Kannada script ಕನà³à²¨à²¡ ಲಿಪಿ | |
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![]() A
stanza from
Kavirajamarga which praises the people for their literary skills, written in the Kannada script
[note 1] | |
Script type | |
Time period | 4th [1] century CE – present |
Direction | Left-to-right
![]() |
Languages |
Kannada Sanskrit Tulu Kodava Badaga Beary Sanketi Konkani Marathi |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Goykanadi [3] |
Sister systems | Telugu |
ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Knda (345), Kannada |
Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Kannada |
U+0C80–U+0CFF | |
Brahmic scripts |
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The Brahmi script and its descendants |
The Kannada script ( IAST: Kannaá¸a lipi; obsolete: Kanarese or Canarese script in English) is an abugida of the Brahmic family, [4] used to write Kannada, one of the Dravidian languages of South India especially in the state of Karnataka. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. Kannada script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Karnataka. Several minor languages, such as Tulu, Konkani, Kodava, Sanketi and Beary, also use alphabets based on the Kannada script. [5] The Kannada and Telugu scripts share very high mutual intellegibility with each other, [6] and are often considered to be regional variants of single script. Other scripts similar to Kannada script are Sinhala script [7] (which included some elements from the Kadamba script [8]), and Old Peguan script (used in Burma). [9]
The Kannada script (ಅಕà³à²·à²°à²®à²¾à²²à³† aká¹£aramÄle or ವರà³à²£à²®à²¾à²²à³† varṇamÄle) is a phonemic abugida of forty-nine letters. The character set is almost identical to that of other Brahmic scripts. Consonantal letters imply an inherent vowel. Letters representing consonants are combined to form digraphs (ಒತà³à²¤à²•à³à²·à²° ottaká¹£ara) when there is no intervening vowel. Otherwise, each letter corresponds to a syllable.
The letters are classified into three categories: ಸà³à²µà²° svara ( vowels), ವà³à²¯à²‚ಜನ vyañjana ( consonants), and ಯೋಗವಾಹಕ yÅgavÄhaka ( semiconsonants).
The Kannada words for a letter of the script are ಅಕà³à²·à²° akshara, ಅಕà³à²•à²° akkara, and ವರà³à²£ varṇa. Each letter has its own form (ಆಕಾರ ÄkÄra) and sound (ಶಬà³à²¦ Å›abda), providing the visible and audible representations, respectively. Kannada is written from left to right. [10]
The Brahmi script evolved into the Kadamba script by the 5th century, which in turn developed into the Old Kannada script and in the 7th century Telugu script emerged from the same Old Kannada script. [11] [12] The Kannada and Telugu scripts then separated by around 1300 C.E. [13]
Over the centuries some changes have been made to the Kannada script. These changes consist of:
There are thirteen vowel letters (ಸà³à²µà²° svara) in modern Kannada. When a vowel follows a consonant, it is written with a diacritic rather than as a separate letter. There are also three obsolete vowels.
Written Kannada is composed of akshara or kagunita, corresponding to syllables. The letters for consonants combine with diacritics for vowels. The consonant letter without any diacritic, such as ಕ ka, has the inherent vowel a ಅ. This is called ದೀರà³à²˜ dÄ«rgha. A consonant without a vowel is marked with a 'killer' stroke, such as ಕೠk. This is known as ಹà³à²°à²¸à³à²µ hrasva.
Independent | ಅ a
|
ಆ Ä
|
ಇ i
|
ಈ ī
|
ಉ u
|
ಊ ū
|
ಋ r̥
|
ೠr̥̄
[a]
|
ಌ l̥
[a]
|
ೡ l̥̄
[a]
|
ಎ e
|
ಠē
|
ಠai
|
ಒ o
|
ಓ Å
|
ಔ au
|
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Diacritic template | - a
|
ಾ Ä
|
ಿ i
|
à³€ Ä«
|
à³ u
|
ೂ ū
|
ೃ r̥
|
ೄ r̥̄
[a]
|
ೢ l̥
[a]
|
ೣ l̥̄
[a]
|
ೆ e
|
ೇ ē
|
ೈ ai
|
ೊ o
|
ೋ Å
|
ೌ au
|
Diacritic with ದ | ದ + ದ IPA: /d̪a/
|
ದ + ಾ ದಾ IPA: /d̪aË/
|
ದ + ಿ ದಿ IPA: /d̪i/
|
ದ + à³€ ದೀ IPA: /d̪iË/
|
ದ + ೠದೠIPA: /d̪u/
|
ದ + ೂ ದೂ IPA: /d̪uË/
|
ದ + ೃ ದೃ IPA: /d̪ru/
|
ದ + ೄ ದೄ IPA: /d̪ruË/
|
ದ + à³¢ ದೢ IPA: /d̪ruË/
|
ದ + à³£ ದೣ IPA: /d̪ruË/
|
ದ + ೆ ದೆ IPA: /d̪e/
|
ದ + ೇ ದೇ IPA: /d̪eË/
|
ದ + ೈ ದೈ IPA: /dai/
|
ದ + ೊ ದೊ IPA: /d̪o/
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ದ + ೋ ದೋ IPA: /d̪oË/
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ದ + ೌ ದೌ IPA: /d̪au/
|
There are two yÅgavÄha (part-vowel, part consonant) letters, known as ardhavisarga, used in modern Kannada and two others used in Sanskrit transcription.
Diacritic template | ಂ á¹
|
ಃ ḥ
|
ೱ ḥ
|
ೲ ḫ
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Diacritic with ಅ | ಅಂ aá¹
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ಅಃ aḥ
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ಅೱ ḥ
|
ಅೲ ḫ
|
Diacritic with ದ | ದ + ಂ ದಂ IPA: /d̪am̃/
|
ದ + ಃ ದಃ IPA: /d̪ah/
|
ದ + ೱ ದೱ IPA: [x]
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ದ + ೲ ದೲ IPA: [ɸ]
|
Two categories of consonant letters (ವà³à²¯à²‚ಜನ vyanÌ„jana) are defined in Kannada: the structured consonants and the unstructured consonants.
The structured consonants are classified according to their place of articulation, that is, where the tongue touches the palate.
voiceless | voiceless aspirated |
voiced | voiced aspirated |
Nasal | |
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velar | ಕ ka
|
ಖ kha
|
ಗ ga
|
ಘ gha
|
ಙ ṅa
|
palatal | ಚ ca
|
ಛ cha
|
ಜ ja
|
ಠjha
|
ಞ ña
|
retroflex | ಟ á¹a
|
ಠá¹ha
|
ಡ á¸a
|
ಢ á¸ha
|
ಣ ṇa
|
dental | ತ ta
|
ಥ tha
|
ದ da
|
ಧ dha
|
ನ na
|
labial | ಪ pa
|
ಫ pha
|
ಬ ba
|
ಠbha
|
ಮ ma
|
The unstructured consonants are consonants that do not fall into any of the above structures:
ಯ ya
|
ರ ra
|
ಱ ṟa
|
ಲ la
|
ವ va
|
ಶ śa
|
ಷ ṣa
|
ಸ sa
|
ಹ ha
|
ಳ ḷa
|
ೞ ḻa
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Kannada literary works employed the letters ಱ (transliterated 'ṟ' or 'rh') and ೞ (transliterated 'ḻ', 'lh' or 'zh'), whose manner of articulation most plausibly could be akin to those in present-day Malayalam and Tamil. The letters dropped out of use in the 12th and 18th centuries, respectively. Later Kannada works replaced 'rh' and 'lh' with ರ (ra) and ಳ (la) respectively. [14]
It is still used to write the Badaga language and a vowel + virama + ḻ is used to transcribe its retroflex vowels. [15]
Another letter (or unclassified vyanjana (consonant)) that has become extinct is 'nh' or 'inn'.
