 | This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: The usage survey is over 20 years old. (July 2021) |
Palmer notation (sometimes called the " Military System" and named for 19th-century American dentist Dr. Corydon Palmer from Warren, Ohio [1]) is a dental notation (tooth numbering system). Despite the adoption of the FDI World Dental Federation notation (ISO 3950) in most of the world and by the World Health Organization, the Palmer notation continued to be the overwhelmingly preferred method used by orthodontists, dental students and practitioners in the United Kingdom as of 1998. [2]
The notation was originally termed the Zsigmondy system after Hungarian dentist Adolf Zsigmondy, who developed the idea in 1861 using a Zsigmondy cross to record quadrants of tooth positions. [3] Adult teeth were numbered 1 to 8, and the child primary dentition (also called deciduous, milk or baby teeth) were depicted with a quadrant grid using Roman numerals I, II, III, IV, V to number the teeth from the midline. Palmer changed this to A, B, C, D, E, which made it less confusing and less prone to errors in interpretation.
The Palmer notation consists of a symbol (竢娯質 竢銀疾) designating in which quadrant the tooth is found and a number indicating the position from the midline. Adult teeth are numbered 1 to 8, with deciduous (baby) teeth indicated by a letter A to E. Hence the left and right maxillary central incisor would have the same number, "1", but the right one would have the symbol "竢" underneath it, while the left one would have "竡ｿ".
Orientation of the chart is traditionally "dentist's view", i.e. patient's right corresponds to notation chart left. The designations "left" and "right" on the chart, however, nonetheless correspond to the patient's left and right, respectively.
| Permanent Dentition | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| upper right | upper left | ||||||||||||||
| 8竢 | 7竢 | 6竢 | 5竢 | 4竢 | 3竢 | 2竢 | 1竢 | 竡ｿ1 | 竡ｿ2 | 竡ｿ3 | 竡ｿ4 | 竡ｿ5 | 竡ｿ6 | 竡ｿ7 | 竡ｿ8 |
| 8竢 | 7竢 | 6竢 | 5竢 | 4竢 | 3竢 | 2竢 | 1竢 | 竡ｾ1 | 竡ｾ2 | 竡ｾ3 | 竡ｾ4 | 竡ｾ5 | 竡ｾ6 | 竡ｾ7 | 竡ｾ8 |
| lower right | lower left | ||||||||||||||
| Primary Dentition | |||||||||||||||
| upper right | upper left | ||||||||||||||
| E竢 | D竢 | C竢 | B竢 | A竢 | 竡ｿA | 竡ｿB | 竡ｿC | 竡ｿD | 竡ｿE | ||||||
| E竢 | D竢 | C竢 | B竢 | A竢 | 竡ｾA | 竡ｾB | 竡ｾC | 竡ｾD | 竡ｾE | ||||||
| lower right | lower left | ||||||||||||||
One advantage of Palmer notation is that it can produce a very graphical image, akin to a 'map' of the dentition; tooth transpositions or edentulous spaces can easily be depicted if desired. It would also be feasible to introduce additional alphabetic characters or other symbols, for example to denote supernumerary teeth or bridge pontics, to which a purely numerical method such as the FDI system does not lend itself easily. [4]
With the move from written dental notes to electronic records, some difficulty in reproducing the symbols has been encountered. [4] On a standard keyboard 'slash' and 'backslash' may be used as a crude approximation to the symbols with numbers placed before or afterwards; hence 3/ is 3竢 and /5 is 竡ｾ5.
The Miscellaneous Technical block in Unicode provides Palmer notation symbols in U+23BE through U+23CC. The symbols are not to be confused with box-drawing characters (笏倪粕 笏絶伯), which have the horizontal line at the middle. [5] These symbols are inherited from JIS X 0213 Dentist symbols. [6]
Daniel Johnson has put together a Palmer Tooth Notation TrueType font called FreePalmer. It is covered by the GPL 3 license. This font is descended from FreeSans. It can be used in OpenOffice and other software. A "MP7" derivative which enables the grid patterns to be produced that correspond to handwritten Palmer tooth notations is available for download as well. The FreePalmer characters are placed in the Latin-1 part, overriding existing characters. [7] A more technically correct way would be to program orthographic ligatures into the font.
