The action of 21 July 1781 (
French: Combat naval en vue de Louisbourg, or Combat naval à la hauteur de Louisbourg) was a naval skirmish off the harbour of Spanish River,
Cape Breton,
Nova Scotia (present-day
Sydney, Nova Scotia), during the
War of American Independence. Two light frigates of the
French Navy, captained by
La Pérouse and
Latouche Tréville, engaged a convoy of 18 British ships and their
Royal Navy escorts. The French captured two of the British escorts while the remainder of the British convoy escaped.
Lafayette had already been supporting the
Continental Army since 1777, in a private capacity. When he returned to France,
Louis XVI received him and sent back as an emissary to
George Washington on
Hermione in March 1780. On 11 June 1780, the French reinforced their naval presence with the arrival of the
Expédition Particulière, under Admiral
Ternay. Hermione stayed around Boston, carrying out reconnaissance for the squadron and engaging in
commerce raiding.
In June 1781 Hermione was attached to a frigate division under
Lapérouse, recently promoted to Captain after capturing
HMS Ariel, with his flag on
Astrée.[1] Both ships were light frigates, designed for speed,
coppered, and armed with 26
12-pounder long guns, a larger calibre than that carried by most privateers, but under-powered against larger naval ships. The two ships cruised off Pennsylvania, preying on British merchantmen, privateers, and smaller naval ships.
In the morning of 21 July, Astrée and Hermione detected a 20-ship convoy, with two corvettes or frigates detaching to investigate. The convoy, which consisted of 18 merchant vessels, including nine
colliers and four supply ships, was bound for
Spanish River on
Cape Breton Island to pick up
coal for delivery to
Halifax.[2][3] The escorts were the
frigateCharlestown (Charleston) (28), the
sloopsAllegiance (24) and
Vulture (20), the armed transport
Vernon (14), and Jack (14), a small armed ship commanded by Richard Peter Tonge.[4][2]
Action
As
Astrée and
Hermione approached the convoy,[3] four further escorts joined the two that were sailing to meet them, while the convoy tried to escape to Spanish River. Five of the British warships, Charlestown, Allegiance, Vernon, Vulture and Jack, formed a
line of battle.[5] Lapérouse maneuvered to try to prevent the convoy from escaping, and it was not until 1830 that Astrée came in cannon range and opened fire. The French had the advantage in gunnery, as the British had 9-pounder guns, less powerful than the French 12-pounders.[6]
Astrée concentrated her fire on the British flagship Charlestown, which sought support from the two ships preceding her, but Hermione then overtook Astrée and for 30 minutes she also fired broadsides into her. Charlestown stopped, but doing so she fell in Astrée' line of fire again, while Hermione was free to fire on Jack at point-blank range. Jackstruck her colours. Soon afterward, the maintop of Charlestown fell; with her captain dead, Charlestown also struck. [6]
By nightfall, the three remaining British warships were trying to escape, chased by Hermione. Astrée took possession of Jack and signaled Hermione to take possession of Charlestown, but by then Charlestown had established a
jury rigging and she escaped into the darkness under her first officer, Lieutenant Michael Cashman. Hermione and Astrée gave chase but failed to find her again, and by 2200 they abandoned the pursuit. [7]
Meanwhile, Captain
Rupert George of Vulture led the damaged escorts into a safe harbour.[8] While the British escort was severely damaged, the convoy was still able to pick up a load of coal at Spanish River and deliver it to Halifax.[2]
Six French and seventeen British sailors were killed in the action.[9]Hermione had three killed, six gravely wounded (three of whom died in the following days), and 13 lightly wounded; Astrée had three killed and 15 wounded. [7]Hermione had sustained a dozen hits, was holed in three places, and had suffered two fires during the action. [7]Charleston had 8 killed and 29 wounded; Allegiance, 1 killed and 5 wounded; Vulture, 1 killed and 2 wounded; and Vernon, 7 killed and 6 wounded, totaling 13 killed and 42 wounded on the British side.[10]
After effective temporary repairs, Astrée and Hermione returned to Boston, arriving on 17 August.[10]
Aftermath
Learning of their presence, the British scrambled three heavy frigates to intercept Astrée and Hermione, but the division did not meet and the French frigates returned safely to Boston. [10]
Captain Tonge and his crew were taken prisoner to Boston. The French sent Jack to Boston with a prize crew, as they had done with four other ships that they had captured in the previous days: the 18-gun corvette Thorn, captured on 12 July; [11] the 12-gun merchantman Friendship, captured on 17; the 8-gun merchantman Phoenix, captured on 18; and the merchantman Lockard Ross, taken on 19 July.[11] The British recaptured Friendship and Lockard Ross while in transit.
Jack was sold at Salem, only to be recaptured the following year in the
Naval battle off Halifax. (Captain Tonge later commanded the Little Jack, which after a brief skirmish with two American privateers in Canso, took American prisoners to Quebec.[12][13])
Lapérouse and Latouche were at first irritated by Charleston's escape, but expressed regrets when they learnt that Evans had died of his wound. Lapérouse called him "a very brave man". [10]
American privateers attacked British mining on Cape Breton throughout the war.[14]
Monaque, Rémi (2000). Les aventures de Louis-René de Latouche-Tréville, compagnon de La Fayette et commandant de l'Hermione (in French). Paris: SPM.
Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau.
ISBN978-2-9525917-0-6.
