Concerned that
Hamilcar Barca's leniency in pardoning those who he has captured who have participated in the
Mercenary War will encourage others to defect,
Mathos and
Spendius order the mutilation and execution of "about seven hundred"
Carthaginian prisoners, including Gesco. With the mercenaries jointly guilty of these atrocities, defectors dare not face Carthaginian justice under Hamilcar.
Carthage is besieged by the mercenary armies, while the city of
Utica revolts and attempts to secede from Carthage. Carthage appeals to
Hiero II of Syracuse and to
Rome for aid against the mercenaries. However, the mercenary leaders reject the efforts of Roman mediators.
Sardinia revolts against Carthage and Rome takes the opportunity to annex the island.
Seleucus II's brother
Antiochus Hierax, who is governor of Seleucid
Anatolia, sends an army into
Syria ostensibly to assist Seleucus but actually to seize the rest of the empire. After achieving peace with
Egypt, Seleucus II promptly invades Anatolia and begins the "War of the Brothers".
Cheng Jiao, the half-brother of
Ying Zheng, the king of
Qin, is sent to attack the
State of Zhao, but he attempts to usurp power and is defeated and executed.
Qin Prime Minister
Lü Buwei publishes the "Spring and Autumn Annals of Lü Buwei" (Lüshi Chunqiu).[1]
Rough date: The
Zhao general Pang Nuan captures the
Qi city of Rao'an and the
Yan cities of Li and Yangcheng.[2]
Korea
Haemosu, who is a descendant of the people of the empire of Gojoseon, establishes the ancient kingdom of
Bukbuyeo in modern-day
Jilin, northeast China.
Hamilcar Barca strikes at the supply lines of the mercenary army besieging
Carthage, forcing them to cease the siege of the city. He then fights a series of running engagements with the mercenary armies, keeping them off balance. Hamilcar manages to force the mercenary armies into a box canyon in the
Battle of "The Saw". The mercenaries are besieged in the canyon.
The mercenary army, under the leadership of
Spendius, attempts to fight its way out of the siege but is totally defeated by the Carthaginian forces led by Hamilcar Barca. After the battle, Hamilcar executes some 40,000 rebel mercenaries.
Hamilcar's armies capture a number of rebel Libyan cities. The Libyan settlements that have rebelled surrender to Carthage, with the exception of
Utica and Hippacritae.
Hamilcar and another Carthaginian general,
Hannibal, besiege Mathos' mercenary army at
Tunis and crucify the captured mercenary leaders in sight of the mercenary battlements.
Mathos exploits a weakness in Hannibal's defenses and launches an attack against his army, capturing Hannibal and several other high ranking Carthaginians. The mercenaries then crucify the captured Carthaginian leaders.
Carthaginian reinforcements led by
Hanno the Great join the battle. They defeat Mathos' mercenary forces and Mathos is captured.
The Carthaginian armies besiege and capture Utica and Hippacritae. This ends the Carthaginian civil war.
The
Romans declare war on the Carthaginians over which state controls
Sardinia. However, Carthage defers to Rome rather than enter yet another war and gives up any claim to Sardinia.
Egypt
The
Decree of Canopus, also called "Table of Tanis", is a memorial stone promulgated by an assemblage of priests in honour of
Ptolemy III Euergetes and his consort
Berenice. The decree, written in
Greek,
demotic, and
hieroglyphs is an ancient bilingual
Egyptian decree that provides a key for deciphering hieroglyphic and the simpler demotic scripts.
Hamilcar Barca's success in defeating the mercenaries results in a growth in his strength as leader of
Carthage's popular party and support for his proposed invasion of the
Iberian Peninsula. However, as spokesman for the
landed nobility,
Hanno opposes the policy of foreign conquest pursued by Hamilcar Barca.
Nevertheless, Hamilcar Barca leads a Carthaginian army in an invasion of the Iberian Peninsula with the aim of building a base from which war with
Rome can be renewed. By skillful generalship and able diplomacy, Hamilcar extends Carthaginian dominion over many Spanish tribes.
