House of Faiz آل فائز Faizids | |
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Parent house | A branch of Ibrahim al-Mujab, of Musawi, of Banu Hashim, of Quraysh |
Founded | 861Karbala | in
Founder |
Ibrahim al-Mujab Mohammed Abu al-Faiz |
Current head |
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Titles |
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Estate(s) | Mahalat Al Faiz, Fidan al-Sada, Maal Yunis, Umm Ramila, Bustan Dhway, Maal Ju'an |
The family of Al Faiz ( Arabic: آل فائز, romanized: ʾĀl Fāʾiz; /ˈɑːl fɑːɪz/), also transliterated in a number of other ways, including Al Fa'iz, Al Fa'ez, Al Faez, or Al Fayez, is the oldest Alid family of Karbala, which they have occupied, on some occasions ruled, and held custodianship of its holy sites, since 861. [1] [2] [3]
They are the descendants of Ibrahim al-Mujab, the 9th-century grandson of the seventh Shi'ite Imam, Musa al-Kadhim. Their eponymous ancestor is considered to be Muhammad Abu al-Faiz, the 12th great-grandson of al-Mujab. In Karbala, the family holds a high prestige where they maintained the authority of the niqaba (supervision) of Karbala's Sayyids and the sidana (custodianship) of Karbala's holy sites numerous times over different periods. [4]
The family is currently known by the families of Al Tumah, Al Nasrallah, Al Dhiya al-Din, Al Tajir, Al Awj, and Al Sayyid Amin. [5]
After al-Mutawakkil was killed in 861, the Alids found peace under his son, al-Muntasir, who helped keep them safe and protect them. [6] The first known Alid to settle in Karbala was Ibrahim al-Mujab bin Muhammad al-Abid bin Musa al-Kadhim, also known as Taj al-Din Ibrahim al-Mujab. [7] [8]
After the Alid's settled, al-Mujab took responsibilities for the two holy shrines, and through this became known as saden (custodian of) al-rawdhat (the shrines), i.e. the head role tending to the holy shrines of Husayn and Abbas, which is known as the sidana.
The sidana was passed down from al-Mujab to his eldest son, Muhammad, nicknamed al-Ha'iri, as they lived in the Ha'ir (another name for Karbala), in 913. [9] This then kept being passed on down as follows:
In the late 10th century, the naqib (supervisor of) al-ashraf (the descendants of Muhammad) i.e. the head or supervisor of the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, which is known as the niqaba, was established, in Karbala, during the Buyid era. Muhammad al-Husayni, a descendant of Zayn al-Abidin, took the niqaba and became the first naqib of the Ha'ir. [15] [16] After al-Husayni, Sharaf al-Din Ahmed, a descendant of al-Mujab took over as naqib in c. 985. [17] His son, Ibrahim al-Ha'iri then took over in 1001, and then when he died in 1049, it went to other sayyids, until it returned to Muhammad Abu al-Faiz in 1259. [18]
It is also worthy to mention, that the niqaba and sidana in Karbala at some points in time, were merged, so whoever held the niqaba, would also be saden of the two holy shrines. [19]
By 1317, the Ilkhanate state was disintegrating. This left the Euphrates region without a stable government. Karbala then split into two factions, Al Faiz and Al Zuhayk. The Faiz tribe were descendants of Muhammad al-Abid bin Musa al-Kadhim, and the Zuhayk tribe were descendants of Ibrahim al-Asghar bin Musa al-Kadhim. The city witnessed a feud that lasted for nearly half a century. The famous Moroccan traveller, Ibn Battuta, witnessed the unrest when he visited Karbala in 1326. [20]
Al Faiz is older in residence in Karbala, since Ibrahim al-Mujab moved to Karbala in 861 during the rule of al-Muntasir. Many branches of descendants were formed from al-Mujab, but it was Muhammad Abu al-Faiz that later stood out and became their patriarch in Karbala. One must also understand that, the feud began during the late life of Abu al-Faiz, meaning his tribe couldn't have consisted of just his descendants, but rather, he had united all of his cousins under his name. [21]
As for Al Zuhayk, they are named after their patriarch Yahya Zuhayk, great-great-great-grandson of Abdullah al-Ha'iri, the naqib of the Talibids that moved to Karbala in the early 11th-century. All of the al-Asghar descendants had united under their cousin, Zheek's name. Al Zuhayk today is known by the families of Al Thabit, Al Daraj (later Al Naqib), and Al Wahab. The Al Eshaiker and Al Jolokhan families were cousins of Al Zuhayk, and also took under their name. [22]
Al Faiz believed that the niqaba of Karbala belonged to them because they were the older residing family, whilst Al Zuhayk believed it belonged to them because they previously held the niqaba of the Talibids of Iraq.