The action of 21 July 1781 (
French: Combat naval en vue de Louisbourg, or Combat naval à la hauteur de Louisbourg) was a naval skirmish off the harbour of Spanish River,
Cape Breton,
Nova Scotia (present-day
Sydney, Nova Scotia), during the
War of American Independence. Two light frigates of the
French Navy, captained by
La Pérouse and
Latouche Tréville, engaged a convoy of 18 British ships and their
Royal Navy escorts. The French captured two of the British escorts while the remainder of the British convoy escaped.
Lafayette had already been supporting the
Continental Army since 1777, in a private capacity. When he returned to France,
Louis XVI received him and sent back as an emissary to
George Washington on
Hermione in March 1780. On 11 June 1780, the French reinforced their naval presence with the arrival of the
Expédition Particulière, under Admiral
Ternay. Hermione stayed around Boston, carrying out reconnaissance for the squadron and engaging in
commerce raiding.
In June 1781 Hermione was attached to a frigate division under
Lapérouse, recently promoted to Captain after capturing
HMS Ariel, with his flag on
Astrée.[1] Both ships were light frigates, designed for speed,
coppered, and armed with 26
12-pounder long guns, a larger calibre than that carried by most privateers, but under-powered against larger naval ships. The two ships cruised off Pennsylvania, preying on British merchantmen, privateers, and smaller naval ships.
In the morning of 21 July, Astrée and Hermione detected a 20-ship convoy, with two corvettes or frigates detaching to investigate. The convoy, which consisted of 18 merchant vessels, including nine
colliers and four supply ships, was bound for
Spanish River on
Cape Breton Island to pick up
coal for delivery to
Halifax.[2][3] The escorts were the
frigateCharlestown (Charleston) (28), the
sloopsAllegiance (24) and
Vulture (20), the armed transport
Vernon (14), and Jack (14), a small armed ship commanded by Richard Peter Tonge.[4][2]
Action
As
Astrée and
Hermione approached the convoy,[3] four further escorts joined the two that were sailing to meet them, while the convoy tried to escape to Spanish River. Five of the British warships, Charlestown, Allegiance, Vernon, Vulture and Jack, formed a
line of battle.[5] Lapérouse maneuvered to try to prevent the convoy from escaping, and it was not until 1830 that Astrée came in cannon range and opened fire. The French had the advantage in gunnery, as the British had 9-pounder guns, less powerful than the French 12-pounders.[6]
Astrée concentrated her fire on the British flagship Charlestown, which sought support from the two ships preceding her, but Hermione then overtook Astrée and for 30 minutes she also fired broadsides into her. Charlestown stopped, but doing so she fell in Astrée' line of fire again, while Hermione was free to fire on Jack at point-blank range. Jackstruck her colours. Soon afterward, the maintop of Charlestown fell; with her captain dead, Charlestown also struck. [6]
By nightfall, the three remaining British warships were trying to escape, chased by Hermione. Astrée took possession of Jack and signaled Hermione to take possession of Charlestown, but by then Charlestown had established a
jury rigging and she escaped into the darkness under her first officer, Lieutenant Michael Cashman. Hermione and Astrée gave chase but failed to find her again, and by 2200 they abandoned the pursuit. [7]
Meanwhile, Captain
Rupert George of Vulture led the damaged escorts into a safe harbour.[8] While the British escort was severely damaged, the convoy was still able to pick up a load of coal at Spanish River and deliver it to Halifax.[2]
Six French and seventeen British sailors were killed in the action.[9]Hermione had three killed, six gravely wounded (three of whom died in the following days), and 13 lightly wounded; Astrée had three killed and 15 wounded. [7]Hermione had sustained a dozen hits, was holed in three places, and had suffered two fires during the action. [7]Charleston had 8 killed and 29 wounded; Allegiance, 1 killed and 5 wounded; Vulture, 1 killed and 2 wounded; and Vernon, 7 killed and 6 wounded, totaling 13 killed and 42 wounded on the British side.[10]
After effective temporary repairs, Astrée and Hermione returned to Boston, arriving on 17 August.[10]
Aftermath
Learning of their presence, the British scrambled three heavy frigates to intercept Astrée and Hermione, but the division did not meet and the French frigates returned safely to Boston. [10]
Captain Tonge and his crew were taken prisoner to Boston. The French sent Jack to Boston with a prize crew, as they had done with four other ships that they had captured in the previous days: the 18-gun corvette Thorn, captured on 12 July; [11] the 12-gun merchantman Friendship, captured on 17; the 8-gun merchantman Phoenix, captured on 18; and the merchantman Lockard Ross, taken on 19 July.[11] The British recaptured Friendship and Lockard Ross while in transit.
Jack was sold at Salem, only to be recaptured the following year in the
Naval battle off Halifax. (Captain Tonge later commanded the Little Jack, which after a brief skirmish with two American privateers in Canso, took American prisoners to Quebec.[12][13])
Lapérouse and Latouche were at first irritated by Charleston's escape, but expressed regrets when they learnt that Evans had died of his wound. Lapérouse called him "a very brave man". [10]
American privateers attacked British mining on Cape Breton throughout the war.[14]
Monaque, Rémi (2000). Les aventures de Louis-René de Latouche-Tréville, compagnon de La Fayette et commandant de l'Hermione (in French). Paris: SPM.
Roche, Jean-Michel (2005). Dictionnaire des bâtiments de la flotte de guerre française de Colbert à nos jours. Vol. 1. Group Retozel-Maury Millau.
ISBN978-2-9525917-0-6.