Country in Southeast Asia
Republic of the Philippines
Motto:
Maka-Diyos, Maka-tao, Makakalikasan at Makabansa
[ 1] "For God, People, Nature, and Country"Anthem: "
Lupang Hinirang " "Chosen Land"
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Capital
Manila (de jure )
Metro Manila
[ b] (de facto ) Largest city
Quezon City Official languages Recognized regional languages
19 languages
[ 4]
Filipino Sign Language Other recognized languages
[ c]
Spanish and
Arabic
Ethnic groups Religion
Demonym(s)
Filipino (neutral ) Filipina (feminine )
Pinoy (colloquial neutral ) Pinay (colloquial feminine )
Philippine (adjective for certain common nouns )
Government Unitary
presidential republic
Bongbong Marcos
Sara Duterte
Francis Escudero
Martin Romualdez
Alexander Gesmundo
Legislature
Congress
Senate
House of Representatives June 12, 1898 April 11, 1899 November 15, 1935 July 4, 1946 February 2, 1987
• Total
300,000
[ 8]
[ 9]
[ e] km2 (120,000 sq mi) (
72nd ) • Water (%)
0.61
[ 10] (inland waters) • 2024 estimate
114,163,719
[ 11] (
12th )• 2020 census
109,035,343
[ 12] • Density
363.45/km2 (941.3/sq mi) (
36th )
GDP (
PPP ) 2024 estimate • Total
$1.392 trillion
[ 13] (
28th )• Per capita
$12,192
[ 13] (
116th )
GDP (nominal) 2024 estimate • Total
$471.516 billion
[ 13] (
32nd )• Per capita
$4,130
[ 13] (
124th )
Gini (2021) 41.2
[ 14] medium inequality
HDI (2022) 0.710
[ 15] high (
113th )Currency
Philippine peso (
₱ ) (
PHP ) Time zone
UTC +8 (
PhST )Date format MM/DD/YYYY DD/MM/YYYY
[ f]
Drives on right
[ 16]
Calling code
+63
ISO 3166 code
PH
Internet TLD
.ph
The Philippines ,
[ g] officially the Republic of the Philippines ,
[ h] is an
archipelagic country in
Southeast Asia . In the western
Pacific Ocean , it consists of
7,641 islands , with a total area of roughly 300,000 square kilometers, which are broadly categorized in
three main geographical divisions from north to south:
Luzon ,
Visayas , and
Mindanao . The Philippines is bounded by the
South China Sea to the west, the
Philippine Sea to the east, and the
Celebes Sea to the south. It shares
maritime borders with
Taiwan to the north,
Japan to the northeast,
Palau to the east and southeast,
Indonesia to the south,
Malaysia to the southwest,
Vietnam to the west, and
China to the northwest. It is the world's
twelfth-most-populous country , with diverse
ethnicities and
cultures .
Manila is
the country's capital , and
its most populated city is
Quezon City . Both are within
Metro Manila .
Negritos , the archipelago's earliest inhabitants, were followed by
waves of
Austronesian peoples . The adoption of
animism ,
Hinduism with
Buddhist influence, and
Islam established
island-kingdoms ruled by
datus ,
rajas , and
sultans . Extensive overseas trade with neighbors such as the late
Tang or
Song empire brought
Chinese people to the archipelago as well, which would also gradually settle in and
intermix over the centuries.
The arrival of
Ferdinand Magellan , a
Portuguese explorer leading a fleet for
Castile , marked the beginning of
Spanish colonization . In 1543, Spanish explorer
Ruy López de Villalobos named the archipelago Las Islas Filipinas in honor of
King Philip II of Castile . Spanish colonization via
New Spain , beginning in 1565, led to the Philippines becoming ruled by the Crown of Castile, as part of the
Spanish Empire , for more than 300 years.
Catholic
Christianity became the dominant religion, and Manila became the western hub of
trans-Pacific trade .
Hispanic immigrants from
Latin America and
Iberia would also selectively colonize. The
Philippine Revolution began in 1896, and became entwined with the 1898
Spanish–American War . Spain ceded the territory to the United States, and
Filipino revolutionaries declared the
First Philippine Republic . The ensuing
Philippine–American War ended with the United States controlling the territory until the
Japanese invasion of the islands during
World War II . After
the United States retook the Philippines from the Japanese , the Philippines became independent in 1946. The country has had a tumultuous experience with democracy, which included the overthrow of
a decades-long dictatorship in
a nonviolent revolution .
The Philippines is an
emerging market and a
newly industrialized country , whose economy is transitioning from being agricultural to service- and manufacturing-centered. It is a founding member of the
United Nations , the
World Trade Organization ,
ASEAN , the
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum, and the
East Asia Summit ; it is a member of the
Non-Aligned Movement and a
major non-NATO ally of the United States. Its location as an island country on the Pacific
Ring of Fire and close to the equator makes it prone to
earthquakes and
typhoons . The Philippines has a variety of natural resources and a globally-significant
level of biodiversity .
