The Roman law, Lex Porcia, is proposed by the tribune P. Porcius Laeca to give Roman citizens in Italy and provinces the right of appeal in capital cases.
After his election to the
consulship,
Titus Quinctius Flamininus is chosen to replace
Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus as the leading
Roman general in
Macedonia. He then crosses into Macedonia with his army. Flamininus realizes that future peace depends on breaking the power of king
Philip V of Macedon, not merely humbling him. He secures the backing of the
Achaean League and then opens peace negotiations with Philip at Nicaea in Locris. Though peace proposals are submitted to the
Roman Senate, the talks break down, and fighting resumes.
Titus Quinctius Flamininus' forces manage to push Philip V out of most of
Greece, except for a few fortresses. He then defeats Philip V in the
Battle of the Aous, near modern
Tepelenë in
Albania.
Seleucid Empire
The
Battle of Panium is fought between
Seleucid forces led by
Antiochus III and
Ptolemaic forces led by Scopas of
Aetolia. The Seleucids win the battle which allows Antiochus III to obtain entire possession of
Palestine and
Coele-Syria from King
Ptolemy V of
Egypt. Though the Romans send ambassadors to Ptolemy V, they are unable to lend him any serious assistance against Antiochus III.
In the resulting peace, Antiochus III agrees to give his daughter
Cleopatra in marriage to Ptolemy V.
China
Following the defeat of the
Han at the hands of
Modu Chanyu of the
Xiongnu at
Baideng in
200 BC, courtier
Liu Jing (劉敬) is dispatched by Han emperor
Gaozu for negotiations. The peace settlement eventually reached between the parties includes a Han princess given in marriage to the chanyu (called
heqin 和親 or "harmonious kinship"); periodic tribute of
silk,
liquor and
rice to the Xiongnu; equal status between the states; and the
Great Wall as mutual border. This treaty sets the pattern for relations between the Han and the Xiongnu for some sixty years.
Antiochus III occupies parts of the kingdom of Pergamum and a number of Greek cities in
Anatolia.
Egypt
The
Egyptian King,
Ptolemy V, fights rebels in the
Nile Delta, exhibiting great cruelty toward those of their leaders who capitulate.
Greece
The
Spartan ruler,
Nabis, acquires the important city of
Argos from
Philip V of Macedon, as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians. Nabis then defects to the
Romans in the expectation of being able to hold on to his conquest.
The
Battle of Cynoscephalae in
Thessaly gives a Roman army under proconsul
Titus Quinctius Flamininus a decisive victory over Philip V of Macedon. In the
Treaty of Tempe, the terms of the peace proposed by the Roman general and adopted by the
Roman Senate specify that Philip V can retain his throne and control of Macedonia, but he has to abandon all the Greek cities he has conquered. Philip also has to provide to the Romans 1,000
talents as
indemnity, surrender most of his fleet and provide hostages, including his younger son, Demetrius, who is to be held in Rome. The
Aetolians propose that Philip V be ejected from his throne but Flamininus opposes this.
The volcanic island of
Hiera emerges from under the sea near
Thera.
A new category of Roman priests, the
tresviri epulones, are elected to supervise the feasts of the gods; the first three men selected are Gaius Licinius Lucullus, Publius Manlius, and Publius Porcius Laeca.
At the
Isthmian Games at
Corinth, the Roman proconsul
Titus Quinctius Flamininus proclaims that all Greeks are to be free and governed by their own laws. For this deed he is hailed in many Greek cities as a saviour and accorded homage alongside the gods.
The
Rosetta Stone is created. This stone is a
Ptolemaic era
stele written with the same text in two
Egyptian language scripts (
hieroglyphic and
demotic) and in classical Greek. The translation of the Greek passage reveals that the inscription is a royal
edict recording the benefits conferred on Egypt by the pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes at the time of his
coronation. This stone will provide the key to the hieroglyphic, or
pictographic writing, of ancient Egypt and the decree on it reveals the increasing influence of Egyptian natives, remitted debts and taxes, released prisoners, pardoned rebels who have surrendered, and granted increased benefactions to the temples.
