Thalassonerita Temporal range:
| |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Gastropoda |
Subclass: | Neritimorpha |
Order: | Cycloneritida |
Family: | Phenacolepadidae |
Genus: |
Thalassonerita Moroni, 1966 |
Species: | T. naticoidea
|
Binomial name | |
Thalassonerita naticoidea (A. H. Clarke, 1989)
| |
Synonyms [2] | |
|
Thalassonerita is a monotypic genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Neritidae. Its sole species is Thalassonerita naticoidea. [2] T. naticoidea is endemic to underwater cold seeps in the northern Gulf of Mexico and in the Caribbean. [3] Originally classified as Bathynerita, the genus was reassessed in 2019 after Thalassonerita was found to be a senior synonym of Bathynerita. [4]
T. naticoidea lives in cold seeps in the northern Gulf of Mexico and in the accretionary wedge of Barbados in the Caribbean [5] in the upper continental slope, in depths from 400 to 2100 m. [5] Minimum recorded depth is 541 m. [6] Maximum recorded depth is 1135 m. [6]
Examples of localities include:
T. naticoidea has a shell that can be closed with a calcareous operculum. The round shell is low-spired and smoothly sculptured. Its aperture has roughly a semicircular shape. The maximum recorded shell length is 16 mm. [8]
T. naticoidea lives at deep-sea cold seeps where hydrocarbons (oil and methane) are leaking out of the seafloor. T. naticoidea is the most numerous gastropod species in its area. [9] [10] [11] They have also been found near a brine pool seep in the Gulf of Mexico. [9] [12] T. naticoidea cannot move over mud or on soft sediments, [13] and usually lives on beds of Bathymodiolus childressi mussels. [14] T. naticoidea can detect beds of B. childressi, because it is attracted by a water altered by this species of mussel, although the nature of the attractant is unknown. [14]
As a euryhaline species, these snails normally live in saline water. Their preferred salinity is 30-50 ‰, and although they can survive salinity as high as 85 ‰, they actively avoid brine with salinity over 60 ‰. [9] [12] They usually move upward in natural conditions, where the concentration of salt is lower. [9] T. naticoidea has no osmoregulatory ability when the salinity is too high, [9] but it can survive high salinities, because it closes its operculum. [9]
T. naticoidea feeds on periphyton of methanotrophic bacteria that grow on shells of mussels of B. childressi; the decomposing periostracum of these mussels; their byssal fibers; and their detritus. [9] [14]
Oogenesis and formation of yolk ( vitellogenesis) of T. naticoidea was described by Eckelbarger & Young (1997). [15] This was the first ultrastructural description of formation of yolk in today's clade Neritimorpha. [15] This process is similar to other gastropods. [15]
Spermatogenesis of T. naticoidea was described by Hodgson et al. (1998). [11] T. naticoidea has sperm ( eusperm) of introsperm type (about 90 μm long and filiform), [11] so it can be presumed, that the fertilisation of T. naticoidea is internal. [11]
Eggs are laid in round and white-rimmed egg capsules on various hard substrata: [12] the dorsal part of the shells of the mussel Bathymodiolus childressi. [16] They were found also on shells of mussel Tamu fisheri. [16] There are then scars from these egg capsules on these mussels. [16] Highest number of eggs are laid from December to February. [12] Eggs are 135-145 μm in diameter. [12] There are 25-180 eggs in one eggs capsule. [12] The length of the egg capsule ranges from 1.2 to 2.9 mm. [12]
During the development of the embryo, the egg capsule is changing color from creamy ivory color to dark purple color. [12] The cleavage is holoblastic spiral cleavage as in other gastropods. [12]
Veliger larvae are hatched from eggs after four months of development from May to early July. [12] Veliger is about 170 μm long (120-278 μm). [12] Veligers feed on plankton (planktotrophic) [12] and they are probably obligate planktotrophs. They can swim with ciliated foot and they are swimming probably for at least eight months. [12] Veliger have pigmented eyespots. [12] Maybe the same chemosensory mechanisms for detecting mussel beds can be used by its larvae. [14] Veliger in size 600-700 μm can undergo metamorphosis into a snail. [14] Only two protoconchs are known to be found in situ and they measured 630 μm and 615 μm in length. [12]
There lives a fungal filamentous ascomycete (phylum Ascomycota) species as a commensal on the gills of T. naticoidea. [10] These fungi are externally attached to cells of gills. [10] When this discovery was published in 1999, it was the first such association between fungus and gastropod from underwater seep community. [10] The origin and function of this association is unknown. [10]
There are no known bacterial symbionts with T. naticoidea (1999). [10]
Other animals living in communities with T. naticoidea include:
Partial genetic sequences of mitochondrion of T. naticoidea were published in 1996 [17] and in 2008: [18]
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Thalassonerita Temporal range:
| |
---|---|
Scientific classification | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Gastropoda |
Subclass: | Neritimorpha |
Order: | Cycloneritida |
Family: | Phenacolepadidae |
Genus: |
Thalassonerita Moroni, 1966 |
Species: | T. naticoidea
|
Binomial name | |
Thalassonerita naticoidea (A. H. Clarke, 1989)
| |
Synonyms [2] | |
|
Thalassonerita is a monotypic genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Neritidae. Its sole species is Thalassonerita naticoidea. [2] T. naticoidea is endemic to underwater cold seeps in the northern Gulf of Mexico and in the Caribbean. [3] Originally classified as Bathynerita, the genus was reassessed in 2019 after Thalassonerita was found to be a senior synonym of Bathynerita. [4]
T. naticoidea lives in cold seeps in the northern Gulf of Mexico and in the accretionary wedge of Barbados in the Caribbean [5] in the upper continental slope, in depths from 400 to 2100 m. [5] Minimum recorded depth is 541 m. [6] Maximum recorded depth is 1135 m. [6]
Examples of localities include:
T. naticoidea has a shell that can be closed with a calcareous operculum. The round shell is low-spired and smoothly sculptured. Its aperture has roughly a semicircular shape. The maximum recorded shell length is 16 mm. [8]
T. naticoidea lives at deep-sea cold seeps where hydrocarbons (oil and methane) are leaking out of the seafloor. T. naticoidea is the most numerous gastropod species in its area. [9] [10] [11] They have also been found near a brine pool seep in the Gulf of Mexico. [9] [12] T. naticoidea cannot move over mud or on soft sediments, [13] and usually lives on beds of Bathymodiolus childressi mussels. [14] T. naticoidea can detect beds of B. childressi, because it is attracted by a water altered by this species of mussel, although the nature of the attractant is unknown. [14]
As a euryhaline species, these snails normally live in saline water. Their preferred salinity is 30-50 ‰, and although they can survive salinity as high as 85 ‰, they actively avoid brine with salinity over 60 ‰. [9] [12] They usually move upward in natural conditions, where the concentration of salt is lower. [9] T. naticoidea has no osmoregulatory ability when the salinity is too high, [9] but it can survive high salinities, because it closes its operculum. [9]
T. naticoidea feeds on periphyton of methanotrophic bacteria that grow on shells of mussels of B. childressi; the decomposing periostracum of these mussels; their byssal fibers; and their detritus. [9] [14]
Oogenesis and formation of yolk ( vitellogenesis) of T. naticoidea was described by Eckelbarger & Young (1997). [15] This was the first ultrastructural description of formation of yolk in today's clade Neritimorpha. [15] This process is similar to other gastropods. [15]
Spermatogenesis of T. naticoidea was described by Hodgson et al. (1998). [11] T. naticoidea has sperm ( eusperm) of introsperm type (about 90 μm long and filiform), [11] so it can be presumed, that the fertilisation of T. naticoidea is internal. [11]
Eggs are laid in round and white-rimmed egg capsules on various hard substrata: [12] the dorsal part of the shells of the mussel Bathymodiolus childressi. [16] They were found also on shells of mussel Tamu fisheri. [16] There are then scars from these egg capsules on these mussels. [16] Highest number of eggs are laid from December to February. [12] Eggs are 135-145 μm in diameter. [12] There are 25-180 eggs in one eggs capsule. [12] The length of the egg capsule ranges from 1.2 to 2.9 mm. [12]
During the development of the embryo, the egg capsule is changing color from creamy ivory color to dark purple color. [12] The cleavage is holoblastic spiral cleavage as in other gastropods. [12]
Veliger larvae are hatched from eggs after four months of development from May to early July. [12] Veliger is about 170 μm long (120-278 μm). [12] Veligers feed on plankton (planktotrophic) [12] and they are probably obligate planktotrophs. They can swim with ciliated foot and they are swimming probably for at least eight months. [12] Veliger have pigmented eyespots. [12] Maybe the same chemosensory mechanisms for detecting mussel beds can be used by its larvae. [14] Veliger in size 600-700 μm can undergo metamorphosis into a snail. [14] Only two protoconchs are known to be found in situ and they measured 630 μm and 615 μm in length. [12]
There lives a fungal filamentous ascomycete (phylum Ascomycota) species as a commensal on the gills of T. naticoidea. [10] These fungi are externally attached to cells of gills. [10] When this discovery was published in 1999, it was the first such association between fungus and gastropod from underwater seep community. [10] The origin and function of this association is unknown. [10]
There are no known bacterial symbionts with T. naticoidea (1999). [10]
Other animals living in communities with T. naticoidea include:
Partial genetic sequences of mitochondrion of T. naticoidea were published in 1996 [17] and in 2008: [18]
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