Etymology
During his 1542 expedition, Spanish explorer
Ruy López de Villalobos named the islands of
Leyte and
Samar "Felipinas " after the
Prince of Asturias , later
Philip II of Castile . Eventually, the name "Las Islas Filipinas " would be used for the archipelago's Spanish possessions.
[ 17] :
6 Other names, such as "Islas del Poniente " (Western Islands), "Islas del Oriente " (Eastern Islands), Ferdinand Magellan's name, and "San Lázaro " (Islands of St. Lazarus), were used by the Spanish to refer to islands in the region before Spanish rule was established.
[ 18]
[ 19]
[ 20]
During the
Philippine Revolution , the
Malolos Congress proclaimed it the República Filipina (the
Philippine Republic ).
[ 21] American colonial authorities referred to the country as the Philippine Islands (a translation of the Spanish name).
[ 22] The
United States began changing its nomenclature from "the Philippine Islands" to "the Philippines" in the Philippine Autonomy Act and the
Jones Law .
[ 23] The official title "Republic of the Philippines" was included in the 1935 constitution as the name of the future independent state,
[ 24] and in all succeeding constitutional revisions.
[ 25]
[ 26]
History
Prehistory (pre–900)
The
Manunggul burial jar , one of the numerous
burial jars found on the cave system
There is
evidence of early
hominins living in what is now the Philippines as early as 709,000 years ago.
[ 27] A small number of bones from
Callao Cave potentially represent an otherwise unknown species,
Homo luzonensis , who lived 50,000 to 67,000 years ago.
[ 28]
[ 29] The oldest
modern human remains on the islands are from the
Tabon Caves of
Palawan ,
U/Th-dated to 47,000 ± 11–10,000 years ago.
[ 30]
Tabon Man is presumably a
Negrito , among the archipelago's earliest inhabitants descended from the first human migrations out of Africa via the coastal route along
southern Asia to the now-sunken landmasses of
Sundaland and
Sahul .
[ 31]
The first Austronesians reached the Philippines from Taiwan around 2200 BC, settling the
Batanes Islands (where they built stone fortresses known as
ijangs )
[ 32] and northern
Luzon .
Jade artifacts have been dated to 2000 BC,
[ 33]
[ 34] with
lingling-o jade items made in Luzon with raw materials from Taiwan.
[ 35] By 1000 BC, the inhabitants of the archipelago had developed into four societies:
hunter-gatherer tribes, warrior societies, highland
plutocracies , and port principalities.
[ 36]
Early states (900–1565)
A couple portrayed in 1590's Early Spanish colonial period of the Philippines draped in gold
The earliest known surviving written record in the Philippines is the early-10th-century AD
Laguna Copperplate Inscription , which was written in
Old Malay using the early
Kawi script with a number of technical
Sanskrit words and
Old Javanese or
Old Tagalog
honorifics .
[ 37] By the 14th century, several large coastal settlements emerged as trading centers and became the focus of
societal changes .
[ 38] Some
polities had exchanges with other states throughout Asia.
[ 39] : 3
[ 40] Trade with China began during the late
Tang dynasty ,
[ 41]
[ 42] and expanded during the
Song dynasty .
[ 43]
[ 44]
[ 42] Throughout the second millennium AD, some polities were also part of the
tributary system of China .
[ 17] : 177–178
[ 39] : 3 With extensive trade and diplomacy, this brought
Southern
Chinese merchants and migrants from
Southern Fujian , known as "Langlang"
[ 45] and "Sangley" in later years,
[ 46]
[ 47] who would gradually settle and intermix in the Philippines. Indian cultural traits such as linguistic terms and religious practices
began to spread in the Philippines during the 14th century, via the Indianized Hindu
Majapahit Empire .
[ 48]
[ 49] By the 15th century, Islam was established in the
Sulu Archipelago and spread from there.
[ 38]
Polities founded in the Philippines between the 10th and 16th centuries include
Maynila ,
[ 50]
Tondo ,
Namayan ,
Pangasinan ,
Cebu ,
Butuan ,
Maguindanao ,
Lanao ,
Sulu , and
Ma-i .
[ 51] The early polities typically had a three-tier social structure: nobility, freemen, and dependent debtor-bondsmen.
[ 39] : 3
[ 52] :
672 Among the nobility were leaders known as
datus , who were responsible for ruling autonomous groups (
barangays or dulohan).
[ 53] When the barangays banded together to form a larger settlement or a geographically looser alliance,
[ 39] : 3
[ 54] their more-esteemed members would be recognized as a "
paramount datu ",
[ 55] :
58
[ 36]
rajah or
sultan ,
[ 56] and would rule the community.
[ 57] Population density is thought to have been low during the 14th to 16th centuries
[ 55] :
18 due to the
frequency of typhoons and the Philippines' location on the Pacific
Ring of Fire .