Likewise, this has its equivalent in
Telugu, where it is called Nakaara pollu. The usage of this consonant was observed until the 1980s in Kannada works from the mostly coastal areas of Karnataka (especially the
Dakshina Kannada district). Now, hardly any mainstream works use this consonant. This letter has been replaced by ನೠ(consonant n).[
citation needed]
The Kannada script is rich in conjunct consonant clusters, with most consonants having a standard subjoined form and few true ligature clusters. A table of consonant conjuncts follows although the forms of individual conjuncts may differ according to the font.
Of special note is the sequence concerning the letter ರ (ra). Unlike other letters, the conjunct form is written second even if it is pronounced first in the sequence.
For example, the /rnaË/ in the word KarnÄá¹aka (ಕರà³à²¨à²¾à²Ÿà²•) is written ರà³à²¨à²¾ rather than ರâ€à³à²¨à²¾.
The nasal consonants ಙ (ṅa), ಞ (ña), ಣ (ṇa), ನ (na), and ಮ (ma) are usually written as an anusvara ಂ when preceding another consonant rather than a consonant conjunct.
For example, the /Å‹g/ in the word Beá¹…gaḷūru (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರà³) is usually written ಂಗ rather than ಙà³à²— (ಬೆಙà³à²—ಳೂರà³).
ಕ | ಖ | ಗ | ಘ | ಙ | ಚ | ಛ | ಜ | ಠ| ಞ | ಟ | ಠ| ಡ | ಢ | ಣ | ತ | ಥ | ದ | ಧ | ನ | ಪ | ಫ | ಬ | ಠ| ಮ | ಯ | ರ | ಱ | ಲ | ವ | ಶ | ಷ | ಸ | ಹ | ಳ | ೞ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ಕ | ಕà³à²• | ಕà³à²– | ಕà³à²— | ಕà³à²˜ | ಕà³à²™ | ಕà³à²š | ಕà³à²› | ಕà³à²œ | ಕà³à² | ಕà³à²ž | ಕà³à²Ÿ | ಕà³à² | ಕà³à²¡ | ಕà³à²¢ | ಕà³à²£ | ಕà³à²¤ | ಕà³à²¥ | ಕà³à²¦ | ಕà³à²§ | ಕà³à²¨ | ಕà³à²ª | ಕà³à²« | ಕà³à²¬ | ಕà³à² | ಕà³à²® | ಕà³à²¯ | ಕà³à²° | ಕà³à²± | ಕà³à²² | ಕà³à²µ | ಕà³à²¶ | ಕà³à²· | ಕà³à²¸ | ಕà³à²¹ | ಕà³à²³ | ಕà³à³ž |
ಖ | ಖà³à²• | ಖà³à²– | ಖà³à²— | ಖà³à²˜ | ಖà³à²™ | ಖà³à²š | ಖà³à²› | ಖà³à²œ | ಖà³à² | ಖà³à²ž | ಖà³à²Ÿ | ಖà³à² | ಖà³à²¡ | ಖà³à²¢ | ಖà³à²£ | ಖà³à²¤ | ಖà³à²¥ | ಖà³à²¦ | ಖà³à²§ | ಖà³à²¨ | ಖà³à²ª | ಖà³à²« | ಖà³à²¬ | ಖà³à² | ಖà³à²® | ಖà³à²¯ | ಖà³à²° | ಖà³à²± | ಖà³à²² | ಖà³à²µ | ಖà³à²¶ | ಖà³à²· | ಖà³à²¸ | ಖà³à²¹ | ಖà³à²³ | ಖà³à³ž |
ಗ | ಗà³à²• | ಗà³à²– | ಗà³à²— | ಗà³à²˜ | ಗà³à²™ | ಗà³à²š | ಗà³à²› | ಗà³à²œ | ಗà³à² | ಗà³à²ž | ಗà³à²Ÿ | ಗà³à² | ಗà³à²¡ | ಗà³à²¢ | ಗà³à²£ | ಗà³à²¤ | ಗà³à²¥ | ಗà³à²¦ | ಗà³à²§ | ಗà³à²¨ | ಗà³à²ª | ಗà³à²« | ಗà³à²¬ | ಗà³à² | ಗà³à²® | ಗà³à²¯ | ಗà³à²° | ಗà³à²± | ಗà³à²² | ಗà³à²µ | ಗà³à²¶ | ಗà³à²· | ಗà³à²¸ | ಗà³à²¹ | ಗà³à²³ | ಗà³à³ž |
ಘ | ಘà³à²• | ಘà³à²– | ಘà³à²— | ಘà³à²˜ | ಘà³à²™ | ಘà³à²š | ಘà³à²› | ಘà³à²œ | ಘà³à² | ಘà³à²ž | ಘà³à²Ÿ | ಘà³à² | ಘà³à²¡ | ಘà³à²¢ | ಘà³à²£ | ಘà³à²¤ | ಘà³à²¥ | ಘà³à²¦ | ಘà³à²§ | ಘà³à²¨ | ಘà³à²ª | ಘà³à²« | ಘà³à²¬ | ಘà³à² | ಘà³à²® | ಘà³à²¯ | ಘà³à²° | ಘà³à²± | ಘà³à²² | ಘà³à²µ | ಘà³à²¶ | ಘà³à²· | ಘà³à²¸ | ಘà³à²¹ | ಘà³à²³ | ಘà³à³ž |
ಙ | ಙà³à²• | ಙà³à²– | ಙà³à²— | ಙà³à²˜ | ಙà³à²™ | ಙà³à²š | ಙà³à²› | ಙà³à²œ | ಙà³à² | ಙà³à²ž | ಙà³à²Ÿ | ಙà³à² | ಙà³à²¡ | ಙà³à²¢ | ಙà³à²£ | ಙà³à²¤ | ಙà³à²¥ | ಙà³à²¦ | ಙà³à²§ | ಙà³à²¨ | ಙà³à²ª | ಙà³à²« | ಙà³à²¬ | ಙà³à² | ಙà³à²® | ಙà³à²¯ | ಙà³à²° | ಙà³à²± | ಙà³à²² | ಙà³à²µ | ಙà³à²¶ | ಙà³à²· | ಙà³à²¸ | ಙà³à²¹ | ಙà³à²³ | ಙà³à³ž |
ಚ | ಚà³à²• | ಚà³à²– | ಚà³à²— | ಚà³à²˜ | ಚà³à²™ | ಚà³à²š | ಚà³à²› | ಚà³à²œ | ಚà³à² | ಚà³à²ž | ಚà³à²Ÿ | ಚà³à² | ಚà³à²¡ | ಚà³à²¢ | ಚà³à²£ | ಚà³à²¤ | ಚà³à²¥ | ಚà³à²¦ | ಚà³à²§ | ಚà³à²¨ | ಚà³à²ª | ಚà³à²« | ಚà³à²¬ | ಚà³à² | ಚà³à²® | ಚà³à²¯ | ಚà³à²° | ಚà³à²± | ಚà³à²² | ಚà³à²µ | ಚà³à²¶ | ಚà³à²· | ಚà³à²¸ | ಚà³à²¹ | ಚà³à²³ | ಚà³à³ž |
ಛ | ಛà³à²• | ಛà³à²– | ಛà³à²— | ಛà³à²˜ | ಛà³à²™ | ಛà³à²š | ಛà³à²› | ಛà³à²œ | ಛà³à² | ಛà³à²ž | ಛà³à²Ÿ | ಛà³à² | ಛà³à²¡ | ಛà³à²¢ | ಛà³à²£ | ಛà³à²¤ | ಛà³à²¥ | ಛà³à²¦ | ಛà³à²§ | ಛà³à²¨ | ಛà³à²ª | ಛà³à²« | ಛà³à²¬ | ಛà³à² | ಛà³à²® | ಛà³à²¯ | ಛà³à²° | ಛà³à²± | ಛà³à²² | ಛà³à²µ | ಛà³à²¶ | ಛà³à²· | ಛà³à²¸ | ಛà³à²¹ | ಛà³à²³ | ಛà³à³ž |