The Danish dentist Victor Haderup devised a variation of the Palmer notation where the (竢娯質 竢銀疾) symbols are replaced by plus/minus signs, which can either be placed in front or behind the number. [8] [9] A plus (+) indicates upper position while minus (竏) indicates lower. When the sign is in front of the number, it indicates left while after it indicates right. For instance 竏6 indicates the 6th lower left tooth, i.e. first mandibular molar.
- ^ Edward F. Harris (2005). "Tooth-Coding Systems in the Clinical Dental Setting" (PDF). Dental Anthropology. 18 (2): 44. ISSN 1096-9411. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-06.
- ^ Blinkhorn A, Choi C, Paget H (1998). "An investigon into the use of the FDI tooth notation system by dental schools in the UK". European Journal of Dental Education. 2 (1): 39窶41. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0579.1998.tb00034.x. PMID 9588962.
- ^ Huszﾃ｡r G (1989). "[The role of the life and works of Adolf Zsigmondy and Ottﾃｳ Zsigmondy in the history of dentistry]". Fogorv Sz. 82 (12): 357窶63. PMID 2689240.
- ^ a b Ferguson J (2005). "The Palmer notation system and its use with personal computer applications". British Dental Journal. 198 (9): 551窶3. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4812303. PMID 15895048.
- ^ "Unicode chart, U2300 Miscellaneous Technical" (PDF). Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- ^ "Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization" (PDF). unicode.org. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- ^ "FreePalmer TrueType Font".
- ^ Havale, R.; Sheetal, B. S.; Patil, R.; Hemant Kumar, R.; Anegundi, R. T.; Inushekar, K. R. (2015-06-01). "Dental notation for primary teeth: a review and suggestion of a novel system". European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 16 (2): 163窶166. ISSN 1591-996X. PMID 26147826.
- ^ "Victor Haderup". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Gyldendal.
- Bunn S (19 May 2006). "Tooth Numbering". Retrieved 2010-04-21.
| This article needs to be updated. The reason given is: The usage survey is over 20 years old. (July 2021) |
Palmer notation (sometimes called the " Military System" and named for 19th-century American dentist Dr. Corydon Palmer from Warren, Ohio [1]) is a dental notation (tooth numbering system). Despite the adoption of the FDI World Dental Federation notation (ISO 3950) in most of the world and by the World Health Organization, the Palmer notation continued to be the overwhelmingly preferred method used by orthodontists, dental students and practitioners in the United Kingdom as of 1998. [2]
The notation was originally termed the Zsigmondy system after Hungarian dentist Adolf Zsigmondy, who developed the idea in 1861 using a Zsigmondy cross to record quadrants of tooth positions. [3] Adult teeth were numbered 1 to 8, and the child primary dentition (also called deciduous, milk or baby teeth) were depicted with a quadrant grid using Roman numerals I, II, III, IV, V to number the teeth from the midline. Palmer changed this to A, B, C, D, E, which made it less confusing and less prone to errors in interpretation.
The Palmer notation consists of a symbol (竢娯質 竢銀疾) designating in which quadrant the tooth is found and a number indicating the position from the midline. Adult teeth are numbered 1 to 8, with deciduous (baby) teeth indicated by a letter A to E. Hence the left and right maxillary central incisor would have the same number, "1", but the right one would have the symbol "竢" underneath it, while the left one would have "竡ｿ".
Orientation of the chart is traditionally "dentist's view", i.e. patient's right corresponds to notation chart left. The designations "left" and "right" on the chart, however, nonetheless correspond to the patient's left and right, respectively.