Seleucid Empire
Antiochus III's army crosses the
Hellespont into
Thrace, where he claims sovereignty over territory that has been won by
Seleucus I in
281 BC. A war of harassment and diplomacy with Rome ensues. The Romans send ambassadors demanding that Antiochus stay out of Greece and set free all the autonomous communities in
Anatolia. To meet these demands would mean Antiochus III giving up the western part of his
Seleucid Empire. Thus Antiochus refuses the Romans' demands.
China
Empress Lü and Prime Minister
Xiao He of the
Han dynasty have the former General-in-Chief
Han Xin executed, suspecting that he was planning a rebellion in cooperation with the rebel
Chen Xi.
A Han army defeats a raid on the northern frontier by the rogue
Xin of Han. Xin is killed in battle.
Gaozu deposes the king of
Liang,
Peng Yue, on suspicion of conspiracy. He is then executed on the orders of Empress Lü.
The king of
Huainan,
Ying Bu, fearing execution, rebels against the Han dynasty. Gaozu and Cao Shen crush the rebellion but Gaozu is wounded by an arrow, and his health subsequently deteriorates.
Increasingly paranoid, Gaozu briefly arrests Prime Minister Xiao He but is persuaded to release him.
Gaozu sends
Zhao Tuo, the king of
Nanyue in present-day Vietnam and southern China, a seal recognizing his rulership in return for his nominal submission to the Han. Zhao Tuo accepts his vassal status.[3]
Because of his administrative and constitutional reforms in
Carthage,
Hannibal becomes unpopular with an important faction of the Carthaginian nobility and he is denounced to the
Romans for inciting the
Seleucid king
Antiochus III to take up arms against the Romans. Rome demands that Carthage surrender Hannibal. However, Hannibal voluntarily goes into exile.
Seleucid Empire
Tensions between Antiochus III and Rome increase when Hannibal is given refuge by Antiochus III at
Ephesus and becomes his adviser.
After Roman diplomatic intervention, Antiochus III finally halts his war with
Egypt. In the peace agreement (the Peace of Lysimachia), Antiochus III formally takes possession of southern
Syria, which has been fought over for 100 years by the
Ptolemies and Seleucids, and also takes possession of the Egyptian territories in
Anatolia.
Roman Republic
A Spanish revolt against Roman consolidation of the ex-Carthaginian colonies is effectively put down by
Marcus Porcius Cato ("the Censor"). He avoids one defeat by paying the
Celtiberians 200
talents (around 120,000
denarii), a much-criticised tactic. On Cato's return to Rome,
Aemilius Paulus succeeds him as Roman governor in
Spain.
The Roman sumptuary law, the
Lex Oppia, which restricts not only a woman's wealth, but also her display of wealth, is repealed despite
consulMarcus Porcius Cato's strong opposition.
Greece
The
Battle of Gythium is fought between
Sparta and a coalition of Rome,
Rhodes, the
Achaean League and
Pergamum. As the port of
Gythium is an important Spartan base, the allies decide to capture it before they advance inland to Sparta. The Romans and the Acheans are joined outside the city by the Pergamese and Rhodian fleets. The Spartans hold out; however, the proconsul
Titus Quinctius Flamininus arrives with 4,000 extra men. Facing too great an army, the Spartans decide to surrender the city on the condition that the garrison can leave unharmed. As a result,
Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta, is forced to abandon the surrounding land and withdraw to the city of Sparta. Later that year, Sparta capitulates to the allies.
Gaozu sends general
Fan Kuai to seek out Lu Wan but then arrests the general on suspicion of planning to murder
Consort Qi and her son to Gaozu,
Liu Ruyi. Gaozu dies soon after, and Fan's sister-in-law
Empress Lü orders his release.[4]
Chang'an, the capital of
China, is thought to become the largest city in the world at this time, taking over from
Pataliputra, the capital of the
Mauryan empire.[5]
With the Roman legions under Flaminius returning to
Italy, the Greek states are once again on their own. The Romans leave the dominant powers in the region; the kingdom of
Macedonia, the
Aetolians, the strengthened
Achaean League and the weakened Sparta. The Aetolians, who have opposed the Roman intervention in Greek affairs, incite the Spartan leader,
Nabis, to retake his former territories and regain his influence in Greek affairs.