ಜ | ಜà³à²• | ಜà³à²– | ಜà³à²— | ಜà³à²˜ | ಜà³à²™ | ಜà³à²š | ಜà³à²› | ಜà³à²œ | ಜà³à² | ಜà³à²ž | ಜà³à²Ÿ | ಜà³à² | ಜà³à²¡ | ಜà³à²¢ | ಜà³à²£ | ಜà³à²¤ | ಜà³à²¥ | ಜà³à²¦ | ಜà³à²§ | ಜà³à²¨ | ಜà³à²ª | ಜà³à²« | ಜà³à²¬ | ಜà³à² | ಜà³à²® | ಜà³à²¯ | ಜà³à²° | ಜà³à²± | ಜà³à²² | ಜà³à²µ | ಜà³à²¶ | ಜà³à²· | ಜà³à²¸ | ಜà³à²¹ | ಜà³à²³ | ಜà³à³ž |
ಠ| à²à³à²• | à²à³à²– | à²à³à²— | à²à³à²˜ | à²à³à²™ | à²à³à²š | à²à³à²› | à²à³à²œ | à²à³à² | à²à³à²ž | à²à³à²Ÿ | à²à³à² | à²à³à²¡ | à²à³à²¢ | à²à³à²£ | à²à³à²¤ | à²à³à²¥ | à²à³à²¦ | à²à³à²§ | à²à³à²¨ | à²à³à²ª | à²à³à²« | à²à³à²¬ | à²à³à² | à²à³à²® | à²à³à²¯ | à²à³à²° | à²à³à²± | à²à³à²² | à²à³à²µ | à²à³à²¶ | à²à³à²· | à²à³à²¸ | à²à³à²¹ | à²à³à²³ | à²à³à³ž |
ಞ | ಞà³à²• | ಞà³à²– | ಞà³à²— | ಞà³à²˜ | ಞà³à²™ | ಞà³à²š | ಞà³à²› | ಞà³à²œ | ಞà³à² | ಞà³à²ž | ಞà³à²Ÿ | ಞà³à² | ಞà³à²¡ | ಞà³à²¢ | ಞà³à²£ | ಞà³à²¤ | ಞà³à²¥ | ಞà³à²¦ | ಞà³à²§ | ಞà³à²¨ | ಞà³à²ª | ಞà³à²« | ಞà³à²¬ | ಞà³à² | ಞà³à²® | ಞà³à²¯ | ಞà³à²° | ಞà³à²± | ಞà³à²² | ಞà³à²µ | ಞà³à²¶ | ಞà³à²· | ಞà³à²¸ | ಞà³à²¹ | ಞà³à²³ | ಞà³à³ž |
ಟ | ಟà³à²• | ಟà³à²– | ಟà³à²— | ಟà³à²˜ | ಟà³à²™ | ಟà³à²š | ಟà³à²› | ಟà³à²œ | ಟà³à² | ಟà³à²ž | ಟà³à²Ÿ | ಟà³à² | ಟà³à²¡ | ಟà³à²¢ | ಟà³à²£ | ಟà³à²¤ | ಟà³à²¥ | ಟà³à²¦ | ಟà³à²§ | ಟà³à²¨ | ಟà³à²ª | ಟà³à²« | ಟà³à²¬ | ಟà³à² | ಟà³à²® | ಟà³à²¯ | ಟà³à²° | ಟà³à²± | ಟà³à²² | ಟà³à²µ | ಟà³à²¶ | ಟà³à²· | ಟà³à²¸ | ಟà³à²¹ | ಟà³à²³ | ಟà³à³ž |
ಠ| ಠà³à²• | ಠà³à²– | ಠà³à²— | ಠà³à²˜ | ಠà³à²™ | ಠà³à²š | ಠà³à²› | ಠà³à²œ | ಠà³à² | ಠà³à²ž | ಠà³à²Ÿ | ಠà³à² | ಠà³à²¡ | ಠà³à²¢ | ಠà³à²£ | ಠà³à²¤ | ಠà³à²¥ | ಠà³à²¦ | ಠà³à²§ | ಠà³à²¨ | ಠà³à²ª | ಠà³à²« | ಠà³à²¬ | ಠà³à² | ಠà³à²® | ಠà³à²¯ | ಠà³à²° | ಠà³à²± | ಠà³à²² | ಠà³à²µ | ಠà³à²¶ | ಠà³à²· | ಠà³à²¸ | ಠà³à²¹ | ಠà³à²³ | ಠà³à³ž |
ಡ | ಡà³à²• | ಡà³à²– | ಡà³à²— | ಡà³à²˜ | ಡà³à²™ | ಡà³à²š | ಡà³à²› | ಡà³à²œ | ಡà³à² | ಡà³à²ž | ಡà³à²Ÿ | ಡà³à² | ಡà³à²¡ | ಡà³à²¢ | ಡà³à²£ | ಡà³à²¤ | ಡà³à²¥ | ಡà³à²¦ | ಡà³à²§ | ಡà³à²¨ | ಡà³à²ª | ಡà³à²« | ಡà³à²¬ | ಡà³à² | ಡà³à²® | ಡà³à²¯ | ಡà³à²° | ಡà³à²± | ಡà³à²² | ಡà³à²µ | ಡà³à²¶ | ಡà³à²· | ಡà³à²¸ | ಡà³à²¹ | ಡà³à²³ | ಡà³à³ž |
ಢ | ಢà³à²• | ಢà³à²– | ಢà³à²— | ಢà³à²˜ | ಢà³à²™ | ಢà³à²š | ಢà³à²› | ಢà³à²œ | ಢà³à² | ಢà³à²ž | ಢà³à²Ÿ | ಢà³à² | ಢà³à²¡ | ಢà³à²¢ | ಢà³à²£ | ಢà³à²¤ | ಢà³à²¥ | ಢà³à²¦ | ಢà³à²§ | ಢà³à²¨ | ಢà³à²ª | ಢà³à²« | ಢà³à²¬ | ಢà³à² | ಢà³à²® | ಢà³à²¯ | ಢà³à²° | ಢà³à²± | ಢà³à²² | ಢà³à²µ | ಢà³à²¶ | ಢà³à²· | ಢà³à²¸ | ಢà³à²¹ | ಢà³à²³ | ಢà³à³ž |
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ಥ | ಥಾ | ಥಿ | ಥೀ | ಥೠ| ಥೂ | ಥೃ | ಥೄ | ಥೆ | ಥೇ | ಥೈ | ಥೊ | ಥೋ | ಥೌ | ಥಂ | ಥಃ | ಥೠ|
ದ | ದಾ | ದಿ | ದೀ | ದೠ| ದೂ | ದೃ | ದೄ | ದೆ | ದೇ | ದೈ | ದೊ | ದೋ | ದೌ | ದಂ | ದಃ | ದೠ|
ಧ | ಧಾ | ಧಿ | ಧೀ | ಧೠ| ಧೂ | ಧೃ | ಧೄ | ಧೆ | ಧೇ | ಧೈ | ಧೊ | ಧೋ | ಧೌ | ಧಂ | ಧಃ | ಧೠ|
ನ | ನಾ | ನಿ | ನೀ | ನೠ| ನೂ | ನೃ | ನೄ | ನೆ | ನೇ | ನೈ | ನೊ | ನೋ | ನೌ | ನಂ | ನಃ | ನೠ|
ಪ | ಪಾ | ಪಿ | ಪೀ | ಪೠ| ಪೂ | ಪೃ | ಪೄ | ಪೆ | ಪೇ | ಪೈ | ಪೊ | ಪೋ | ಪೌ | ಪಂ | ಪಃ | ಪೠ|
ಫ | ಫಾ | ಫಿ | ಫೀ | ಫೠ| ಫೂ | ಫೃ | ಫೄ | ಫೆ | ಫೇ | ಫೈ | ಫೊ | ಫೋ | ಫೌ | ಫಂ | ಫಃ | ಫೠ|
ಬ | ಬಾ | ಬಿ | ಬೀ | ಬೠ| ಬೂ | ಬೃ | ಬೄ | ಬೆ | ಬೇ | ಬೈ | ಬೊ | ಬೋ | ಬೌ | ಬಂ | ಬಃ | ಬೠ|
ಠ| à²à²¾ | à²à²¿ | à²à³€ | à²à³ | à²à³‚ | à²à³ƒ | à²à³„ | à²à³† | à²à³‡ | à²à³ˆ | à²à³Š | à²à³‹ | à²à³Œ | à²à²‚ | à²à²ƒ | à²à³ |
ಮ | ಮಾ | ಮಿ | ಮೀ | ಮೠ| ಮೂ | ಮೃ | ಮೄ | ಮೆ | ಮೇ | ಮೈ | ಮೊ | ಮೋ | ಮೌ | ಮಂ | ಮಃ | ಮೠ|
ಯ | ಯಾ | ಯಿ | ಯೀ | ಯೠ| ಯೂ | ಯೃ | ಯೄ | ಯೆ | ಯೇ | ಯೈ | ಯೊ | ಯೋ | ಯೌ | ಯಂ | ಯಃ | ಯೠ|
ರ | ರಾ | ರಿ | ರೀ | ರೠ| ರೂ | ರೃ | ರೄ | ರೆ | ರೇ | ರೈ | ರೊ | ರೋ | ರೌ | ರಂ | ರಃ | ರೠ|
ಱ | ಱಾ | ಱಿ | ಱೀ | ಱೠ| ಱೂ | ಱೃ | ಱೄ | ಱೆ | ಱೇ | ಱೈ | ಱೊ | ಱೋ | ಱೌ | ಱಂ | ಱಃ | ಱೠ|
ಲ | ಲಾ | ಲಿ | ಲೀ | ಲೠ| ಲೂ | ಲೃ | ಲೄ | ಲೆ | ಲೇ | ಲೈ | ಲೊ | ಲೋ | ಲೌ | ಲಂ | ಲಃ | ಲೠ|
ವ | ವಾ | ವಿ | ವೀ | ವೠ| ವೂ | ವೃ | ವೄ | ವೆ | ವೇ | ವೈ | ವೊ | ವೋ | ವೌ | ವಂ | ವಃ | ವೠ|
ಶ | ಶಾ | ಶಿ | ಶೀ | ಶೠ| ಶೂ | ಶೃ | ಶೄ | ಶೆ | ಶೇ | ಶೈ | ಶೊ | ಶೋ | ಶೌ | ಶಂ | ಶಃ | ಶೠ|
ಷ | ಷಾ | ಷಿ | ಷೀ | ಷೠ| ಷೂ | ಷೃ | ಷೄ | ಷೆ | ಷೇ | ಷೈ | ಷೊ | ಷೋ | ಷೌ | ಷಂ | ಷಃ | ಷೠ|
ಸ | ಸಾ | ಸಿ | ಸೀ | ಸೠ| ಸೂ | ಸೃ | ಸೄ | ಸೆ | ಸೇ | ಸೈ | ಸೊ | ಸೋ | ಸೌ | ಸಂ | ಸಃ | ಸೠ|