Due to the continuous chaos as a result of the feud, as well as the destabilisation of the central government, a tribe, by the name of, Al Muhanna, claimed they wanted to end the unrest and used this excuse to invade Karbala in 1355. [23] They took full control of the city and the holy sites. Shihab al-Din Al Muhanna declared himself the naqib of the Ha'ir. [24] When Al Faiz and Al Zuhayk realised what had happened, they decided to put aside their disputes, unite, and revolt against the invading al-Muhanna tribe. With their rebellion, they managed to oust the naqib, and exile him and his tribe, out of the city. [25] The two tribes then formed an alliance, and decided they will split the roles between them, where Muhammad Sharaf al-Din, grandson of Abu al-Faiz, became governor of Karbala and saden al-rawdhat, whilst Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, son of Yahya Zuhayk, became naqib. The two tribes also married from each other to further forge the two factions. [26]
In the 9th century, the Alids of Karbala dressed in traditional Arabic garments ( turban, thawb and bisht) that came in various colours, although green was the more common colour. [27] Later in 1372, Sultan Shaban introduced a kind of nobility with the privilege of wearing green turbans for the Alids; and to distinguish them from the Abbasid's black symbol. [28]
With the rise of the popularity of the fez in the 19th century, in Ottoman Iraq, Nasir Nasrallah imported fez's from Vienna, and green shawl wool from England, and created what is now known as a kashida (a fez with a green scarf wrapped around it). The kashida along with a jubba (long coat with sleeves, similar to a cassock but without buttons), became the dress code of the Faizids, which was then adopted and turned into the official attire of the sadens and servants of the Husayn and Abbas shrines', and it quickly spread to the rest of the shrine cities of Iraq. [29]
The kashida's differ slightly between Karbala and other cities. In Karbala, the wrapped green scarf is much longer and takes up half of the fez, and it is wrapped in a way that overlaps, allowing the front side to be distinctive. However, in Najaf, the wrap is shorter, but there is still an overlap, [30] whilst in Samarra, it is much shorter, and there is no overlap in the wrap, forming a consistent line. [31]
It is worthy to note that the notable figures of Al Faiz had the addition of al-Husayni (descendants of Husayn) to their name until the 16th century. This then changed to al-Musawi (descendants of Musa) in the following centuries. [32]
He is:
Moḥammed Abu al-Faʾiz bin Abu al-Ḥassan ʿAli bin Aḥmed Jalal al-Din bin Abu Jaʿfar Moḥammed bin Abu Jaʿfar Moḥammed bin Abu Jaʿfar Najm al-Din al-Aswad bin Abu Jaʿfar Moḥammed bin ʿAli al-Ghareeq bin Moḥammed al-Khair bin Abu al-Ḥassan ʿAli al-Majthoor bin Abu al-Ṭayyib Aḥmed bin Moḥammed al-Ḥaʾiri bin Ibrahim al-Mujāb bin Moḥammed al-ʿAābid bin Musa al-Kāthim.
He is the progenitor of the Tumah, Nasrallah, Dhiya al-Din, Tajir, Awj and Sayyid Amin families. He is reported to have been a valiant and noble man, followed by the majority of the city. He was the one that united all of the branches from the descendants of al-Mujab, that resided in Karbala, under his name. [21] Abu al-Faiz owned vast lands across Karbala and Shfatha. [33] In 1259, under the rule of Hulegu, he was made naqib and ruler of Karbala, at the behest of al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli. [34] He died in c. 1317. [35]
He was the son of Abu al-Faiz. He was appointed Minister of Ras al-Ayn ( Ayn al-Tamr) in 1334 until his death in 1349. [36]
He was the son of Ahmed Shams al-Din. After the exile of the al-Muhanna tribe in the last third of the 14th-century, Muhammad was made ruler of Karbala. In 1393, when Timur Lang's forces, under the command of his son Miran Shah, defeated Ahmed Jalayir, [37] they entered Karbala, to which they were met with its noblemen, headed by Muhammad who was ruling the city. Just before the Timurid invasion, the saden, Shaykh Ali al-Khazin, had died, Miran saw that the most appropriate person to hold the sidana was Muhammad, so he appointed him as saden of the Husayn and Abbas shrines', in 1393. [38] [39]
In 1412, tensions grew between the Alid and non-Alid tribes as to the matters of the shrines'. For this reason Muhammad formed a number of groups, each representing a tribe, and designated a sarkoshk (leading minister) to lead each group. [40]
He was the son of Ahmed III Abu Tiraas, the son of Yahya Dhiya al-Din, the son of Muhammad Sharaf al-Din. In 1423, Tumah I assumed the niqaba of the ashraf of Karbala, as well as the sidana of the Husayn and Abbas shrines' at the behest of the governor of Baghdad, Shah Muhammad, of the Black Sheep Turcomen tribe. Tumah died in 1442. [41] [42]