Seleucid Empire
With his peace agreement with the
Egyptians in place,
Antiochus III now turns his attention to the West. He is encouraged to challenge Rome's protection of the Greeks by his advisor, the former
Carthaginian general
Hannibal.
The
Battle of Mutina is fought near
Modena, between the Romans and the
Gauls. The Romans are victorious in the battle which effectively ends the threat of the Gauls in Italy.
The Italian towns of
Liternum and
Puteoli become Roman colonies.
China
The construction of the first city wall of
Chang'an begins.
Flamininus is sent to negotiate with Antiochus III and warns him not to interfere with the Greek states. Antiochus does not accept that Flamininus has the authority to speak for the Greeks and promises to leave Greece alone only if the Romans do the same.
Flamininus attempts to rally the Greeks against Antiochus III and to counter the pro-Seleucid policy of the
Aetolians. When the Aetolians call on Antiochus III for aid, Flamininus persuades the
Achaean League to declare war on both parties. He also prevents
Philopoemen from taking
Sparta.
In the meantime, the Spartan ruler,
Nabis, moves to recover lost territory, including
Gythium.
The
Achaeans respond to
Sparta's renewed interest in recovering lost territory by sending an envoy to
Rome with a request for help. In response, the
Roman Senate sends the
praetor Atilius with a navy, as well as an embassy headed by
Titus Quinctius Flamininus.
Not waiting for the Roman fleet to arrive, the Achaean army and navy head towards
Gythium under the command of
Philopoemen. The Achaean fleet under Tiso is defeated by the Spartan fleet. On land, the Achaeans are unable to defeat the Spartan forces outside Gythium and Philopoemen retreats to
Tegea.
When Philopoemen reenters
Laconia for a second attempt, his forces are ambushed by the Spartan
tyrant,
Nabis, but nevertheless Philopoemen manages to gain a victory over the Spartan forces.
Philopoemen's plans for capturing Sparta itself are put on hold at the request of the Roman envoy Flaminius after his arrival in Greece. In return, Nabis decides, for the moment, to accept the status quo.
Nabis then appeals to the
Aetolians for help. They send 1,000 cavalry under the command of
Alexamenus to Sparta. However, the Aetolians murder Nabis and temporarily occupy Sparta. The Aetolian troops seize the palace and set about looting the city, but the inhabitants of Sparta are able to rally and force them leave the city. Philopoemen, however, takes advantage of the Aetolian treachery and enters Sparta with his Achaean army. Now in full control of Sparta, Philopoemen forces Sparta to become a member state of the
Achaean League.
Seleucid forces under their king,
Antiochus III, invade Greece at the invitation of the
Aetolian League, who are revolting against the Romans. The Aetolians appoint him commander in chief of their league. Antiochus lands in
Demetrias,
Thessaly with only 10,500 men and occupies
Euboea. However, he finds little support for his cause in central Greece.
Manius Acilius Glabrio then turns his attention to the
Aetolian League, which has persuaded Antiochus to declare war against Rome, and is only prevented from crushing them by the intercession of
Titus Quinctius Flamininus.
The
Carthaginians manage to collect the
indemnity due to Rome (through the peace treaty signed between them ten years earlier) but not payable in full for 50 years. The Romans, in order to keep their hold on Carthage, refuse to accept the early payment of the indemnity.
Parthia
Arsaces II, king of
Parthia, is considered to have been murdered on the orders of Antiochus III. Arsaces is succeeded by his cousin
Phriapatius.
Subsequently, the naval
Battle of Myonessus is fought between a Seleucid fleet and a Roman fleet with the help of Rhodian ships. The Romans and their allies are victorious.
As
Philip V of Macedon has aided Rome against her enemies on the Greek peninsula, his
tribute to Rome is remitted and his son, Demetrius, is restored to him after being held hostage in Rome for a number of years.
