Wilhelm (6 July 1785 –2 July 1823 ) Due to mental illness, Wilhelm was duke in name only, with his cousin Peter, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, acting as regent throughout his entire reign.[5]
17 March – Prussia declares war on France, establishes
Landwehr and introduces the
Iron Cross military award (backdated to 10 March) and issues
An Mein Volk proclamation
29–30 August –
First Battle of Kulm: French Marshal Vandamme is defeated and captured, by allied Coalition forces from Russia,
Prussia and Austria.
4 September: In the gaming records of Hans Carl Leopold von der Gabelentz the name of Germany's national
card game,
"Scat" (now
Skat, appears for the time.
8 October –
Treaty of Ried – Bavaria allies with the Coalition against France
14 October – Bavaria declares war on France
16–19 October –
Battle of Leipzig:
Napoleon is defeated by the forces of the
Sixth Coalition. More than 600,000 troops are in the field, with well over 20% killed, wounded or missing. Many of the German states forming the
Confederation of the Rhine defect from Napoleon to the Coalition, as a result of the battle.
8 December –
Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, together with his Wellington's Victory, are premiered in Vienna under the composer's baton, in a benefit concert for Austrian and Bavarian soldiers wounded at the Battle of Hanau.
^J. Morley, "The Bauhaus Effect," in Social Utopias of the Twenties (Germany: Müller Bushmann press, 1995), 11.
^Gerhard Schildt: Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit, in Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region, Braunschweig 2000, pp. 753–766.
Wilhelm (6 July 1785 –2 July 1823 ) Due to mental illness, Wilhelm was duke in name only, with his cousin Peter, Prince-Bishop of Lübeck, acting as regent throughout his entire reign.[5]
17 March – Prussia declares war on France, establishes
Landwehr and introduces the
Iron Cross military award (backdated to 10 March) and issues
An Mein Volk proclamation
29–30 August –
First Battle of Kulm: French Marshal Vandamme is defeated and captured, by allied Coalition forces from Russia,
Prussia and Austria.
4 September: In the gaming records of Hans Carl Leopold von der Gabelentz the name of Germany's national
card game,
"Scat" (now
Skat, appears for the time.
8 October –
Treaty of Ried – Bavaria allies with the Coalition against France
14 October – Bavaria declares war on France
16–19 October –
Battle of Leipzig:
Napoleon is defeated by the forces of the
Sixth Coalition. More than 600,000 troops are in the field, with well over 20% killed, wounded or missing. Many of the German states forming the
Confederation of the Rhine defect from Napoleon to the Coalition, as a result of the battle.
8 December –
Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 7, together with his Wellington's Victory, are premiered in Vienna under the composer's baton, in a benefit concert for Austrian and Bavarian soldiers wounded at the Battle of Hanau.
^J. Morley, "The Bauhaus Effect," in Social Utopias of the Twenties (Germany: Müller Bushmann press, 1995), 11.
^Gerhard Schildt: Von der Restauration zur Reichsgründungszeit, in Horst-Rüdiger Jarck / Gerhard Schildt (eds.), Die Braunschweigische Landesgeschichte. Jahrtausendrückblick einer Region, Braunschweig 2000, pp. 753–766.