ಹ | ಹಾ | ಹಿ | ಹೀ | ಹೠ| ಹೂ | ಹೃ | ಹೄ | ಹೆ | ಹೇ | ಹೈ | ಹೊ | ಹೋ | ಹೌ | ಹಂ | ಹಃ | ಹೠ|
ಳ | ಳಾ | ಳಿ | ಳೀ | ಳೠ| ಳೂ | ಳೃ | ಳೄ | ಳೆ | ಳೇ | ಳೈ | ಳೊ | ಳೋ | ಳೌ | ಳಂ | ಳಃ | ಳೠ|
ೞ | ೞಾ | ೞಿ | ೞೀ | ೞೠ| ೞೂ | ೞೃ | ೞೄ | ೞೆ | ೞೇ | ೞೈ | ೞೊ | ೞೋ | ೞೌ | ೞಂ | ೞಃ | ೞೠ|
The formations shown boldface above are seldom used.
The decimal numerals in the script are:
0 sonne ೦
|
1 ondu ೧
|
2 eraá¸u ೨
|
3 mūru ೩
|
4 nÄlku ೪
|
5 aidu ೫
|
6 Äru ೬
|
7 ēḷu à³
|
8 ená¹u à³®
|
9 oṃbattu ೯
|
Several transliteration schemes/tools are used to type Kannada characters using a standard keyboard. These include Baraha [16] (based on ITRANS), Pada Software [17] and several internet tools like Google transliteration, Quillpad [18] (predictive transliterator). Nudi, the Government of Karnataka's standard for Kannada Input, is a phonetic layout loosely based on transliteration.
Due to its resemblance to an eye and an eyebrow, the Kannada letter ಠá¹ha is used in the "look of disapproval" (displayed as "ಠ_ಠ"), a popular emoticon used to convey disapproval or contempt. [19] Similarly, the akshara ರೃ rrÌ¥a has been used in emoticons to represent a monocle, while ಥ tha has been used to represent a tearing eye.
Kannada script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.
The Unicode block for Kannada is U+0C80–U+0CFF:
Kannada
[1]
[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+0C8x | ಀ | ಠ| ಂ | ಃ | ಄ | ಅ | ಆ | ಇ | ಈ | ಉ | ಊ | ಋ | ಌ | ಎ | ಠ| |
U+0C9x | ಠ| ಒ | ಓ | ಔ | ಕ | ಖ | ಗ | ಘ | ಙ | ಚ | ಛ | ಜ | ಠ| ಞ | ಟ | |
U+0CAx | ಠ| ಡ | ಢ | ಣ | ತ | ಥ | ದ | ಧ | ನ | ಪ | ಫ | ಬ | ಠ| ಮ | ಯ | |
U+0CBx | ರ | ಱ | ಲ | ಳ | ವ | ಶ | ಷ | ಸ | ಹ | ಼ | ಽ | ಾ | ಿ | |||
U+0CCx | ೀ | ೠ| ೂ | ೃ | ೄ | ೆ | ೇ | ೈ | ೊ | ೋ | ೌ | ೠ| ||||
U+0CDx | ೕ | ೖ | ೠ| ೞ | ||||||||||||
U+0CEx | ೠ| ೡ | ೢ | ೣ | ೦ | ೧ | ೨ | ೩ | ೪ | ೫ | ೬ | ೠ| ೮ | ೯ | ||
U+0CFx | ೱ | ೲ | à³³ | |||||||||||||
Notes |
Kannada script ಕನà³à²¨à²¡ ಲಿಪಿ | |
---|---|
![]() A
stanza from
Kavirajamarga which praises the people for their literary skills, written in the Kannada script
[note 1] | |
Script type | |
Time period | 4th [1] century CE – present |
Direction | Left-to-right
![]() |
Languages |
Kannada Sanskrit Tulu Kodava Badaga Beary Sanketi Konkani Marathi |
Related scripts | |
Parent systems | |
Child systems | Goykanadi [3] |
Sister systems | Telugu |
ISO 15924 | |
ISO 15924 | Knda (345), Kannada |
Unicode | |
Unicode alias | Kannada |
U+0C80–U+0CFF | |
Brahmic scripts |
---|
The Brahmi script and its descendants |
The Kannada script ( IAST: Kannaá¸a lipi; obsolete: Kanarese or Canarese script in English) is an abugida of the Brahmic family, [4] used to write Kannada, one of the Dravidian languages of South India especially in the state of Karnataka. It is one of the official scripts of the Indian Republic. Kannada script is also widely used for writing Sanskrit texts in Karnataka. Several minor languages, such as Tulu, Konkani, Kodava, Sanketi and Beary, also use alphabets based on the Kannada script. [5] The Kannada and Telugu scripts share very high mutual intellegibility with each other, [6] and are often considered to be regional variants of single script. Other scripts similar to Kannada script are Sinhala script [7] (which included some elements from the Kadamba script [8]), and Old Peguan script (used in Burma). [9]
The Kannada script (ಅಕà³à²·à²°à²®à²¾à²²à³† aká¹£aramÄle or ವರà³à²£à²®à²¾à²²à³† varṇamÄle) is a phonemic abugida of forty-nine letters. The character set is almost identical to that of other Brahmic scripts. Consonantal letters imply an inherent vowel. Letters representing consonants are combined to form digraphs (ಒತà³à²¤à²•à³à²·à²° ottaká¹£ara) when there is no intervening vowel. Otherwise, each letter corresponds to a syllable.
