This cloud covers an angular area of 4.5° × 6.5° on the
celestial sphere. It consists of two major regions of dense gas and dust. The first contains a star-forming cloud (L1688) and two filaments (L1709 and L1755), while the second has a star-forming region (L1689) and a filament (L1712–L1729). These filaments extend up to 10–17.5 parsecs in length and can be as narrow as 0.24 parsecs in width. The large extensions of the complex are also called Dark River clouds[8] (or Rho Ophiuchi Streamers) and are identified as
Barnard 44 and 45. Some of the structures within the complex appear to be the result of a shock front passing through the clouds from the direction of the neighboring
Sco OB2 association.[5]
Temperatures of the clouds range from 13–22 K, and there is a total of about 3,000 times the
mass of the Sun in the material. Over half of the mass of the complex is concentrated around the L1688 cloud, and this is the most active star-forming region.[5] There are embedded
infrared sources within the complex.[9] A total of 425 infrared sources have been detected near the L1688 cloud. These are presumed to be
young stellar objects, including 16 classified as
protostars, 123
T Tauri stars with dense
circumstellar disks, and 77 weaker T Tauri stars with thinner disks.[4] The last 2 categories of stars have estimated ages ranging from 100,000 to a million years.[10]
The first
brown dwarf to be identified in a star-forming region was Rho Oph J162349.8-242601, located in the Rho Ophiuchi cloud.[better source needed][11] One of the older objects at the edge of the primary star-forming region was found to be a circumstellar disk seen nearly edge-on. It spans a diameter of 300
AU and contains at least twice the
mass of Jupiter. The million-year-old star at the center of the disk has a temperature of 3,000 K and is emitting 0.4 times the
luminosity of the Sun.[12]
The 2023
NASA/
ESA/
CSAJames Webb Space Telescope image—released on the telescope's first anniversary—shows young stars, roughly the size of the Sun, at the center of circumstellar discs. These represent planetary systems of the future being formed in a "stellar nursery".[1][7] Since the field of view of the photo is very small, at 6.4 arc-minutes, it displays just a tiny region of what appears in most other photographs of the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex. [13]
Gallery
Rho Ophiuchi Region, with the main
dark nebula Lynds 1688 (and further L1689) to the left,
ρ Ophiuchi at the center of the large blue area (IC 4604),
Antares in the large yellow area and
Sigma Scorpii in the redish
Sh2-9 area, with
Messier 4 inbetween the latter two stars. North is up. July 2, 2019 photo by Adam Block.
The Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex with its main dark nebula Lynds 1688, speckled with its pinkish
young stellar objects, just left to HD 147889 surrounded by IC 4603 as the bright area at the center. The red area called
Sh2-9 has
Sigma Scorpii at its center, and
Antares is just outside the picture at the bottom.
The large multicoloured Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex with the Dark River clouds (or Rho Ophiuchi Streamers) as
Barnard 44 and 45 on the right, seemingly radiating towards the distant
Pipe Nebula and the
Galactic Center, extending from the core L1688 as well as L1689 dark nebulae.[8] In the lower part of this wide field image the distinct blue eyed (
Nu Scorpii)
Blue Horsehead Nebula can be seen. The blue area at the back of the head is
IC 4601. The cloud in the top left corner is
LBN 1093 and
Sh2-1 with the bright star being
Pi Scorpii and the yellowish cloud in the middle on the left being
Sh2-7 with
Dschubba at its center.
A
starchart of the
Galactic Center area, with the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex marked as large green area in the middle of the right half of the chart.
Map of the molecular clouds within 1000 parsecs, the Sun is at the center.
Main dark nebulae of the
Solar apex half of the
galactic plane, with the Rho Opiuchi cloud complex at the right edge
The Milky Way as seen by Gaia, with prominent dark features labeled in white, as well as prominent
star clouds labeled in black. Rho Ophiuchi is on the left top center.
^Wilking, B. A.; Lada, C. J. (November 15, 1983). "The discovery of new embedded sources in the centrally condensed core of the Rho Ophiuchi dark cloud - The formation of a bound cluster". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 274: 698–716.
Bibcode:
1983ApJ...274..698W.
doi:
10.1086/161482.