With the increasingly real threat to his Empire from the Romans,
Antiochus III is eager to negotiate on the basis of Rome's previous demands, but the Romans insist that he first give up the region west of the
Taurus Mountains. When Antiochus refuses, the
Battle of Magnesia is fought near
Magnesia ad Sipylum, on the plains of
Lydia in
Anatolia, between the Romans, led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio and his brother, Scipio Africanus, with their ally Eumenes II of Pergamum, and the army of Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire. The resulting decisive Roman victory ends the conflict with the Seleucids for the control of
Greece.
For assisting the Romans in defeating Antiochus III, Eumenes II of Pergamum is rewarded with a great increase in territory. He is given control over the
Thracian Chersonese (the modern
Gallipoli peninsula) and over most of the former Seleucid possessions in
Anatolia.
Mithridates I (or Mithradates), "Great King" of
Parthia from about
171 BC who turned Parthia into a major political power and expanded the empire westward into
Mesopotamia (d.
138 BC)
Attalus I Soter, ruler of
Pergamum from
241 BC, who has taken on the title of king after about
230 BC. Through his military and diplomatic skills, he has created a powerful kingdom in
Anatolia (b.
269 BC)
Apollonius of Perga, Greek mathematician, geometer and astronomer of the
Alexandrian school, known by his contemporaries as "The Great Geometer", whose treatise "Conics" is one of the greatest scientific works from the ancient world (b. c.
262 BC)
References
^Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1951). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association. p.327
^Stambaugh, John E. (1988). The Ancient Roman City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 29.
ISBN0-8018-3574-7.
^Hung, Hing Ming (2011). The Road to the Throne: How Liu Bang Founded China's Han Dynasty. pp. 186–219.
ISBN978-0875868387.
^Hung, Hing Ming (2011). The Road to the Throne: How Liu Bang Founded China's Han Dynasty. pp. 219–225.
ISBN978-0875868387.
The Roman law, Lex Porcia, is proposed by the tribune P. Porcius Laeca to give Roman citizens in Italy and provinces the right of appeal in capital cases.
After his election to the
consulship,
Titus Quinctius Flamininus is chosen to replace
Publius Sulpicius Galba Maximus as the leading
Roman general in
Macedonia. He then crosses into Macedonia with his army. Flamininus realizes that future peace depends on breaking the power of king
Philip V of Macedon, not merely humbling him. He secures the backing of the
Achaean League and then opens peace negotiations with Philip at Nicaea in Locris. Though peace proposals are submitted to the
Roman Senate, the talks break down, and fighting resumes.
Titus Quinctius Flamininus' forces manage to push Philip V out of most of
Greece, except for a few fortresses. He then defeats Philip V in the
Battle of the Aous, near modern
Tepelenë in
Albania.
Seleucid Empire
The
Battle of Panium is fought between
Seleucid forces led by
Antiochus III and
Ptolemaic forces led by Scopas of
Aetolia. The Seleucids win the battle which allows Antiochus III to obtain entire possession of
Palestine and
Coele-Syria from King
Ptolemy V of
Egypt. Though the Romans send ambassadors to Ptolemy V, they are unable to lend him any serious assistance against Antiochus III.
In the resulting peace, Antiochus III agrees to give his daughter
Cleopatra in marriage to Ptolemy V.
China
Following the defeat of the
Han at the hands of
Modu Chanyu of the
Xiongnu at
Baideng in
200 BC, courtier
Liu Jing (劉敬) is dispatched by Han emperor
Gaozu for negotiations. The peace settlement eventually reached between the parties includes a Han princess given in marriage to the chanyu (called
heqin 和親 or "harmonious kinship"); periodic tribute of
silk,
liquor and
rice to the Xiongnu; equal status between the states; and the
Great Wall as mutual border. This treaty sets the pattern for relations between the Han and the Xiongnu for some sixty years.
Antiochus III occupies parts of the kingdom of Pergamum and a number of Greek cities in
Anatolia.
Egypt
The
Egyptian King,
Ptolemy V, fights rebels in the
Nile Delta, exhibiting great cruelty toward those of their leaders who capitulate.
