103/0019-5359.53169. PMID 19584494.
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