He was the son of Tumah I. Sharaf al-Din took the niqaba and sidana after his father, died in 1442, during the Black Sheep monarchy, and carried on during the White Sheep monarchy. He passed down the niqaba and sidana to his son, Yahya, in 1493. He died in 1500. [42] Iraqi historian, Dr. Imad Rauf in his book, al-Usar al-Hakima, mentions he holds a document that has both Sharaf al-Din's name and Sultan Yaqub's, dated from 1455. [43]
He was the son of Sharaf al-Din. In 1493, Yahya took charge of the niqaba and sidana after his father. He died in 1536. [44]
He was the son of Tumah I. After the death of his nephew, Yahya in 1536, Taj al-Din took charge of the niqaba and sidana. He was naqib and saden until his death in 1556. [42]
He was the son of Tumah II, the son of Sharaf al-Din. In 1573, the Sublime Porte issued a firman, appointing Alam al-Din as the minister of Charitable Endowments of Karbala. In November, 1589, he signed a power of attorney over all of his possessions to his son, Jameel; the document was witnessed by Muhammad-Ali al-Eshaiker and four other noblemen. [45] He died in 1598. [46]
He was the son of Husayn, the son of Ali, the son of Yunis, the son of Jameel, the son of Alam al-Din. Nasrallah was a senior jurist, teacher, poet, author and annalist. He was the patriarch of the Nasrallah family. [47]
He was the son of Hasan, the son of Mansur, the son of Nasir al-Din, the son of Yunis, the son of Jameel, the son of Alam al-Din. He was made saden of the Husayn shrine in 1752, until his death in 1790. [48]
He was the son of Muhammad-Musa, the son of Darwish, the son of Sharaf al-Din III, the son of Abbas, the son of Hashim, the son of Muhammad, the son of Sharaf al-Din (naqib and saden). He was named Abu Ridin ( transl. one with the sleeve) as he used to wear a unique cassock-like dress, similar to ones worn by knights and leaders. [49] When Muhammad-Ali Tumah abandoned the sidana to become vice governor of Karbala in 1821, Abu Ridin was assigned as saden of the Husayn shrine, at the behest of his father-in-law, the naqib, Husayn Daraj al-Naqib. However, when the governor of Baghdad, Dawud Pasha returned from the Ottoman-Persian war, he replaced Abu Ridin with Wahab Tumah in 1823. Abu Ridin had a large role in the Battle of Menakhur in 1826, and because of the Karbalaeis victory over the Ottomans, he was reinstated in August 1826. He died in 1829. [49]
Al Tumah ( Arabic: آل طعمة, romanized: ʾĀl Ṭuʿma; /ˈɑːl tʊˈmɑː/) branched off Tumah III al-Faizi. [50] They own the famous muqata'a Fidan al-Sada which Tumah III endowed to his descendants on September 26, 1616, after it was granted to him by Sheikh Ahmed al-Nahawi. [51] It is worthy to note that, it is a khairi endowment, i.e. devoted to a charitable purpose from its inception, rather than for the benefit of his descendants. The family held custodianship of the Husayn shrine numerously throughout the last four centuries. It is currently one of the largest Alid families in Karbala. The family branched into five clans: [52]
Al Nasrallah ( Arabic: آل نصرالله, romanized: ʾĀl NaṣrĀllāh; /ˈɑːl nʌsrʌllɑː/) branched off Nasrallah al-Faizi. [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] They own vast lands across Ayn al-Tamur and Karbala. Their grandfather Yunis al-Faizi excelled in business, and managed to purchase the muqata'a Maal Yunis which extended from the borders of Arba' Nahran to al-Jayya to Umm al-'Agareeg in Bab al-Salalma. He endowed his muqata'a to his descendants for their benefit. The family at some point held custodianship of the Husayn and Abbas shrines, and is the only Alid family that had the right to serve in both shrines. It is also the only Alid family to have three designated crypts in the Husayn shrine, the first is behind the grave of Ibrahim al-Mujab, opposite the Royal Qajari crypt, the second is besides the qatlgah (place where Husayn was slaughtered), and the third is near the tomb of Husayn's companions. [76] [77] It is also one of the largest Alid families in Karbala. The family branched into five clans: [78] [73]
Al Dhiya al-Din ( Arabic: آل ضياء الدين, romanized: ʾĀl Ḍhiyaʾ āl-Din; /ˈɑːl ðɪjɑː ˈæl diːn/) branched off Dhiya al-Din al-Faizi. They own lands in Umm Ramila in Shfatha, and in Karbala, they own the famous Dhway grove, which they were on some occasions named after. In 1799, the grove was endowed by Yahya, to his son, Dhiya al-Din and his descendants, for the benefit of the Husayn Shrine. In 1953, it was purchased by the city council, and made a public park. [102] The family held the custodianship of the Abbas shrine numerous times throughout the 20th century. [103]
Al Tajir ( Arabic: آل تاجر, romanized: ʾĀl Tāǧir; /ˈɑːl tɑːdʒɪr/) branched off Ali 'al-Tajir' al-Faizi. Ali was named al-Tajir (the merchant), due to his frequent travels to East Asia for trade. The family owns farms known as Umm al-Sudan in mahalat Al Faiz (now known as al-Hayabi), that Hassan al-Tajir endowed to his descendants in 1680. The family served in the holy Husayn and Abbas shrines'. [109]