The letters are classified into three categories: ಸà³à²µà²° svara ( vowels), ವà³à²¯à²‚ಜನ vyañjana ( consonants), and ಯೋಗವಾಹಕ yÅgavÄhaka ( semiconsonants).
The Kannada words for a letter of the script are ಅಕà³à²·à²° akshara, ಅಕà³à²•à²° akkara, and ವರà³à²£ varṇa. Each letter has its own form (ಆಕಾರ ÄkÄra) and sound (ಶಬà³à²¦ Å›abda), providing the visible and audible representations, respectively. Kannada is written from left to right. [10]
The Brahmi script evolved into the Kadamba script by the 5th century, which in turn developed into the Old Kannada script and in the 7th century Telugu script emerged from the same Old Kannada script. [11] [12] The Kannada and Telugu scripts then separated by around 1300 C.E. [13]
Over the centuries some changes have been made to the Kannada script. These changes consist of:
There are thirteen vowel letters (ಸà³à²µà²° svara) in modern Kannada. When a vowel follows a consonant, it is written with a diacritic rather than as a separate letter. There are also three obsolete vowels.
Written Kannada is composed of akshara or kagunita, corresponding to syllables. The letters for consonants combine with diacritics for vowels. The consonant letter without any diacritic, such as ಕ ka, has the inherent vowel a ಅ. This is called ದೀರà³à²˜ dÄ«rgha. A consonant without a vowel is marked with a 'killer' stroke, such as ಕೠk. This is known as ಹà³à²°à²¸à³à²µ hrasva.
Independent | ಅ a
|
ಆ Ä
|
ಇ i
|
ಈ ī
|
ಉ u
|
ಊ ū
|
ಋ r̥
|
ೠr̥̄
[a]
|
ಌ l̥
[a]
|
ೡ l̥̄
[a]
|
ಎ e
|
ಠē
|
ಠai
|
ಒ o
|
ಓ Å
|
ಔ au
|
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Diacritic template | - a
|
ಾ Ä
|
ಿ i
|
à³€ Ä«
|
à³ u
|
ೂ ū
|
ೃ r̥
|
ೄ r̥̄
[a]
|
ೢ l̥
[a]
|
ೣ l̥̄
[a]
|
ೆ e
|
ೇ ē
|
ೈ ai
|
ೊ o
|
ೋ Å
|
ೌ au
|
Diacritic with ದ | ದ + ದ IPA: /d̪a/
|
ದ + ಾ ದಾ IPA: /d̪aË/
|
ದ + ಿ ದಿ IPA: /d̪i/
|
ದ + à³€ ದೀ IPA: /d̪iË/
|
ದ + ೠದೠIPA: /d̪u/
|
ದ + ೂ ದೂ IPA: /d̪uË/
|
ದ + ೃ ದೃ IPA: /d̪ru/
|
ದ + ೄ ದೄ IPA: /d̪ruË/
|
ದ + à³¢ ದೢ IPA: /d̪ruË/
|
ದ + à³£ ದೣ IPA: /d̪ruË/
|
ದ + ೆ ದೆ IPA: /d̪e/
|
ದ + ೇ ದೇ IPA: /d̪eË/
|
ದ + ೈ ದೈ IPA: /dai/
|
ದ + ೊ ದೊ IPA: /d̪o/
|
ದ + ೋ ದೋ IPA: /d̪oË/
|
ದ + ೌ ದೌ IPA: /d̪au/
|
There are two yÅgavÄha (part-vowel, part consonant) letters, known as ardhavisarga, used in modern Kannada and two others used in Sanskrit transcription.
Diacritic template | ಂ á¹
|
ಃ ḥ
|
ೱ ḥ
|
ೲ ḫ
|
---|---|---|---|---|
Diacritic with ಅ | ಅಂ aá¹
|
ಅಃ aḥ
|
ಅೱ ḥ
|
ಅೲ ḫ
|
Diacritic with ದ | ದ + ಂ ದಂ IPA: /d̪am̃/
|
ದ + ಃ ದಃ IPA: /d̪ah/
|
ದ + ೱ ದೱ IPA: [x]
|
ದ + ೲ ದೲ IPA: [ɸ]
|
Two categories of consonant letters (ವà³à²¯à²‚ಜನ vyanÌ„jana) are defined in Kannada: the structured consonants and the unstructured consonants.
The structured consonants are classified according to their place of articulation, that is, where the tongue touches the palate.
voiceless | voiceless aspirated |
voiced | voiced aspirated |
Nasal | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
velar | ಕ ka
|
ಖ kha
|
ಗ ga
|
ಘ gha
|
ಙ ṅa
|
palatal | ಚ ca
|
ಛ cha
|
ಜ ja
|
ಠjha
|
ಞ ña
|
retroflex | ಟ á¹a
|
ಠá¹ha
|
ಡ á¸a
|
ಢ á¸ha
|
ಣ ṇa
|
dental | ತ ta
|
ಥ tha
|
ದ da
|
ಧ dha
|
ನ na
|
labial | ಪ pa
|
ಫ pha
|
ಬ ba
|
ಠbha
|
ಮ ma
|
The unstructured consonants are consonants that do not fall into any of the above structures:
ಯ ya
|
ರ ra
|
ಱ ṟa
|
ಲ la
|
ವ va
|
ಶ śa
|
ಷ ṣa
|
ಸ sa
|
ಹ ha
|
ಳ ḷa
|
ೞ ḻa
|
Kannada literary works employed the letters ಱ (transliterated 'ṟ' or 'rh') and ೞ (transliterated 'ḻ', 'lh' or 'zh'), whose manner of articulation most plausibly could be akin to those in present-day Malayalam and Tamil. The letters dropped out of use in the 12th and 18th centuries, respectively. Later Kannada works replaced 'rh' and 'lh' with ರ (ra) and ಳ (la) respectively. [14]
It is still used to write the Badaga language and a vowel + virama + ḻ is used to transcribe its retroflex vowels. [15]
Another letter (or unclassified vyanjana (consonant)) that has become extinct is 'nh' or 'inn'.
Likewise, this has its equivalent in
Telugu, where it is called Nakaara pollu. The usage of this consonant was observed until the 1980s in Kannada works from the mostly coastal areas of Karnataka (especially the
Dakshina Kannada district). Now, hardly any mainstream works use this consonant. This letter has been replaced by ನೠ(consonant n).[
citation needed]
The Kannada script is rich in conjunct consonant clusters, with most consonants having a standard subjoined form and few true ligature clusters. A table of consonant conjuncts follows although the forms of individual conjuncts may differ according to the font.
Of special note is the sequence concerning the letter ರ (ra). Unlike other letters, the conjunct form is written second even if it is pronounced first in the sequence.
For example, the /rnaË/ in the word KarnÄá¹aka (ಕರà³à²¨à²¾à²Ÿà²•) is written ರà³à²¨à²¾ rather than ರâ€à³à²¨à²¾.
The nasal consonants ಙ (ṅa), ಞ (ña), ಣ (ṇa), ನ (na), and ಮ (ma) are usually written as an anusvara ಂ when preceding another consonant rather than a consonant conjunct.