The Qin official and philosopher
Li Si persuades the king,
Ying Zheng, not to expel foreign officers with his "Petition against the Expulsion of Guest Officers" (Jianzhuke Shu).
Antiochus Hierax, supported by his mother
Laodice I, allies himself with the
Galatians (
Celts) and two other states that are traditional foes of the
Seleucid kingdom. With the aid of these forces, he inflicts a crushing defeat on his older brother
Seleucus II's army at
Ancyra in
Anatolia. Seleucus leaves the country beyond the
Taurus Mountains to his brother and the other powers of the peninsula.
King
Ying Zheng of the
State of Qin begins a series of campaigns against the
State of Zhao that will end with Zhao's conquest in 228 BC. The Qin generals
Huan Yi and
Wang Jian seize nine cities in the Yecheng region.
The
ephor, Lysander, claims to have seen a sign from the gods against King
Leonidas II of
Sparta so Leonidas flees to avoid his trial. In his absence Leonidas is deposed from the throne and replaced by his son-in-law
Cleomenes III.
China
The exile
Lü Buwei, facing the suspicion of
Ying Zheng, commits suicide.
The Seleucid king
Seleucus II Callinicus undertakes an expedition into the interior of
Iran to try to regain
Parthia, but his efforts come to nothing. According to some sources, he is even taken prisoner for several years by the Parthian king,
Arsaces I. Other sources mention that he establishes a peace with Arsaces I by recognising his sovereignty over Parthia.
Despite the opposition of the
Roman Senate and of his own father, the
Roman political leader
Gaius Flaminius wins the passage of a measure to distribute land among the plebeians. The Romans decide to parcel out land north of Rome (the Ager Gallicus) into small holdings for its poorer citizens whose farms have fallen into ruin during the
First Punic War.
China
The king of
Qin,
Ying Zheng, invites Prince
Han Fei, a legalist philosopher and member of the
Han royal family, to the Qin court. However, at the instigation of
Li Si, he then has him imprisoned and executed as a threat to the state.
The
Zhao general
Li Mu defeats the Qin army in the Battle of Fanwu.
By topic
Philosophy
Following the death of his mentor,
Cleanthes of
Assos,
Chrysippus of Soli succeeds him as the third head of the
Stoic school. The many writings of Chrysippus, about the Stoic doctrines, will later earn him the title of Second Founder of
Stoicism.
Demetrius II, king of
Macedonia, seeks military help from
Agron, king of
Illyria, a loosely organized state on the
Adriatic coast north of
Epirus, against the advancing
Aetolians. The Illyrian army routs the Aetolians and returns home as the victor.
The city of
Pergamum is attacked by the
Galatians (
Celts who have settled in central
Anatolia) because the leader of Pergamum,
Attalus I Soter, has refused to pay them the customary tribute. Attalus crushes his enemy in a battle outside the walls of his city and to mark the success he takes the title of king and the name Soter.
Greece
King
Agron of
Illyria dies.
Pinnes, the son of Agron and Agron's first wife
Triteuta, officially succeeds his father as king, but the kingdom is effectively ruled by Agron's second wife, Queen
Teuta (Tefta), who expels the Greeks from the Illyrian coast and then launches Illyrian pirate ships into the
Ionian Sea, preying on Roman shipping. She continues her husband's policy of attacking cities on the west coast of
Greece and practising large-scale piracy in the
Adriatic and Ionian Seas.[8]
Roman Republic
With
Roman merchants being killed by the Illyrian pirates, envoys are sent by Rome to Illyria. After the Roman ambassador
lucius Coruncanius and the
Issaean ambassador
Cleemporus are murdered at sea by Illyrian soldiers after causing offence to Queen Teuta, Roman forces occupy the island of
Corcyra with the aim of humbling Teuta.
^Scullard, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII, part 2, pp. 566–568.
^Bodde, Derk (1987), "The State and Empire of Qin", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 27,
ISBN0-521-24327-0.