Al Awj ( Arabic: آل عوج, romanized: ʾĀl ʿAwǧ; /ˈɑːl ˈuːdʒ/) branched off Muhsin Awj al-Faizi, who branched off Msa'id al-Faizi. [113] They have a partful ownership in Tumah III's Fidan al-Sada muqata'a. They also own parts of the farms known as Maal al-Saghir, in mahalat Al Faiz, endowed in 1847 and Maal Ju'an, near mahalat Al Faiz, endowed in 1853. The family served in the holy Husayn and Abbas shrines'. [114]
Al Sayyid Amin ( Arabic: آل سيد أمين, romanized: ʾĀl Sayyid Āmin; /ˈɑːl seɪjɪd ɛmiːn/) branched off Muhammad-Amin al-Faizi, also known as Sayyid Amin al-Faizi. They also own lands in Ayn al-Tamur that Muhammad-Amin endowed to his descendants in 1703. The family have an official Ottoman firman confirming this. [116] The family served in the holy Husayn and Abbas shrines'. [117] In the late 19th century, they became known as Al Jolokhan al-Faizi, as there was a large open space near where they lived, and in Persian it was known as a jolokhan ( Persian: جلوخان). They are not to be mistaken by Al Jolokhan from Al Zuhayk, who also lived near the jolokhan, in Bab al-Taag. [116]
Sources: [73] [71] [123] [124] [38] [1] [125]
Hashim | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abdul-Muttalib | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abu Talib | Abdullah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad ( Islamic prophet) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali (1st Imam) | Fatimah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Husayn (3rd Imam) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali (4th Imam) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad (5th Imam) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jafar (6th Imam) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Musa (7th Imam) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad al-Abid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ibrahim al-Mujab Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 861–913 (First Alid to settle in Karbala) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad al-Hairi Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 913–963 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abu al-Tayyib Ahmed Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 963–995 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali al-Majthoor Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 995–1029 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad al-Khayr | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali al-Ghareeq | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad I | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad II Al-Thair | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Najm al-Din al-Aswad | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad III | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad IV | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ahmed I Jalal al-Din | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abu al-Hasan Ali | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad V Abu al-Faiz Naqib al-Hair (eponymous ancestor) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ahmed II Shams al-Din Minister of Ras al-Ein 1334 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad Sharaf al-Din Naqib al-Hair Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 1393–1423 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yahya Dhiya al-Din | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ahmed III Abu Tiraas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tumah I Kamal al-Din Naqib al-Hair Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 1423–1442 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sharaf al-Din Naqib al-Hair Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 1442–1493 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yahya Naqib al-Hair Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 1493–1536 | Tumah II | Msaid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dhiya al-Din Grandfather of House Dhiya al-Din | Alam al-Din Minister of Charitable Endowments of Karbala 1573–1597 | Jafar | Muhammad | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tumah III Grandfather of House Tuma | Hassan | Jameel | Musa | Msaid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kadhim | Yunis (Owner of Maal Yunis) | Isa | Musa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali | Ali | Hassan | Salman | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad-Amin Grandfather of House Sayyid Amin | Husayn | Abu al-Hasan | Mohammed-Daud | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nasrallah Grandfather of House Nasrallah | Ali al-Tajir Grandfather of House Tajir | Muhsin Ouj Grandfather of House Ouj | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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He is the son of Karbala, from the noble al-Fa'iz al-Musawi family. He is President of the Appeals Tribunal of Karbala, and previously al-Muthanna.