For example, the /Å‹g/ in the word Beá¹…gaḷūru (ಬೆಂಗಳೂರà³) is usually written ಂಗ rather than ಙà³à²— (ಬೆಙà³à²—ಳೂರà³).
ಕ | ಖ | ಗ | ಘ | ಙ | ಚ | ಛ | ಜ | ಠ| ಞ | ಟ | ಠ| ಡ | ಢ | ಣ | ತ | ಥ | ದ | ಧ | ನ | ಪ | ಫ | ಬ | ಠ| ಮ | ಯ | ರ | ಱ | ಲ | ವ | ಶ | ಷ | ಸ | ಹ | ಳ | ೞ | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ಕ | ಕà³à²• | ಕà³à²– | ಕà³à²— | ಕà³à²˜ | ಕà³à²™ | ಕà³à²š | ಕà³à²› | ಕà³à²œ | ಕà³à² | ಕà³à²ž | ಕà³à²Ÿ | ಕà³à² | ಕà³à²¡ | ಕà³à²¢ | ಕà³à²£ | ಕà³à²¤ | ಕà³à²¥ | ಕà³à²¦ | ಕà³à²§ | ಕà³à²¨ | ಕà³à²ª | ಕà³à²« | ಕà³à²¬ | ಕà³à² | ಕà³à²® | ಕà³à²¯ | ಕà³à²° | ಕà³à²± | ಕà³à²² | ಕà³à²µ | ಕà³à²¶ | ಕà³à²· | ಕà³à²¸ | ಕà³à²¹ | ಕà³à²³ | ಕà³à³ž |
ಖ | ಖà³à²• | ಖà³à²– | ಖà³à²— | ಖà³à²˜ | ಖà³à²™ | ಖà³à²š | ಖà³à²› | ಖà³à²œ | ಖà³à² | ಖà³à²ž | ಖà³à²Ÿ | ಖà³à² | ಖà³à²¡ | ಖà³à²¢ | ಖà³à²£ | ಖà³à²¤ | ಖà³à²¥ | ಖà³à²¦ | ಖà³à²§ | ಖà³à²¨ | ಖà³à²ª | ಖà³à²« | ಖà³à²¬ | ಖà³à² | ಖà³à²® | ಖà³à²¯ | ಖà³à²° | ಖà³à²± | ಖà³à²² | ಖà³à²µ | ಖà³à²¶ | ಖà³à²· | ಖà³à²¸ | ಖà³à²¹ | ಖà³à²³ | ಖà³à³ž |
ಗ | ಗà³à²• | ಗà³à²– | ಗà³à²— | ಗà³à²˜ | ಗà³à²™ | ಗà³à²š | ಗà³à²› | ಗà³à²œ | ಗà³à² | ಗà³à²ž | ಗà³à²Ÿ | ಗà³à² | ಗà³à²¡ | ಗà³à²¢ | ಗà³à²£ | ಗà³à²¤ | ಗà³à²¥ | ಗà³à²¦ | ಗà³à²§ | ಗà³à²¨ | ಗà³à²ª | ಗà³à²« | ಗà³à²¬ | ಗà³à² | ಗà³à²® | ಗà³à²¯ | ಗà³à²° | ಗà³à²± | ಗà³à²² | ಗà³à²µ | ಗà³à²¶ | ಗà³à²· | ಗà³à²¸ | ಗà³à²¹ | ಗà³à²³ | ಗà³à³ž |
ಘ | ಘà³à²• | ಘà³à²– | ಘà³à²— | ಘà³à²˜ | ಘà³à²™ | ಘà³à²š | ಘà³à²› | ಘà³à²œ | ಘà³à² | ಘà³à²ž | ಘà³à²Ÿ | ಘà³à² | ಘà³à²¡ | ಘà³à²¢ | ಘà³à²£ | ಘà³à²¤ | ಘà³à²¥ | ಘà³à²¦ | ಘà³à²§ | ಘà³à²¨ | ಘà³à²ª | ಘà³à²« | ಘà³à²¬ | ಘà³à² | ಘà³à²® | ಘà³à²¯ | ಘà³à²° | ಘà³à²± | ಘà³à²² | ಘà³à²µ | ಘà³à²¶ | ಘà³à²· | ಘà³à²¸ | ಘà³à²¹ | ಘà³à²³ | ಘà³à³ž |
ಙ | ಙà³à²• | ಙà³à²– | ಙà³à²— | ಙà³à²˜ | ಙà³à²™ | ಙà³à²š | ಙà³à²› | ಙà³à²œ | ಙà³à² | ಙà³à²ž | ಙà³à²Ÿ | ಙà³à² | ಙà³à²¡ | ಙà³à²¢ | ಙà³à²£ | ಙà³à²¤ | ಙà³à²¥ | ಙà³à²¦ | ಙà³à²§ | ಙà³à²¨ | ಙà³à²ª | ಙà³à²« | ಙà³à²¬ | ಙà³à² | ಙà³à²® | ಙà³à²¯ | ಙà³à²° | ಙà³à²± | ಙà³à²² | ಙà³à²µ | ಙà³à²¶ | ಙà³à²· | ಙà³à²¸ | ಙà³à²¹ | ಙà³à²³ | ಙà³à³ž |
ಚ | ಚà³à²• | ಚà³à²– | ಚà³à²— | ಚà³à²˜ | ಚà³à²™ | ಚà³à²š | ಚà³à²› | ಚà³à²œ | ಚà³à² | ಚà³à²ž | ಚà³à²Ÿ | ಚà³à² | ಚà³à²¡ | ಚà³à²¢ | ಚà³à²£ | ಚà³à²¤ | ಚà³à²¥ | ಚà³à²¦ | ಚà³à²§ | ಚà³à²¨ | ಚà³à²ª | ಚà³à²« | ಚà³à²¬ | ಚà³à² | ಚà³à²® | ಚà³à²¯ | ಚà³à²° | ಚà³à²± | ಚà³à²² | ಚà³à²µ | ಚà³à²¶ | ಚà³à²· | ಚà³à²¸ | ಚà³à²¹ | ಚà³à²³ | ಚà³à³ž |
ಛ | ಛà³à²• | ಛà³à²– | ಛà³à²— | ಛà³à²˜ | ಛà³à²™ | ಛà³à²š | ಛà³à²› | ಛà³à²œ | ಛà³à² | ಛà³à²ž | ಛà³à²Ÿ | ಛà³à² | ಛà³à²¡ | ಛà³à²¢ | ಛà³à²£ | ಛà³à²¤ | ಛà³à²¥ | ಛà³à²¦ | ಛà³à²§ | ಛà³à²¨ | ಛà³à²ª | ಛà³à²« | ಛà³à²¬ | ಛà³à² | ಛà³à²® | ಛà³à²¯ | ಛà³à²° | ಛà³à²± | ಛà³à²² | ಛà³à²µ | ಛà³à²¶ | ಛà³à²· | ಛà³à²¸ | ಛà³à²¹ | ಛà³à²³ | ಛà³à³ž |
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ಸ | ಸà³à²• | ಸà³à²– | ಸà³à²— | ಸà³à²˜ | ಸà³à²™ | ಸà³à²š | ಸà³à²› | ಸà³à²œ | ಸà³à² | ಸà³à²ž | ಸà³à²Ÿ | ಸà³à² | ಸà³à²¡ | ಸà³à²¢ | ಸà³à²£ | ಸà³à²¤ | ಸà³à²¥ | ಸà³à²¦ | ಸà³à²§ | ಸà³à²¨ | ಸà³à²ª | ಸà³à²« | ಸà³à²¬ | ಸà³à² | ಸà³à²® | ಸà³à²¯ | ಸà³à²° | ಸà³à²± | ಸà³à²² | ಸà³à²µ | ಸà³à²¶ | ಸà³à²· | ಸà³à²¸ | ಸà³à²¹ | ಸà³à²³ | ಸà³à³ž |
