Arianta arbustorum | |
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Shell of Arianta arbustorum ( syntype at MNHN, Paris) | |
Scientific classification
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Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Gastropoda |
Subclass: | Heterobranchia |
Order: | Stylommatophora |
Family: | Helicidae |
Genus: | Arianta |
Species: | A. arbustorum
|
Binomial name | |
Arianta arbustorum | |
Synonyms | |
Arianta arbustorum, sometimes known as the copse snail, is a medium-sized species of pulmonate land snail in the family Helicidae. [3]
Several subspecies are recognized by some authors:
This species is native to Europe:
Arianta arbustorum is introduced to North America, but is only known from Canada, where established populations are known from Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Ontario, [7] and Prince Edward Island. [8]
This species has not yet become established in the US, but it is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the USA. [9]
The shell is usually brown with numerous pale yellowish rows of spots and usually with a brown band above the periphery, occasionally yellowish, reddish or with greenish hue, weakly striated and with fine spiral lines on the upper side. [4] The shell has 5-5.5 convex whorls with deep suture. [4] The last whorl is slightly descending near the aperture. [4] The aperture is with prominent white lip inside. [4] The apertural margin is reflected. [4] Umbilicus is entirely covered by the reflected columellar margin. [4]
The width of the shell is 18–25 mm. [4] The height of the shell is 12–22 mm. [4] Dimensions are locally variable. [4]
The shell shape is globular in most present-day populations, but originally is believed to have been depressed in the Pleistocene, before lowlands were invaded and shells became globular, re-invading mountain regions except some isolated spots among glaciers. [4]
The animal is usually black. [4]
Arianta arbustorum lives in forests and open habitats of any kind. [4] It requires humidity. [4] It lives also in disturbed habitats (not in Ireland where it is restricted to old native woodland). [4] It may locally tolerate non-calcareous substrate, in north Scotland also on sandhills. [4] In the Alps up to 2700 m, in Britain 1200 m, in Bulgaria 1500 m. [4]
It feeds on green herbs, dead animals and faeces. [4]
If snails hatched more than 50 m distant from each other, they are considered isolated since they would not move more than 25 m (neighbourhood area 32–50 m), usually they move about 7–12 m in a year, mostly along water currents. [4]
This species of snail makes and uses calcareous love darts during mating. Reproduction is usually after copulation, but self-fertilization is also possible. [4] The size of the egg is 3.2 mm. [10] Maturity is reached after 2–4 years. [4] The maximum age up to 14 years. [4]
Angiostrongylus vasorum has successfully experimentally infected this snail. [11]
Metaldehyde and iron phosphate can be used to exterminate snails. [12] Since copper generates electric shocks that make it difficult for snails to move, it makes a great barrier material for them. [13]
Arianta arbustorum | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Shell of Arianta arbustorum ( syntype at MNHN, Paris) | |
Scientific classification
![]() | |
Domain: | Eukaryota |
Kingdom: | Animalia |
Phylum: | Mollusca |
Class: | Gastropoda |
Subclass: | Heterobranchia |
Order: | Stylommatophora |
Family: | Helicidae |
Genus: | Arianta |
Species: | A. arbustorum
|
Binomial name | |
Arianta arbustorum | |
Synonyms | |
Arianta arbustorum, sometimes known as the copse snail, is a medium-sized species of pulmonate land snail in the family Helicidae. [3]
Several subspecies are recognized by some authors:
This species is native to Europe:
Arianta arbustorum is introduced to North America, but is only known from Canada, where established populations are known from Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Ontario, [7] and Prince Edward Island. [8]
This species has not yet become established in the US, but it is considered to represent a potentially serious threat as a pest, an invasive species which could negatively affect agriculture, natural ecosystems, human health or commerce. Therefore, it has been suggested that this species be given top national quarantine significance in the USA. [9]
The shell is usually brown with numerous pale yellowish rows of spots and usually with a brown band above the periphery, occasionally yellowish, reddish or with greenish hue, weakly striated and with fine spiral lines on the upper side. [4] The shell has 5-5.5 convex whorls with deep suture. [4] The last whorl is slightly descending near the aperture. [4] The aperture is with prominent white lip inside. [4] The apertural margin is reflected. [4] Umbilicus is entirely covered by the reflected columellar margin. [4]
The width of the shell is 18–25 mm. [4] The height of the shell is 12–22 mm. [4] Dimensions are locally variable. [4]
The shell shape is globular in most present-day populations, but originally is believed to have been depressed in the Pleistocene, before lowlands were invaded and shells became globular, re-invading mountain regions except some isolated spots among glaciers. [4]
The animal is usually black. [4]
Arianta arbustorum lives in forests and open habitats of any kind. [4] It requires humidity. [4] It lives also in disturbed habitats (not in Ireland where it is restricted to old native woodland). [4] It may locally tolerate non-calcareous substrate, in north Scotland also on sandhills. [4] In the Alps up to 2700 m, in Britain 1200 m, in Bulgaria 1500 m. [4]
It feeds on green herbs, dead animals and faeces. [4]
If snails hatched more than 50 m distant from each other, they are considered isolated since they would not move more than 25 m (neighbourhood area 32–50 m), usually they move about 7–12 m in a year, mostly along water currents. [4]
This species of snail makes and uses calcareous love darts during mating. Reproduction is usually after copulation, but self-fertilization is also possible. [4] The size of the egg is 3.2 mm. [10] Maturity is reached after 2–4 years. [4] The maximum age up to 14 years. [4]
Angiostrongylus vasorum has successfully experimentally infected this snail. [11]
Metaldehyde and iron phosphate can be used to exterminate snails. [12] Since copper generates electric shocks that make it difficult for snails to move, it makes a great barrier material for them. [13]