Assignment of Muhammad-Husayn Nasrallah (The Judge) as chief of the family on 2017-12-15
House of Faiz آل فائز Faizids | |
---|---|
Parent house | A branch of Ibrahim al-Mujab, of Musawi, of Banu Hashim, of Quraysh |
Founded | 861Karbala | in
Founder |
Ibrahim al-Mujab Mohammed Abu al-Faiz |
Current head |
|
Titles |
|
Estate(s) | Mahalat Al Faiz, Fidan al-Sada, Maal Yunis, Umm Ramila, Bustan Dhway, Maal Ju'an |
The family of Al Faiz ( Arabic: آل فائز, romanized: ʾĀl Fāʾiz; /ˈɑːl fɑːɪz/), also transliterated in a number of other ways, including Al Fa'iz, Al Fa'ez, Al Faez, or Al Fayez, is the oldest Alid family of Karbala, which they have occupied, on some occasions ruled, and held custodianship of its holy sites, since 861. [1] [2] [3]
They are the descendants of Ibrahim al-Mujab, the 9th-century grandson of the seventh Shi'ite Imam, Musa al-Kadhim. Their eponymous ancestor is considered to be Muhammad Abu al-Faiz, the 12th great-grandson of al-Mujab. In Karbala, the family holds a high prestige where they maintained the authority of the niqaba (supervision) of Karbala's Sayyids and the sidana (custodianship) of Karbala's holy sites numerous times over different periods. [4]
The family is currently known by the families of Al Tumah, Al Nasrallah, Al Dhiya al-Din, Al Tajir, Al Awj, and Al Sayyid Amin. [5]
After al-Mutawakkil was killed in 861, the Alids found peace under his son, al-Muntasir, who helped keep them safe and protect them. [6] The first known Alid to settle in Karbala was Ibrahim al-Mujab bin Muhammad al-Abid bin Musa al-Kadhim, also known as Taj al-Din Ibrahim al-Mujab. [7] [8]
After the Alid's settled, al-Mujab took responsibilities for the two holy shrines, and through this became known as saden (custodian of) al-rawdhat (the shrines), i.e. the head role tending to the holy shrines of Husayn and Abbas, which is known as the sidana.
The sidana was passed down from al-Mujab to his eldest son, Muhammad, nicknamed al-Ha'iri, as they lived in the Ha'ir (another name for Karbala), in 913. [9] This then kept being passed on down as follows:
In the late 10th century, the naqib (supervisor of) al-ashraf (the descendants of Muhammad) i.e. the head or supervisor of the descendants of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, which is known as the niqaba, was established, in Karbala, during the Buyid era. Muhammad al-Husayni, a descendant of Zayn al-Abidin, took the niqaba and became the first naqib of the Ha'ir. [15] [16] After al-Husayni, Sharaf al-Din Ahmed, a descendant of al-Mujab took over as naqib in c. 985. [17] His son, Ibrahim al-Ha'iri then took over in 1001, and then when he died in 1049, it went to other sayyids, until it returned to Muhammad Abu al-Faiz in 1259. [18]
It is also worthy to mention, that the niqaba and sidana in Karbala at some points in time, were merged, so whoever held the niqaba, would also be saden of the two holy shrines. [19]
By 1317, the Ilkhanate state was disintegrating. This left the Euphrates region without a stable government. Karbala then split into two factions, Al Faiz and Al Zuhayk. The Faiz tribe were descendants of Muhammad al-Abid bin Musa al-Kadhim, and the Zuhayk tribe were descendants of Ibrahim al-Asghar bin Musa al-Kadhim. The city witnessed a feud that lasted for nearly half a century. The famous Moroccan traveller, Ibn Battuta, witnessed the unrest when he visited Karbala in 1326. [20]
Al Faiz is older in residence in Karbala, since Ibrahim al-Mujab moved to Karbala in 861 during the rule of al-Muntasir. Many branches of descendants were formed from al-Mujab, but it was Muhammad Abu al-Faiz that later stood out and became their patriarch in Karbala. One must also understand that, the feud began during the late life of Abu al-Faiz, meaning his tribe couldn't have consisted of just his descendants, but rather, he had united all of his cousins under his name. [21]
As for Al Zuhayk, they are named after their patriarch Yahya Zuhayk, great-great-great-grandson of Abdullah al-Ha'iri, the naqib of the Talibids that moved to Karbala in the early 11th-century. All of the al-Asghar descendants had united under their cousin, Zheek's name. Al Zuhayk today is known by the families of Al Thabit, Al Daraj (later Al Naqib), and Al Wahab. The Al Eshaiker and Al Jolokhan families were cousins of Al Zuhayk, and also took under their name. [22]
Al Faiz believed that the niqaba of Karbala belonged to them because they were the older residing family, whilst Al Zuhayk believed it belonged to them because they previously held the niqaba of the Talibids of Iraq.
