| The Paleolithic |
|---|
| ↑ Pliocene ( before Homo) |
| ↓ Mesolithic |
The Acheulo-Yabrudian complex is a complex of archaeological cultures in the Levant at the end of the Lower Palaeolithic. It follows the Acheulian and precedes the Mousterian. It is also called the Mugharan Tradition [1] or the Acheulo-Yabrudian Cultural Complex (AYCC). [2]
The Acheulo-Yabrudian complex has three stone-tool traditions, chronologically: the Acheulo-Yabrudian, the Yabrudian and the Pre- Aurignacian or Amudian. The Yabrudian tradition is dominated by thick scrapers shaped by steep Quina retouch; the Acheuleo-Yabrudian contains Yabrudian scrapers and handaxes; and the Pre-Aurignacian/Amudian is dominated by blades and blade-tools. [3]
Dating
Determining the age period for the Acheulo-Yabrudian has been difficult as its major excavations occurred in the 1930s and 1950s before modern radiometric dating. The recently excavated Qesem and Tabun caves, however, suggest the oldest period is about 350 kyr and the most recent 200 kyr. This would make the Lower–Middle Palaeolithic transition rapid occurring at 215,000 BP within a 30,000 year period. [4] Some date it earlier at 400,000-220,000 bp. [5]
Major sites
- Yabrud I in Syria
- Tabun Cave in the Mount Carmel range, Israel
- Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel
- Zuttiyeh Cave in Wadi Amud in Israel, the location of ‘ Galilee Man’
- Qesem Cave, the southernmost site yet found
See also
References
- ^ Jelinek, Arthur J (1990). Paul Mellars (ed.). The Emergence of Modern Humans: An Archaeological Perspective. Cornell University Press. pp. 81–90. ISBN 978-0-8014-2614-8. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
- ^ Falguères, C.; Richard, M.; Tombret, O.; Shao, Q.; Bahain, J.J.; Gopher, A.; Barkai, R. (2016). "New ESR/U-series dates in Yabrudian and Amudian layers at Qesem Cave, Israel". Quaternary International. 398: 6–12. Bibcode: 2016QuInt.398....6F. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.006. ISSN 1040-6182.
- ^ Malinsky-Buller, Ariel (2016). "The Muddle in the Middle Pleistocene: The Lower–Middle Paleolithic Transition from the Levantine Perspective". Journal of World Prehistory. 29 (1): 1–78. doi: 10.1007/s10963-016-9092-1. ISSN 0892-7537. S2CID 163849598.
- ^ Barkai, R.; Gopher, A.; Lauritzen, S. E.; Frumkin, A. (2003). "Uranium series dates from Qesem Cave, Israel, and the end of the Lower Palaeolithic". Nature. 423 (6943): 977–979. Bibcode: 2003Natur.423..977B. doi: 10.1038/nature01718. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 12827199. S2CID 4415446.
- ^ Shimelmitz, Ron; Kuhn, Steven L. (2017). "Shifting understandings of the Acheulo-Yabrudian complex and the Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition at Tabun Cave". In Otte, Marcel (ed.). Vocation préhistoire. Hommage á Jean-Marie Le Tensorer. ERAUL. pp. 343–353. ISBN 978-2-930495-34-7.
| The Paleolithic |
|---|
| ↑ Pliocene ( before Homo) |
| ↓ Mesolithic |
The Acheulo-Yabrudian complex is a complex of archaeological cultures in the Levant at the end of the Lower Palaeolithic. It follows the Acheulian and precedes the Mousterian. It is also called the Mugharan Tradition [1] or the Acheulo-Yabrudian Cultural Complex (AYCC). [2]
The Acheulo-Yabrudian complex has three stone-tool traditions, chronologically: the Acheulo-Yabrudian, the Yabrudian and the Pre- Aurignacian or Amudian. The Yabrudian tradition is dominated by thick scrapers shaped by steep Quina retouch; the Acheuleo-Yabrudian contains Yabrudian scrapers and handaxes; and the Pre-Aurignacian/Amudian is dominated by blades and blade-tools. [3]
Dating
Determining the age period for the Acheulo-Yabrudian has been difficult as its major excavations occurred in the 1930s and 1950s before modern radiometric dating. The recently excavated Qesem and Tabun caves, however, suggest the oldest period is about 350 kyr and the most recent 200 kyr. This would make the Lower–Middle Palaeolithic transition rapid occurring at 215,000 BP within a 30,000 year period. [4] Some date it earlier at 400,000-220,000 bp. [5]
Major sites
- Yabrud I in Syria
- Tabun Cave in the Mount Carmel range, Israel
- Misliya Cave, Mount Carmel, Israel
- Zuttiyeh Cave in Wadi Amud in Israel, the location of ‘ Galilee Man’
- Qesem Cave, the southernmost site yet found
See also
References
- ^ Jelinek, Arthur J (1990). Paul Mellars (ed.). The Emergence of Modern Humans: An Archaeological Perspective. Cornell University Press. pp. 81–90. ISBN 978-0-8014-2614-8. Retrieved 13 September 2017.
- ^ Falguères, C.; Richard, M.; Tombret, O.; Shao, Q.; Bahain, J.J.; Gopher, A.; Barkai, R. (2016). "New ESR/U-series dates in Yabrudian and Amudian layers at Qesem Cave, Israel". Quaternary International. 398: 6–12. Bibcode: 2016QuInt.398....6F. doi: 10.1016/j.quaint.2015.02.006. ISSN 1040-6182.
- ^ Malinsky-Buller, Ariel (2016). "The Muddle in the Middle Pleistocene: The Lower–Middle Paleolithic Transition from the Levantine Perspective". Journal of World Prehistory. 29 (1): 1–78. doi: 10.1007/s10963-016-9092-1. ISSN 0892-7537. S2CID 163849598.
- ^ Barkai, R.; Gopher, A.; Lauritzen, S. E.; Frumkin, A. (2003). "Uranium series dates from Qesem Cave, Israel, and the end of the Lower Palaeolithic". Nature. 423 (6943): 977–979. Bibcode: 2003Natur.423..977B. doi: 10.1038/nature01718. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 12827199. S2CID 4415446.
- ^ Shimelmitz, Ron; Kuhn, Steven L. (2017). "Shifting understandings of the Acheulo-Yabrudian complex and the Lower to Middle Paleolithic transition at Tabun Cave". In Otte, Marcel (ed.). Vocation préhistoire. Hommage á Jean-Marie Le Tensorer. ERAUL. pp. 343–353. ISBN 978-2-930495-34-7.