Greece
The
Spartan ruler,
Nabis, acquires the important city of
Argos from
Philip V of Macedon, as the price of his alliance with the Macedonians. Nabis then defects to the
Romans in the expectation of being able to hold on to his conquest.
The
Battle of Cynoscephalae in
Thessaly gives a Roman army under proconsul
Titus Quinctius Flamininus a decisive victory over Philip V of Macedon. In the
Treaty of Tempe, the terms of the peace proposed by the Roman general and adopted by the
Roman Senate specify that Philip V can retain his throne and control of Macedonia, but he has to abandon all the Greek cities he has conquered. Philip also has to provide to the Romans 1,000
talents as
indemnity, surrender most of his fleet and provide hostages, including his younger son, Demetrius, who is to be held in Rome. The
Aetolians propose that Philip V be ejected from his throne but Flamininus opposes this.
The volcanic island of
Hiera emerges from under the sea near
Thera.
A new category of Roman priests, the
tresviri epulones, are elected to supervise the feasts of the gods; the first three men selected are Gaius Licinius Lucullus, Publius Manlius, and Publius Porcius Laeca.
At the
Isthmian Games at
Corinth, the Roman proconsul
Titus Quinctius Flamininus proclaims that all Greeks are to be free and governed by their own laws. For this deed he is hailed in many Greek cities as a saviour and accorded homage alongside the gods.
The
Rosetta Stone is created. This stone is a
Ptolemaic era
stele written with the same text in two
Egyptian language scripts (
hieroglyphic and
demotic) and in classical Greek. The translation of the Greek passage reveals that the inscription is a royal
edict recording the benefits conferred on Egypt by the pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes at the time of his
coronation. This stone will provide the key to the hieroglyphic, or
pictographic writing, of ancient Egypt and the decree on it reveals the increasing influence of Egyptian natives, remitted debts and taxes, released prisoners, pardoned rebels who have surrendered, and granted increased benefactions to the temples.
Seleucid Empire
Antiochus III's army crosses the
Hellespont into
Thrace, where he claims sovereignty over territory that has been won by
Seleucus I in
281 BC. A war of harassment and diplomacy with Rome ensues. The Romans send ambassadors demanding that Antiochus stay out of Greece and set free all the autonomous communities in
Anatolia. To meet these demands would mean Antiochus III giving up the western part of his
Seleucid Empire. Thus Antiochus refuses the Romans' demands.
China
Empress Lü and Prime Minister
Xiao He of the
Han dynasty have the former General-in-Chief
Han Xin executed, suspecting that he was planning a rebellion in cooperation with the rebel
Chen Xi.
A Han army defeats a raid on the northern frontier by the rogue
Xin of Han. Xin is killed in battle.
Gaozu deposes the king of
Liang,
Peng Yue, on suspicion of conspiracy. He is then executed on the orders of Empress Lü.
The king of
Huainan,
Ying Bu, fearing execution, rebels against the Han dynasty. Gaozu and Cao Shen crush the rebellion but Gaozu is wounded by an arrow, and his health subsequently deteriorates.
Increasingly paranoid, Gaozu briefly arrests Prime Minister Xiao He but is persuaded to release him.
Gaozu sends
Zhao Tuo, the king of
Nanyue in present-day Vietnam and southern China, a seal recognizing his rulership in return for his nominal submission to the Han. Zhao Tuo accepts his vassal status.[3]
Because of his administrative and constitutional reforms in
Carthage,
Hannibal becomes unpopular with an important faction of the Carthaginian nobility and he is denounced to the
Romans for inciting the
Seleucid king
Antiochus III to take up arms against the Romans. Rome demands that Carthage surrender Hannibal. However, Hannibal voluntarily goes into exile.
Seleucid Empire
Tensions between Antiochus III and Rome increase when Hannibal is given refuge by Antiochus III at
Ephesus and becomes his adviser.