Due to the continuous chaos as a result of the feud, as well as the destabilisation of the central government, a tribe, by the name of, Al Muhanna, claimed they wanted to end the unrest and used this excuse to invade Karbala in 1355. [23] They took full control of the city and the holy sites. Shihab al-Din Al Muhanna declared himself the naqib of the Ha'ir. [24] When Al Faiz and Al Zuhayk realised what had happened, they decided to put aside their disputes, unite, and revolt against the invading al-Muhanna tribe. With their rebellion, they managed to oust the naqib, and exile him and his tribe, out of the city. [25] The two tribes then formed an alliance, and decided they will split the roles between them, where Muhammad Sharaf al-Din, grandson of Abu al-Faiz, became governor of Karbala and saden al-rawdhat, whilst Abu al-Qasim Muhammad, son of Yahya Zuhayk, became naqib. The two tribes also married from each other to further forge the two factions. [26]
In the 9th century, the Alids of Karbala dressed in traditional Arabic garments ( turban, thawb and bisht) that came in various colours, although green was the more common colour. [27] Later in 1372, Sultan Shaban introduced a kind of nobility with the privilege of wearing green turbans for the Alids; and to distinguish them from the Abbasid's black symbol. [28]
With the rise of the popularity of the fez in the 19th century, in Ottoman Iraq, Nasir Nasrallah imported fez's from Vienna, and green shawl wool from England, and created what is now known as a kashida (a fez with a green scarf wrapped around it). The kashida along with a jubba (long coat with sleeves, similar to a cassock but without buttons), became the dress code of the Faizids, which was then adopted and turned into the official attire of the sadens and servants of the Husayn and Abbas shrines', and it quickly spread to the rest of the shrine cities of Iraq. [29]
The kashida's differ slightly between Karbala and other cities. In Karbala, the wrapped green scarf is much longer and takes up half of the fez, and it is wrapped in a way that overlaps, allowing the front side to be distinctive. However, in Najaf, the wrap is shorter, but there is still an overlap, [30] whilst in Samarra, it is much shorter, and there is no overlap in the wrap, forming a consistent line. [31]
It is worthy to note that the notable figures of Al Faiz had the addition of al-Husayni (descendants of Husayn) to their name until the 16th century. This then changed to al-Musawi (descendants of Musa) in the following centuries. [32]
He is:
Moḥammed Abu al-Faʾiz bin Abu al-Ḥassan ʿAli bin Aḥmed Jalal al-Din bin Abu Jaʿfar Moḥammed bin Abu Jaʿfar Moḥammed bin Abu Jaʿfar Najm al-Din al-Aswad bin Abu Jaʿfar Moḥammed bin ʿAli al-Ghareeq bin Moḥammed al-Khair bin Abu al-Ḥassan ʿAli al-Majthoor bin Abu al-Ṭayyib Aḥmed bin Moḥammed al-Ḥaʾiri bin Ibrahim al-Mujāb bin Moḥammed al-ʿAābid bin Musa al-Kāthim.
He is the progenitor of the Tumah, Nasrallah, Dhiya al-Din, Tajir, Awj and Sayyid Amin families. He is reported to have been a valiant and noble man, followed by the majority of the city. He was the one that united all of the branches from the descendants of al-Mujab, that resided in Karbala, under his name. [21] Abu al-Faiz owned vast lands across Karbala and Shfatha. [33] In 1259, under the rule of Hulegu, he was made naqib and ruler of Karbala, at the behest of al-Muhaqqiq al-Hilli. [34] He died in c. 1317. [35]
He was the son of Abu al-Faiz. He was appointed Minister of Ras al-Ayn ( Ayn al-Tamr) in 1334 until his death in 1349. [36]
He was the son of Ahmed Shams al-Din. After the exile of the al-Muhanna tribe in the last third of the 14th-century, Muhammad was made ruler of Karbala. In 1393, when Timur Lang's forces, under the command of his son Miran Shah, defeated Ahmed Jalayir, [37] they entered Karbala, to which they were met with its noblemen, headed by Muhammad who was ruling the city. Just before the Timurid invasion, the saden, Shaykh Ali al-Khazin, had died, Miran saw that the most appropriate person to hold the sidana was Muhammad, so he appointed him as saden of the Husayn and Abbas shrines', in 1393. [38] [39]
In 1412, tensions grew between the Alid and non-Alid tribes as to the matters of the shrines'. For this reason Muhammad formed a number of groups, each representing a tribe, and designated a sarkoshk (leading minister) to lead each group. [40]
He was the son of Ahmed III Abu Tiraas, the son of Yahya Dhiya al-Din, the son of Muhammad Sharaf al-Din. In 1423, Tumah I assumed the niqaba of the ashraf of Karbala, as well as the sidana of the Husayn and Abbas shrines' at the behest of the governor of Baghdad, Shah Muhammad, of the Black Sheep Turcomen tribe. Tumah died in 1442. [41] [42]