| Permanent Dentition | |||||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| upper right | upper left | ||||||||||||||
| 8竢 | 7竢 | 6竢 | 5竢 | 4竢 | 3竢 | 2竢 | 1竢 | 竡ｿ1 | 竡ｿ2 | 竡ｿ3 | 竡ｿ4 | 竡ｿ5 | 竡ｿ6 | 竡ｿ7 | 竡ｿ8 |
| 8竢 | 7竢 | 6竢 | 5竢 | 4竢 | 3竢 | 2竢 | 1竢 | 竡ｾ1 | 竡ｾ2 | 竡ｾ3 | 竡ｾ4 | 竡ｾ5 | 竡ｾ6 | 竡ｾ7 | 竡ｾ8 |
| lower right | lower left | ||||||||||||||
| Primary Dentition | |||||||||||||||
| upper right | upper left | ||||||||||||||
| E竢 | D竢 | C竢 | B竢 | A竢 | 竡ｿA | 竡ｿB | 竡ｿC | 竡ｿD | 竡ｿE | ||||||
| E竢 | D竢 | C竢 | B竢 | A竢 | 竡ｾA | 竡ｾB | 竡ｾC | 竡ｾD | 竡ｾE | ||||||
| lower right | lower left | ||||||||||||||
One advantage of Palmer notation is that it can produce a very graphical image, akin to a 'map' of the dentition; tooth transpositions or edentulous spaces can easily be depicted if desired. It would also be feasible to introduce additional alphabetic characters or other symbols, for example to denote supernumerary teeth or bridge pontics, to which a purely numerical method such as the FDI system does not lend itself easily. [4]
With the move from written dental notes to electronic records, some difficulty in reproducing the symbols has been encountered. [4] On a standard keyboard 'slash' and 'backslash' may be used as a crude approximation to the symbols with numbers placed before or afterwards; hence 3/ is 3竢 and /5 is 竡ｾ5.
The Miscellaneous Technical block in Unicode provides Palmer notation symbols in U+23BE through U+23CC. The symbols are not to be confused with box-drawing characters (笏倪粕 笏絶伯), which have the horizontal line at the middle. [5] These symbols are inherited from JIS X 0213 Dentist symbols. [6]
Daniel Johnson has put together a Palmer Tooth Notation TrueType font called FreePalmer. It is covered by the GPL 3 license. This font is descended from FreeSans. It can be used in OpenOffice and other software. A "MP7" derivative which enables the grid patterns to be produced that correspond to handwritten Palmer tooth notations is available for download as well. The FreePalmer characters are placed in the Latin-1 part, overriding existing characters. [7] A more technically correct way would be to program orthographic ligatures into the font.
The Danish dentist Victor Haderup devised a variation of the Palmer notation where the (竢娯質 竢銀疾) symbols are replaced by plus/minus signs, which can either be placed in front or behind the number. [8] [9] A plus (+) indicates upper position while minus (竏) indicates lower. When the sign is in front of the number, it indicates left while after it indicates right. For instance 竏6 indicates the 6th lower left tooth, i.e. first mandibular molar.
- ^ Edward F. Harris (2005). "Tooth-Coding Systems in the Clinical Dental Setting" (PDF). Dental Anthropology. 18 (2): 44. ISSN 1096-9411. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-01-06.
- ^ Blinkhorn A, Choi C, Paget H (1998). "An investigon into the use of the FDI tooth notation system by dental schools in the UK". European Journal of Dental Education. 2 (1): 39窶41. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0579.1998.tb00034.x. PMID 9588962.
- ^ Huszﾃ｡r G (1989). "[The role of the life and works of Adolf Zsigmondy and Ottﾃｳ Zsigmondy in the history of dentistry]". Fogorv Sz. 82 (12): 357窶63. PMID 2689240.
- ^ a b Ferguson J (2005). "The Palmer notation system and its use with personal computer applications". British Dental Journal. 198 (9): 551窶3. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.4812303. PMID 15895048.
- ^ "Unicode chart, U2300 Miscellaneous Technical" (PDF). Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- ^ "Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization" (PDF). unicode.org. Retrieved 22 August 2023.
- ^ "FreePalmer TrueType Font".
- ^ Havale, R.; Sheetal, B. S.; Patil, R.; Hemant Kumar, R.; Anegundi, R. T.; Inushekar, K. R. (2015-06-01). "Dental notation for primary teeth: a review and suggestion of a novel system". European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry. 16 (2): 163窶166. ISSN 1591-996X. PMID 26147826.
- ^ "Victor Haderup". Den Store Danske (in Danish). Gyldendal.
- Bunn S (19 May 2006). "Tooth Numbering". Retrieved 2010-04-21.