Concerned that
Hamilcar Barca's leniency in pardoning those who he has captured who have participated in the
Mercenary War will encourage others to defect,
Mathos and
Spendius order the mutilation and execution of "about seven hundred"
Carthaginian prisoners, including Gesco. With the mercenaries jointly guilty of these atrocities, defectors dare not face Carthaginian justice under Hamilcar.
Carthage is besieged by the mercenary armies, while the city of
Utica revolts and attempts to secede from Carthage. Carthage appeals to
Hiero II of Syracuse and to
Rome for aid against the mercenaries. However, the mercenary leaders reject the efforts of Roman mediators.
Sardinia revolts against Carthage and Rome takes the opportunity to annex the island.
Seleucus II's brother
Antiochus Hierax, who is governor of Seleucid
Anatolia, sends an army into
Syria ostensibly to assist Seleucus but actually to seize the rest of the empire. After achieving peace with
Egypt, Seleucus II promptly invades Anatolia and begins the "War of the Brothers".
Cheng Jiao, the half-brother of
Ying Zheng, the king of
Qin, is sent to attack the
State of Zhao, but he attempts to usurp power and is defeated and executed.
Qin Prime Minister
Lü Buwei publishes the "Spring and Autumn Annals of Lü Buwei" (Lüshi Chunqiu).[1]
Rough date: The
Zhao general Pang Nuan captures the
Qi city of Rao'an and the
Yan cities of Li and Yangcheng.[2]
Korea
Haemosu, who is a descendant of the people of the empire of Gojoseon, establishes the ancient kingdom of
Bukbuyeo in modern-day
Jilin, northeast China.
Hamilcar Barca strikes at the supply lines of the mercenary army besieging
Carthage, forcing them to cease the siege of the city. He then fights a series of running engagements with the mercenary armies, keeping them off balance. Hamilcar manages to force the mercenary armies into a box canyon in the
Battle of "The Saw". The mercenaries are besieged in the canyon.
The mercenary army, under the leadership of
Spendius, attempts to fight its way out of the siege but is totally defeated by the Carthaginian forces led by Hamilcar Barca. After the battle, Hamilcar executes some 40,000 rebel mercenaries.
Hamilcar's armies capture a number of rebel Libyan cities. The Libyan settlements that have rebelled surrender to Carthage, with the exception of
Utica and Hippacritae.
Hamilcar and another Carthaginian general,
Hannibal, besiege Mathos' mercenary army at
Tunis and crucify the captured mercenary leaders in sight of the mercenary battlements.
Mathos exploits a weakness in Hannibal's defenses and launches an attack against his army, capturing Hannibal and several other high ranking Carthaginians. The mercenaries then crucify the captured Carthaginian leaders.
Carthaginian reinforcements led by
Hanno the Great join the battle. They defeat Mathos' mercenary forces and Mathos is captured.
The Carthaginian armies besiege and capture Utica and Hippacritae. This ends the Carthaginian civil war.
The
Romans declare war on the Carthaginians over which state controls
Sardinia. However, Carthage defers to Rome rather than enter yet another war and gives up any claim to Sardinia.
Egypt
The
Decree of Canopus, also called "Table of Tanis", is a memorial stone promulgated by an assemblage of priests in honour of
Ptolemy III Euergetes and his consort
Berenice. The decree, written in
Greek,
demotic, and
hieroglyphs is an ancient bilingual
Egyptian decree that provides a key for deciphering hieroglyphic and the simpler demotic scripts.
Hamilcar Barca's success in defeating the mercenaries results in a growth in his strength as leader of
Carthage's popular party and support for his proposed invasion of the
Iberian Peninsula. However, as spokesman for the
landed nobility,
Hanno opposes the policy of foreign conquest pursued by Hamilcar Barca.
Nevertheless, Hamilcar Barca leads a Carthaginian army in an invasion of the Iberian Peninsula with the aim of building a base from which war with
Rome can be renewed. By skillful generalship and able diplomacy, Hamilcar extends Carthaginian dominion over many Spanish tribes.