ಹ | ಹà³à²• | ಹà³à²– | ಹà³à²— | ಹà³à²˜ | ಹà³à²™ | ಹà³à²š | ಹà³à²› | ಹà³à²œ | ಹà³à² | ಹà³à²ž | ಹà³à²Ÿ | ಹà³à² | ಹà³à²¡ | ಹà³à²¢ | ಹà³à²£ | ಹà³à²¤ | ಹà³à²¥ | ಹà³à²¦ | ಹà³à²§ | ಹà³à²¨ | ಹà³à²ª | ಹà³à²« | ಹà³à²¬ | ಹà³à² | ಹà³à²® | ಹà³à²¯ | ಹà³à²° | ಹà³à²± | ಹà³à²² | ಹà³à²µ | ಹà³à²¶ | ಹà³à²· | ಹà³à²¸ | ಹà³à²¹ | ಹà³à²³ | ಹà³à³ž |
ಳ | ಳà³à²• | ಳà³à²– | ಳà³à²— | ಳà³à²˜ | ಳà³à²™ | ಳà³à²š | ಳà³à²› | ಳà³à²œ | ಳà³à² | ಳà³à²ž | ಳà³à²Ÿ | ಳà³à² | ಳà³à²¡ | ಳà³à²¢ | ಳà³à²£ | ಳà³à²¤ | ಳà³à²¥ | ಳà³à²¦ | ಳà³à²§ | ಳà³à²¨ | ಳà³à²ª | ಳà³à²« | ಳà³à²¬ | ಳà³à² | ಳà³à²® | ಳà³à²¯ | ಳà³à²° | ಳà³à²± | ಳà³à²² | ಳà³à²µ | ಳà³à²¶ | ಳà³à²· | ಳà³à²¸ | ಳà³à²¹ | ಳà³à²³ | ಳà³à³ž |
ೞ | ೞà³à²• | ೞà³à²– | ೞà³à²— | ೞà³à²˜ | ೞà³à²™ | ೞà³à²š | ೞà³à²› | ೞà³à²œ | ೞà³à² | ೞà³à²ž | ೞà³à²Ÿ | ೞà³à² | ೞà³à²¡ | ೞà³à²¢ | ೞà³à²£ | ೞà³à²¤ | ೞà³à²¥ | ೞà³à²¦ | ೞà³à²§ | ೞà³à²¨ | ೞà³à²ª | ೞà³à²« | ೞà³à²¬ | ೞà³à² | ೞà³à²® | ೞà³à²¯ | ೞà³à²° | ೞà³à²± | ೞà³à²² | ೞà³à²µ | ೞà³à²¶ | ೞà³à²· | ೞà³à²¸ | ೞà³à²¹ | ೞà³à²³ | ೞà³à³ž |
ಅ | ಆ | ಇ | ಈ | ಉ | ಊ | ಋ | ೠ| ಎ | ಠ| ಠ| ಒ | ಓ | ಔ | ಅಂ | ಅಃ | — |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ಕ | ಕಾ | ಕಿ | ಕೀ | ಕೠ| ಕೂ | ಕೃ | ಕೄ | ಕೆ | ಕೇ | ಕೈ | ಕೊ | ಕೋ | ಕೌ | ಕಂ | ಕಃ | ಕೠ|
ಖ | ಖಾ | ಖಿ | ಖೀ | ಖೠ| ಖೂ | ಖೃ | ಖೄ | ಖೆ | ಖೇ | ಖೈ | ಖೊ | ಖೋ | ಖೌ | ಖಂ | ಖಃ | ಖೠ|
ಗ | ಗಾ | ಗಿ | ಗೀ | ಗೠ| ಗೂ | ಗೃ | ಗೄ | ಗೆ | ಗೇ | ಗೈ | ಗೊ | ಗೋ | ಗೌ | ಗಂ | ಗಃ | ಗೠ|
ಘ | ಘಾ | ಘಿ | ಘೀ | ಘೠ| ಘೂ | ಘೃ | ಘೄ | ಘೆ | ಘೇ | ಘೈ | ಘೊ | ಘೋ | ಘೌ | ಘಂ | ಘಃ | ಘೠ|
ಙ | ಙಾ | ಙಿ | ಙೀ | ಙೠ| ಙೂ | ಙೃ | ಙೄ | ಙೆ | ಙೇ | ಙೈ | ಙೊ | ಙೋ | ಙೌ | ಙಂ | ಙಃ | ಙೠ|
ಚ | ಚಾ | ಚಿ | ಚೀ | ಚೠ| ಚೂ | ಚೃ | ಚೄ | ಚೆ | ಚೇ | ಚೈ | ಚೊ | ಚೋ | ಚೌ | ಚಂ | ಚಃ | ಚೠ|
ಛ | ಛಾ | ಛಿ | ಛೀ | ಛೠ| ಛೂ | ಛೃ | ಛೄ | ಛೆ | ಛೇ | ಛೈ | ಛೊ | ಛೋ | ಛೌ | ಛಂ | ಛಃ | ಛೠ|
ಜ | ಜಾ | ಜಿ | ಜೀ | ಜೠ| ಜೂ | ಜೃ | ಜೄ | ಜೆ | ಜೇ | ಜೈ | ಜೊ | ಜೋ | ಜೌ | ಜಂ | ಜಃ | ಜೠ|
ಠ| à²à²¾ | à²à²¿ | à²à³€ | à²à³ | à²à³‚ | à²à³ƒ | à²à³„ | à²à³† | à²à³‡ | à²à³ˆ | à²à³Š | à²à³‹ | à²à³Œ | à²à²‚ | à²à²ƒ | à²à³ |
ಞ | ಞಾ | ಞಿ | ಞೀ | ಞೠ| ಞೂ | ಞೃ | ಞೄ | ಞೆ | ಞೇ | ಞೈ | ಞೊ | ಞೋ | ಞೌ | ಞಂ | ಞಃ | ಞೠ|
ಟ | ಟಾ | ಟಿ | ಟೀ | ಟೠ| ಟೂ | ಟೃ | ಟೄ | ಟೆ | ಟೇ | ಟೈ | ಟೊ | ಟೋ | ಟೌ | ಟಂ | ಟಃ | ಟೠ|
ಠ| ಠಾ | ಠಿ | ಠೀ | ಠೠ| ಠೂ | ಠೃ | ಠೄ | ಠೆ | ಠೇ | ಠೈ | ಠೊ | ಠೋ | ಠೌ | ಠಂ | ಠಃ | ಠೠ|
ಡ | ಡಾ | ಡಿ | ಡೀ | ಡೠ| ಡೂ | ಡೃ | ಡೄ | ಡೆ | ಡೇ | ಡೈ | ಡೊ | ಡೋ | ಡೌ | ಡಂ | ಡಃ | ಡೠ|
ಢ | ಢಾ | ಢಿ | ಢೀ | ಢೠ| ಢೂ | ಢೃ | ಢೄ | ಢೆ | ಢೇ | ಢೈ | ಢೊ | ಢೋ | ಢೌ | ಢಂ | ಢಃ | ಢೠ|
ಣ | ಣಾ | ಣಿ | ಣೀ | ಣೠ| ಣೂ | ಣೃ | ಣೄ | ಣೆ | ಣೇ | ಣೈ | ಣೊ | ಣೋ | ಣೌ | ಣಂ | ಣಃ | ಣೠ|
ತ | ತಾ | ತಿ | ತೀ | ತೠ| ತೂ | ತೃ | ತೄ | ತೆ | ತೇ | ತೈ | ತೊ | ತೋ | ತೌ | ತಂ | ತಃ | ತೠ|
ಥ | ಥಾ | ಥಿ | ಥೀ | ಥೠ| ಥೂ | ಥೃ | ಥೄ | ಥೆ | ಥೇ | ಥೈ | ಥೊ | ಥೋ | ಥೌ | ಥಂ | ಥಃ | ಥೠ|
ದ | ದಾ | ದಿ | ದೀ | ದೠ| ದೂ | ದೃ | ದೄ | ದೆ | ದೇ | ದೈ | ದೊ | ದೋ | ದೌ | ದಂ | ದಃ | ದೠ|
ಧ | ಧಾ | ಧಿ | ಧೀ | ಧೠ| ಧೂ | ಧೃ | ಧೄ | ಧೆ | ಧೇ | ಧೈ | ಧೊ | ಧೋ | ಧೌ | ಧಂ | ಧಃ | ಧೠ|
ನ | ನಾ | ನಿ | ನೀ | ನೠ| ನೂ | ನೃ | ನೄ | ನೆ | ನೇ | ನೈ | ನೊ | ನೋ | ನೌ | ನಂ | ನಃ | ನೠ|
ಪ | ಪಾ | ಪಿ | ಪೀ | ಪೠ| ಪೂ | ಪೃ | ಪೄ | ಪೆ | ಪೇ | ಪೈ | ಪೊ | ಪೋ | ಪೌ | ಪಂ | ಪಃ | ಪೠ|