After Roman diplomatic intervention, Antiochus III finally halts his war with
Egypt. In the peace agreement (the Peace of Lysimachia), Antiochus III formally takes possession of southern
Syria, which has been fought over for 100 years by the
Ptolemies and Seleucids, and also takes possession of the Egyptian territories in
Anatolia.
Roman Republic
A Spanish revolt against Roman consolidation of the ex-Carthaginian colonies is effectively put down by
Marcus Porcius Cato ("the Censor"). He avoids one defeat by paying the
Celtiberians 200
talents (around 120,000
denarii), a much-criticised tactic. On Cato's return to Rome,
Aemilius Paulus succeeds him as Roman governor in
Spain.
The Roman sumptuary law, the
Lex Oppia, which restricts not only a woman's wealth, but also her display of wealth, is repealed despite
consulMarcus Porcius Cato's strong opposition.
Greece
The
Battle of Gythium is fought between
Sparta and a coalition of Rome,
Rhodes, the
Achaean League and
Pergamum. As the port of
Gythium is an important Spartan base, the allies decide to capture it before they advance inland to Sparta. The Romans and the Acheans are joined outside the city by the Pergamese and Rhodian fleets. The Spartans hold out; however, the proconsul
Titus Quinctius Flamininus arrives with 4,000 extra men. Facing too great an army, the Spartans decide to surrender the city on the condition that the garrison can leave unharmed. As a result,
Nabis, the tyrant of Sparta, is forced to abandon the surrounding land and withdraw to the city of Sparta. Later that year, Sparta capitulates to the allies.
Gaozu sends general
Fan Kuai to seek out Lu Wan but then arrests the general on suspicion of planning to murder
Consort Qi and her son to Gaozu,
Liu Ruyi. Gaozu dies soon after, and Fan's sister-in-law
Empress Lü orders his release.[4]
Chang'an, the capital of
China, is thought to become the largest city in the world at this time, taking over from
Pataliputra, the capital of the
Mauryan empire.[5]
With the Roman legions under Flaminius returning to
Italy, the Greek states are once again on their own. The Romans leave the dominant powers in the region; the kingdom of
Macedonia, the
Aetolians, the strengthened
Achaean League and the weakened Sparta. The Aetolians, who have opposed the Roman intervention in Greek affairs, incite the Spartan leader,
Nabis, to retake his former territories and regain his influence in Greek affairs.
Seleucid Empire
With his peace agreement with the
Egyptians in place,
Antiochus III now turns his attention to the West. He is encouraged to challenge Rome's protection of the Greeks by his advisor, the former
Carthaginian general
Hannibal.
The
Battle of Mutina is fought near
Modena, between the Romans and the
Gauls. The Romans are victorious in the battle which effectively ends the threat of the Gauls in Italy.
The Italian towns of
Liternum and
Puteoli become Roman colonies.
China
The construction of the first city wall of
Chang'an begins.
Flamininus is sent to negotiate with Antiochus III and warns him not to interfere with the Greek states. Antiochus does not accept that Flamininus has the authority to speak for the Greeks and promises to leave Greece alone only if the Romans do the same.
Flamininus attempts to rally the Greeks against Antiochus III and to counter the pro-Seleucid policy of the
Aetolians. When the Aetolians call on Antiochus III for aid, Flamininus persuades the
Achaean League to declare war on both parties. He also prevents
Philopoemen from taking
Sparta.
In the meantime, the Spartan ruler,
Nabis, moves to recover lost territory, including
Gythium.
The
Achaeans respond to
Sparta's renewed interest in recovering lost territory by sending an envoy to
Rome with a request for help. In response, the
Roman Senate sends the
praetor Atilius with a navy, as well as an embassy headed by
Titus Quinctius Flamininus.
Not waiting for the Roman fleet to arrive, the Achaean army and navy head towards
Gythium under the command of
Philopoemen. The Achaean fleet under Tiso is defeated by the Spartan fleet. On land, the Achaeans are unable to defeat the Spartan forces outside Gythium and Philopoemen retreats to
Tegea.
When Philopoemen reenters
Laconia for a second attempt, his forces are ambushed by the Spartan
tyrant,
Nabis, but nevertheless Philopoemen manages to gain a victory over the Spartan forces.