This cloud covers an angular area of 4.5° × 6.5° on the
celestial sphere. It consists of two major regions of dense gas and dust. The first contains a star-forming cloud (L1688) and two filaments (L1709 and L1755), while the second has a star-forming region (L1689) and a filament (L1712–L1729). These filaments extend up to 10–17.5 parsecs in length and can be as narrow as 0.24 parsecs in width. The large extensions of the complex are also called Dark River clouds[8] (or Rho Ophiuchi Streamers) and are identified as
Barnard 44 and 45. Some of the structures within the complex appear to be the result of a shock front passing through the clouds from the direction of the neighboring
Sco OB2 association.[5]
Temperatures of the clouds range from 13–22 K, and there is a total of about 3,000 times the
mass of the Sun in the material. Over half of the mass of the complex is concentrated around the L1688 cloud, and this is the most active star-forming region.[5] There are embedded
infrared sources within the complex.[9] A total of 425 infrared sources have been detected near the L1688 cloud. These are presumed to be
young stellar objects, including 16 classified as
protostars, 123
T Tauri stars with dense
circumstellar disks, and 77 weaker T Tauri stars with thinner disks.[4] The last 2 categories of stars have estimated ages ranging from 100,000 to a million years.[10]
The first
brown dwarf to be identified in a star-forming region was Rho Oph J162349.8-242601, located in the Rho Ophiuchi cloud.[better source needed][11] One of the older objects at the edge of the primary star-forming region was found to be a circumstellar disk seen nearly edge-on. It spans a diameter of 300
AU and contains at least twice the
mass of Jupiter. The million-year-old star at the center of the disk has a temperature of 3,000 K and is emitting 0.4 times the
luminosity of the Sun.[12]
The 2023
NASA/
ESA/
CSAJames Webb Space Telescope image—released on the telescope's first anniversary—shows young stars, roughly the size of the Sun, at the center of circumstellar discs. These represent planetary systems of the future being formed in a "stellar nursery".[1][7] Since the field of view of the photo is very small, at 6.4 arc-minutes, it displays just a tiny region of what appears in most other photographs of the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex. [13]
Gallery
Rho Ophiuchi Region, with the main
dark nebula Lynds 1688 (and further L1689) to the left,
ρ Ophiuchi at the center of the large blue area (IC 4604),
Antares in the large yellow area and
Sigma Scorpii in the redish
Sh2-9 area, with
Messier 4 inbetween the latter two stars. North is up. July 2, 2019 photo by Adam Block.
The Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex with its main dark nebula Lynds 1688, speckled with its pinkish
young stellar objects, just left to HD 147889 surrounded by IC 4603 as the bright area at the center. The red area called
Sh2-9 has
Sigma Scorpii at its center, and
Antares is just outside the picture at the bottom.
The large multicoloured Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex with the Dark River clouds (or Rho Ophiuchi Streamers) as
Barnard 44 and 45 on the right, seemingly radiating towards the distant
Pipe Nebula and the
Galactic Center, extending from the core L1688 as well as L1689 dark nebulae.[8] In the lower part of this wide field image the distinct blue eyed (
Nu Scorpii)
Blue Horsehead Nebula can be seen. The blue area at the back of the head is
IC 4601. The cloud in the top left corner is
LBN 1093 and
Sh2-1 with the bright star being
Pi Scorpii and the yellowish cloud in the middle on the left being
Sh2-7 with
Dschubba at its center.
A
starchart of the
Galactic Center area, with the Rho Ophiuchi cloud complex marked as large green area in the middle of the right half of the chart.
Map of the molecular clouds within 1000 parsecs, the Sun is at the center.
Main dark nebulae of the
Solar apex half of the
galactic plane, with the Rho Opiuchi cloud complex at the right edge
The Milky Way as seen by Gaia, with prominent dark features labeled in white, as well as prominent
star clouds labeled in black. Rho Ophiuchi is on the left top center.
^Wilking, B. A.; Lada, C. J. (November 15, 1983). "The discovery of new embedded sources in the centrally condensed core of the Rho Ophiuchi dark cloud - The formation of a bound cluster". Astrophysical Journal, Part 1. 274: 698–716.
Bibcode:
1983ApJ...274..698W.
doi:
10.1086/161482.