ಫ | ಫಾ | ಫಿ | ಫೀ | ಫೠ| ಫೂ | ಫೃ | ಫೄ | ಫೆ | ಫೇ | ಫೈ | ಫೊ | ಫೋ | ಫೌ | ಫಂ | ಫಃ | ಫೠ|
ಬ | ಬಾ | ಬಿ | ಬೀ | ಬೠ| ಬೂ | ಬೃ | ಬೄ | ಬೆ | ಬೇ | ಬೈ | ಬೊ | ಬೋ | ಬೌ | ಬಂ | ಬಃ | ಬೠ|
ಠ| à²à²¾ | à²à²¿ | à²à³€ | à²à³ | à²à³‚ | à²à³ƒ | à²à³„ | à²à³† | à²à³‡ | à²à³ˆ | à²à³Š | à²à³‹ | à²à³Œ | à²à²‚ | à²à²ƒ | à²à³ |
ಮ | ಮಾ | ಮಿ | ಮೀ | ಮೠ| ಮೂ | ಮೃ | ಮೄ | ಮೆ | ಮೇ | ಮೈ | ಮೊ | ಮೋ | ಮೌ | ಮಂ | ಮಃ | ಮೠ|
ಯ | ಯಾ | ಯಿ | ಯೀ | ಯೠ| ಯೂ | ಯೃ | ಯೄ | ಯೆ | ಯೇ | ಯೈ | ಯೊ | ಯೋ | ಯೌ | ಯಂ | ಯಃ | ಯೠ|
ರ | ರಾ | ರಿ | ರೀ | ರೠ| ರೂ | ರೃ | ರೄ | ರೆ | ರೇ | ರೈ | ರೊ | ರೋ | ರೌ | ರಂ | ರಃ | ರೠ|
ಱ | ಱಾ | ಱಿ | ಱೀ | ಱೠ| ಱೂ | ಱೃ | ಱೄ | ಱೆ | ಱೇ | ಱೈ | ಱೊ | ಱೋ | ಱೌ | ಱಂ | ಱಃ | ಱೠ|
ಲ | ಲಾ | ಲಿ | ಲೀ | ಲೠ| ಲೂ | ಲೃ | ಲೄ | ಲೆ | ಲೇ | ಲೈ | ಲೊ | ಲೋ | ಲೌ | ಲಂ | ಲಃ | ಲೠ|
ವ | ವಾ | ವಿ | ವೀ | ವೠ| ವೂ | ವೃ | ವೄ | ವೆ | ವೇ | ವೈ | ವೊ | ವೋ | ವೌ | ವಂ | ವಃ | ವೠ|
ಶ | ಶಾ | ಶಿ | ಶೀ | ಶೠ| ಶೂ | ಶೃ | ಶೄ | ಶೆ | ಶೇ | ಶೈ | ಶೊ | ಶೋ | ಶೌ | ಶಂ | ಶಃ | ಶೠ|
ಷ | ಷಾ | ಷಿ | ಷೀ | ಷೠ| ಷೂ | ಷೃ | ಷೄ | ಷೆ | ಷೇ | ಷೈ | ಷೊ | ಷೋ | ಷೌ | ಷಂ | ಷಃ | ಷೠ|
ಸ | ಸಾ | ಸಿ | ಸೀ | ಸೠ| ಸೂ | ಸೃ | ಸೄ | ಸೆ | ಸೇ | ಸೈ | ಸೊ | ಸೋ | ಸೌ | ಸಂ | ಸಃ | ಸೠ|
ಹ | ಹಾ | ಹಿ | ಹೀ | ಹೠ| ಹೂ | ಹೃ | ಹೄ | ಹೆ | ಹೇ | ಹೈ | ಹೊ | ಹೋ | ಹೌ | ಹಂ | ಹಃ | ಹೠ|
ಳ | ಳಾ | ಳಿ | ಳೀ | ಳೠ| ಳೂ | ಳೃ | ಳೄ | ಳೆ | ಳೇ | ಳೈ | ಳೊ | ಳೋ | ಳೌ | ಳಂ | ಳಃ | ಳೠ|
ೞ | ೞಾ | ೞಿ | ೞೀ | ೞೠ| ೞೂ | ೞೃ | ೞೄ | ೞೆ | ೞೇ | ೞೈ | ೞೊ | ೞೋ | ೞೌ | ೞಂ | ೞಃ | ೞೠ|
The formations shown boldface above are seldom used.
The decimal numerals in the script are:
0 sonne ೦
|
1 ondu ೧
|
2 eraá¸u ೨
|
3 mūru ೩
|
4 nÄlku ೪
|
5 aidu ೫
|
6 Äru ೬
|
7 ēḷu à³
|
8 ená¹u à³®
|
9 oṃbattu ೯
|
Several transliteration schemes/tools are used to type Kannada characters using a standard keyboard. These include Baraha [16] (based on ITRANS), Pada Software [17] and several internet tools like Google transliteration, Quillpad [18] (predictive transliterator). Nudi, the Government of Karnataka's standard for Kannada Input, is a phonetic layout loosely based on transliteration.
Due to its resemblance to an eye and an eyebrow, the Kannada letter ಠá¹ha is used in the "look of disapproval" (displayed as "ಠ_ಠ"), a popular emoticon used to convey disapproval or contempt. [19] Similarly, the akshara ರೃ rrÌ¥a has been used in emoticons to represent a monocle, while ಥ tha has been used to represent a tearing eye.
Kannada script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.
The Unicode block for Kannada is U+0C80–U+0CFF:
Kannada
[1]
[2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF) | ||||||||||||||||
0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | A | B | C | D | E | F | |
U+0C8x | ಀ | ಠ| ಂ | ಃ | ಄ | ಅ | ಆ | ಇ | ಈ | ಉ | ಊ | ಋ | ಌ | ಎ | ಠ| |
U+0C9x | ಠ| ಒ | ಓ | ಔ | ಕ | ಖ | ಗ | ಘ | ಙ | ಚ | ಛ | ಜ | ಠ| ಞ | ಟ | |
U+0CAx | ಠ| ಡ | ಢ | ಣ | ತ | ಥ | ದ | ಧ | ನ | ಪ | ಫ | ಬ | ಠ| ಮ | ಯ | |
U+0CBx | ರ | ಱ | ಲ | ಳ | ವ | ಶ | ಷ | ಸ | ಹ | ಼ | ಽ | ಾ | ಿ | |||
U+0CCx | ೀ | ೠ| ೂ | ೃ | ೄ | ೆ | ೇ | ೈ | ೊ | ೋ | ೌ | ೠ| ||||
U+0CDx | ೕ | ೖ | ೠ| ೞ | ||||||||||||
U+0CEx | ೠ| ೡ | ೢ | ೣ | ೦ | ೧ | ೨ | ೩ | ೪ | ೫ | ೬ | ೠ| ೮ | ೯ | ||
U+0CFx | ೱ | ೲ | à³³ | |||||||||||||
Notes |