Philopoemen's plans for capturing Sparta itself are put on hold at the request of the Roman envoy Flaminius after his arrival in Greece. In return, Nabis decides, for the moment, to accept the status quo.
Nabis then appeals to the
Aetolians for help. They send 1,000 cavalry under the command of
Alexamenus to Sparta. However, the Aetolians murder Nabis and temporarily occupy Sparta. The Aetolian troops seize the palace and set about looting the city, but the inhabitants of Sparta are able to rally and force them leave the city. Philopoemen, however, takes advantage of the Aetolian treachery and enters Sparta with his Achaean army. Now in full control of Sparta, Philopoemen forces Sparta to become a member state of the
Achaean League.
Seleucid forces under their king,
Antiochus III, invade Greece at the invitation of the
Aetolian League, who are revolting against the Romans. The Aetolians appoint him commander in chief of their league. Antiochus lands in
Demetrias,
Thessaly with only 10,500 men and occupies
Euboea. However, he finds little support for his cause in central Greece.
Manius Acilius Glabrio then turns his attention to the
Aetolian League, which has persuaded Antiochus to declare war against Rome, and is only prevented from crushing them by the intercession of
Titus Quinctius Flamininus.
The
Carthaginians manage to collect the
indemnity due to Rome (through the peace treaty signed between them ten years earlier) but not payable in full for 50 years. The Romans, in order to keep their hold on Carthage, refuse to accept the early payment of the indemnity.
Parthia
Arsaces II, king of
Parthia, is considered to have been murdered on the orders of Antiochus III. Arsaces is succeeded by his cousin
Phriapatius.
Subsequently, the naval
Battle of Myonessus is fought between a Seleucid fleet and a Roman fleet with the help of Rhodian ships. The Romans and their allies are victorious.
As
Philip V of Macedon has aided Rome against her enemies on the Greek peninsula, his
tribute to Rome is remitted and his son, Demetrius, is restored to him after being held hostage in Rome for a number of years.
With the increasingly real threat to his Empire from the Romans,
Antiochus III is eager to negotiate on the basis of Rome's previous demands, but the Romans insist that he first give up the region west of the
Taurus Mountains. When Antiochus refuses, the
Battle of Magnesia is fought near
Magnesia ad Sipylum, on the plains of
Lydia in
Anatolia, between the Romans, led by the consul Lucius Cornelius Scipio and his brother, Scipio Africanus, with their ally Eumenes II of Pergamum, and the army of Antiochus III the Great of the Seleucid Empire. The resulting decisive Roman victory ends the conflict with the Seleucids for the control of
Greece.
For assisting the Romans in defeating Antiochus III, Eumenes II of Pergamum is rewarded with a great increase in territory. He is given control over the
Thracian Chersonese (the modern
Gallipoli peninsula) and over most of the former Seleucid possessions in
Anatolia.
Mithridates I (or Mithradates), "Great King" of
Parthia from about
171 BC who turned Parthia into a major political power and expanded the empire westward into
Mesopotamia (d.
138 BC)
Attalus I Soter, ruler of
Pergamum from
241 BC, who has taken on the title of king after about
230 BC. Through his military and diplomatic skills, he has created a powerful kingdom in
Anatolia (b.
269 BC)
Apollonius of Perga, Greek mathematician, geometer and astronomer of the
Alexandrian school, known by his contemporaries as "The Great Geometer", whose treatise "Conics" is one of the greatest scientific works from the ancient world (b. c.
262 BC)
References
^Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon (1951). The magistrates of the Roman republic. Vol. 1. New York: American Philological Association. p.327
^Stambaugh, John E. (1988). The Ancient Roman City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 29.
ISBN0-8018-3574-7.
^Hung, Hing Ming (2011). The Road to the Throne: How Liu Bang Founded China's Han Dynasty. pp. 186–219.
ISBN978-0875868387.
^Hung, Hing Ming (2011). The Road to the Throne: How Liu Bang Founded China's Han Dynasty. pp. 219–225.
ISBN978-0875868387.