He was the son of Tumah I. Sharaf al-Din took the niqaba and sidana after his father, died in 1442, during the Black Sheep monarchy, and carried on during the White Sheep monarchy. He passed down the niqaba and sidana to his son, Yahya, in 1493. He died in 1500. [42] Iraqi historian, Dr. Imad Rauf in his book, al-Usar al-Hakima, mentions he holds a document that has both Sharaf al-Din's name and Sultan Yaqub's, dated from 1455. [43]
He was the son of Sharaf al-Din. In 1493, Yahya took charge of the niqaba and sidana after his father. He died in 1536. [44]
He was the son of Tumah I. After the death of his nephew, Yahya in 1536, Taj al-Din took charge of the niqaba and sidana. He was naqib and saden until his death in 1556. [42]
He was the son of Tumah II, the son of Sharaf al-Din. In 1573, the Sublime Porte issued a firman, appointing Alam al-Din as the minister of Charitable Endowments of Karbala. In November, 1589, he signed a power of attorney over all of his possessions to his son, Jameel; the document was witnessed by Muhammad-Ali al-Eshaiker and four other noblemen. [45] He died in 1598. [46]
He was the son of Husayn, the son of Ali, the son of Yunis, the son of Jameel, the son of Alam al-Din. Nasrallah was a senior jurist, teacher, poet, author and annalist. He was the patriarch of the Nasrallah family. [47]
He was the son of Hasan, the son of Mansur, the son of Nasir al-Din, the son of Yunis, the son of Jameel, the son of Alam al-Din. He was made saden of the Husayn shrine in 1752, until his death in 1790. [48]
He was the son of Muhammad-Musa, the son of Darwish, the son of Sharaf al-Din III, the son of Abbas, the son of Hashim, the son of Muhammad, the son of Sharaf al-Din (naqib and saden). He was named Abu Ridin ( transl. one with the sleeve) as he used to wear a unique cassock-like dress, similar to ones worn by knights and leaders. [49] When Muhammad-Ali Tumah abandoned the sidana to become vice governor of Karbala in 1821, Abu Ridin was assigned as saden of the Husayn shrine, at the behest of his father-in-law, the naqib, Husayn Daraj al-Naqib. However, when the governor of Baghdad, Dawud Pasha returned from the Ottoman-Persian war, he replaced Abu Ridin with Wahab Tumah in 1823. Abu Ridin had a large role in the Battle of Menakhur in 1826, and because of the Karbalaeis victory over the Ottomans, he was reinstated in August 1826. He died in 1829. [49]
Al Tumah ( Arabic: آل طعمة, romanized: ʾĀl Ṭuʿma; /ˈɑːl tʊˈmɑː/) branched off Tumah III al-Faizi. [50] They own the famous muqata'a Fidan al-Sada which Tumah III endowed to his descendants on September 26, 1616, after it was granted to him by Sheikh Ahmed al-Nahawi. [51] It is worthy to note that, it is a khairi endowment, i.e. devoted to a charitable purpose from its inception, rather than for the benefit of his descendants. The family held custodianship of the Husayn shrine numerously throughout the last four centuries. It is currently one of the largest Alid families in Karbala. The family branched into five clans: [52]
Al Nasrallah ( Arabic: آل نصرالله, romanized: ʾĀl NaṣrĀllāh; /ˈɑːl nʌsrʌllɑː/) branched off Nasrallah al-Faizi. [71] [72] [73] [74] [75] They own vast lands across Ayn al-Tamur and Karbala. Their grandfather Yunis al-Faizi excelled in business, and managed to purchase the muqata'a Maal Yunis which extended from the borders of Arba' Nahran to al-Jayya to Umm al-'Agareeg in Bab al-Salalma. He endowed his muqata'a to his descendants for their benefit. The family at some point held custodianship of the Husayn and Abbas shrines, and is the only Alid family that had the right to serve in both shrines. It is also the only Alid family to have three designated crypts in the Husayn shrine, the first is behind the grave of Ibrahim al-Mujab, opposite the Royal Qajari crypt, the second is besides the qatlgah (place where Husayn was slaughtered), and the third is near the tomb of Husayn's companions. [76] [77] It is also one of the largest Alid families in Karbala. The family branched into five clans: [78] [73]
Al Dhiya al-Din ( Arabic: آل ضياء الدين, romanized: ʾĀl Ḍhiyaʾ āl-Din; /ˈɑːl ðɪjɑː ˈæl diːn/) branched off Dhiya al-Din al-Faizi. They own lands in Umm Ramila in Shfatha, and in Karbala, they own the famous Dhway grove, which they were on some occasions named after. In 1799, the grove was endowed by Yahya, to his son, Dhiya al-Din and his descendants, for the benefit of the Husayn Shrine. In 1953, it was purchased by the city council, and made a public park. [102] The family held the custodianship of the Abbas shrine numerous times throughout the 20th century. [103]
Al Tajir ( Arabic: آل تاجر, romanized: ʾĀl Tāǧir; /ˈɑːl tɑːdʒɪr/) branched off Ali 'al-Tajir' al-Faizi. Ali was named al-Tajir (the merchant), due to his frequent travels to East Asia for trade. The family owns farms known as Umm al-Sudan in mahalat Al Faiz (now known as al-Hayabi), that Hassan al-Tajir endowed to his descendants in 1680. The family served in the holy Husayn and Abbas shrines'. [109]