The Qin official and philosopher
Li Si persuades the king,
Ying Zheng, not to expel foreign officers with his "Petition against the Expulsion of Guest Officers" (Jianzhuke Shu).
Antiochus Hierax, supported by his mother
Laodice I, allies himself with the
Galatians (
Celts) and two other states that are traditional foes of the
Seleucid kingdom. With the aid of these forces, he inflicts a crushing defeat on his older brother
Seleucus II's army at
Ancyra in
Anatolia. Seleucus leaves the country beyond the
Taurus Mountains to his brother and the other powers of the peninsula.
King
Ying Zheng of the
State of Qin begins a series of campaigns against the
State of Zhao that will end with Zhao's conquest in 228 BC. The Qin generals
Huan Yi and
Wang Jian seize nine cities in the Yecheng region.
The
ephor, Lysander, claims to have seen a sign from the gods against King
Leonidas II of
Sparta so Leonidas flees to avoid his trial. In his absence Leonidas is deposed from the throne and replaced by his son-in-law
Cleomenes III.
China
The exile
Lü Buwei, facing the suspicion of
Ying Zheng, commits suicide.
The Seleucid king
Seleucus II Callinicus undertakes an expedition into the interior of
Iran to try to regain
Parthia, but his efforts come to nothing. According to some sources, he is even taken prisoner for several years by the Parthian king,
Arsaces I. Other sources mention that he establishes a peace with Arsaces I by recognising his sovereignty over Parthia.
Despite the opposition of the
Roman Senate and of his own father, the
Roman political leader
Gaius Flaminius wins the passage of a measure to distribute land among the plebeians. The Romans decide to parcel out land north of Rome (the Ager Gallicus) into small holdings for its poorer citizens whose farms have fallen into ruin during the
First Punic War.
China
The king of
Qin,
Ying Zheng, invites Prince
Han Fei, a legalist philosopher and member of the
Han royal family, to the Qin court. However, at the instigation of
Li Si, he then has him imprisoned and executed as a threat to the state.
The
Zhao general
Li Mu defeats the Qin army in the Battle of Fanwu.
By topic
Philosophy
Following the death of his mentor,
Cleanthes of
Assos,
Chrysippus of Soli succeeds him as the third head of the
Stoic school. The many writings of Chrysippus, about the Stoic doctrines, will later earn him the title of Second Founder of
Stoicism.
Demetrius II, king of
Macedonia, seeks military help from
Agron, king of
Illyria, a loosely organized state on the
Adriatic coast north of
Epirus, against the advancing
Aetolians. The Illyrian army routs the Aetolians and returns home as the victor.
The city of
Pergamum is attacked by the
Galatians (
Celts who have settled in central
Anatolia) because the leader of Pergamum,
Attalus I Soter, has refused to pay them the customary tribute. Attalus crushes his enemy in a battle outside the walls of his city and to mark the success he takes the title of king and the name Soter.
Greece
King
Agron of
Illyria dies.
Pinnes, the son of Agron and Agron's first wife
Triteuta, officially succeeds his father as king, but the kingdom is effectively ruled by Agron's second wife, Queen
Teuta (Tefta), who expels the Greeks from the Illyrian coast and then launches Illyrian pirate ships into the
Ionian Sea, preying on Roman shipping. She continues her husband's policy of attacking cities on the west coast of
Greece and practising large-scale piracy in the
Adriatic and Ionian Seas.[8]
Roman Republic
With
Roman merchants being killed by the Illyrian pirates, envoys are sent by Rome to Illyria. After the Roman ambassador
lucius Coruncanius and the
Issaean ambassador
Cleemporus are murdered at sea by Illyrian soldiers after causing offence to Queen Teuta, Roman forces occupy the island of
Corcyra with the aim of humbling Teuta.
^Scullard, Cambridge Ancient History, vol. VII, part 2, pp. 566–568.
^Bodde, Derk (1987), "The State and Empire of Qin", in Twitchett, Denis; Loewe, Michael (eds.), The Cambridge History of China, vol. I: the Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 BC – AD 220, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 27,
ISBN0-521-24327-0.