Al Awj ( Arabic: آل عوج, romanized: ʾĀl ʿAwǧ; /ˈɑːl ˈuːdʒ/) branched off Muhsin Awj al-Faizi, who branched off Msa'id al-Faizi. [113] They have a partful ownership in Tumah III's Fidan al-Sada muqata'a. They also own parts of the farms known as Maal al-Saghir, in mahalat Al Faiz, endowed in 1847 and Maal Ju'an, near mahalat Al Faiz, endowed in 1853. The family served in the holy Husayn and Abbas shrines'. [114]
Al Sayyid Amin ( Arabic: آل سيد أمين, romanized: ʾĀl Sayyid Āmin; /ˈɑːl seɪjɪd ɛmiːn/) branched off Muhammad-Amin al-Faizi, also known as Sayyid Amin al-Faizi. They also own lands in Ayn al-Tamur that Muhammad-Amin endowed to his descendants in 1703. The family have an official Ottoman firman confirming this. [116] The family served in the holy Husayn and Abbas shrines'. [117] In the late 19th century, they became known as Al Jolokhan al-Faizi, as there was a large open space near where they lived, and in Persian it was known as a jolokhan ( Persian: جلوخان). They are not to be mistaken by Al Jolokhan from Al Zuhayk, who also lived near the jolokhan, in Bab al-Taag. [116]
Sources: [73] [71] [123] [124] [38] [1] [125]
Hashim | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abdul-Muttalib | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abu Talib | Abdullah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad ( Islamic prophet) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali (1st Imam) | Fatimah | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Husayn (3rd Imam) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali (4th Imam) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad (5th Imam) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Jafar (6th Imam) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Musa (7th Imam) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad al-Abid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ibrahim al-Mujab Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 861–913 (First Alid to settle in Karbala) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad al-Hairi Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 913–963 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abu al-Tayyib Ahmed Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 963–995 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali al-Majthoor Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 995–1029 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad al-Khayr | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali al-Ghareeq | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad I | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad II Al-Thair | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Najm al-Din al-Aswad | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad III | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad IV | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ahmed I Jalal al-Din | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Abu al-Hasan Ali | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad V Abu al-Faiz Naqib al-Hair (eponymous ancestor) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ahmed II Shams al-Din Minister of Ras al-Ein 1334 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad Sharaf al-Din Naqib al-Hair Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 1393–1423 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yahya Dhiya al-Din | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ahmed III Abu Tiraas | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tumah I Kamal al-Din Naqib al-Hair Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 1423–1442 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Sharaf al-Din Naqib al-Hair Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 1442–1493 | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Yahya Naqib al-Hair Custodian of Husayn & Abbas shrines' 1493–1536 | Tumah II | Msaid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Dhiya al-Din Grandfather of House Dhiya al-Din | Alam al-Din Minister of Charitable Endowments of Karbala 1573–1597 | Jafar | Muhammad | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Tumah III Grandfather of House Tuma | Hassan | Jameel | Musa | Msaid | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Kadhim | Yunis (Owner of Maal Yunis) | Isa | Musa | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Ali | Ali | Hassan | Salman | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Muhammad-Amin Grandfather of House Sayyid Amin | Husayn | Abu al-Hasan | Mohammed-Daud | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Nasrallah Grandfather of House Nasrallah | Ali al-Tajir Grandfather of House Tajir | Muhsin Ouj Grandfather of House Ouj | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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He is the son of Karbala, from the noble al-Fa'iz al-Musawi family. He is President of the Appeals Tribunal of Karbala, and previously al-Muthanna.
Assignment of Muhammad-Husayn Nasrallah (The Judge) as chief of the family on 2017-12-15