[ 58] Portuguese explorer
Ferdinand Magellan arrived in 1521, claimed the islands for Spain, and was killed by
Lapulapu 's men in the
Battle of Mactan .
[ 59] :
21
[ 60] :
261
Spanish and American colonial rule (1565–1934)
Manila , 1847
Unification and colonization by the
Crown of Castile began when Spanish explorer
Miguel López de Legazpi arrived from
New Spain (
Spanish : Nueva España ) in 1565.
[ 61]
[ 62]
[ 63] : 20–23 Many
Filipinos were brought to New Spain
as slaves and forced crew.
[ 64]
Whereas many Latin Americans were brought to the Philippines as soldiers and colonists.
Spanish Manila became the capital of the
Captaincy General of the Philippines and the
Spanish East Indies in 1571,
[ 65]
[ 66] Spanish territories in Asia and the Pacific.
[ 67] The Spanish invaded local states using the principle of
divide and conquer ,
[ 60] :
374 bringing most of what is the present-day Philippines under one unified administration.
[ 68]
[ 69] Disparate barangays were deliberately
consolidated into towns , where
Catholic missionaries could more easily convert their inhabitants to
Christianity ,
[ 70] :
53 ,
68
[ 71] which was initially
Syncretist .
[ 72]
Christianization by the
Spanish friars occurred mostly across the settled lowlands over the course of time. From 1565 to 1821, the Philippines was governed as a territory of the
Mexico City -based Viceroyalty of New Spain; it was then administered from
Madrid after the
Mexican War of Independence .
[ 73] :
81 Manila became the western hub of
trans-Pacific trade
[ 74] by
Manila galleons built in
Bicol and
Cavite .
[ 75]
[ 76]
During its rule, Spain nearly bankrupted its treasury quelling
indigenous revolts
[ 73] :
111–122 and defending against external military attacks,
[ 77] :
1077
[ 78] including
Moro piracy ,
[ 79] a 17th-century
war against the Dutch , 18th-century
British occupation of Manila , and conflict with Muslims in the south.
[ 80] :
4 [
undue weight? –
discuss ]
Administration of the Philippines was considered a drain on the economy of New Spain,
[ 77] :
1077 and abandoning it or trading it for other territory was debated. This course of action was opposed because of the islands' economic potential, security, and the desire to continue religious conversion in the region.
[ 55] :
7–8
[ 81] The colony survived on an annual subsidy from the Spanish crown
[ 77] :
1077 averaging 250,000 pesos,
[ 55] :
8 usually paid as 75 tons of silver bullion from the Americas.
[ 82]
British forces occupied Manila from 1762 to 1764 during the
Seven Years' War , and Spanish rule was restored with the
1763 Treaty of Paris .
[ 63] : 81–83 The Spanish considered their war with the Muslims in Southeast Asia an extension of the
Reconquista .
[ 83]
[ 84] The
Spanish–Moro conflict lasted for several hundred years; Spain conquered portions of
Mindanao and
Jolo during the last quarter of the 19th century,
[ 85] and the Muslim
Moro in the
Sultanate of Sulu acknowledged Spanish sovereignty.
[ 86]
[ 87]
Ilustrados in
Madrid around 1890
Philippine ports opened to world trade during the 19th century, and Filipino society began to change.
[ 88]
[ 89] Social identity changed, with the term Filipino encompassing all residents of the archipelago instead of solely referring to
Spaniards born in the Philippines .
[ 90]
[ 91]
Revolutionary sentiment grew in 1872 after 200 locally recruited
colonial troops and laborers alongside
three activist Catholic priests were executed on
questionable grounds .
[ 92]
[ 93] This inspired the
Propaganda Movement , organized by
Marcelo H. del Pilar ,
José Rizal ,
Graciano López Jaena , and
Mariano Ponce , which advocated political reform in the Philippines.
[ 94] Rizal was executed on December 30, 1896, for rebellion, and his death radicalized many who had been loyal to Spain.
[ 95] Attempts at reform met with resistance;
Andrés Bonifacio founded the
Katipunan secret society, which sought independence from Spain through armed revolt, in 1892.
[ 73] :
137
The Katipunan
Cry of Pugad Lawin began the
Philippine Revolution in 1896.
[ 96] Internal disputes led to the
Tejeros Convention , at which Bonifacio lost his position and
Emilio Aguinaldo was elected the new leader of the revolution.
[ 97] :
145–147 The 1897
Pact of Biak-na-Bato resulted in the
Hong Kong Junta government in exile. The
Spanish–American War began the following year, and reached the Philippines; Aguinaldo returned, resumed the revolution, and
declared independence from Spain on June 12, 1898.
[ 98] :
26 In December 1898, the islands were
ceded by Spain to the United States with
Puerto Rico and
Guam after the Spanish–American War.
[ 99]
[ 100]
The
First Philippine Republic was promulgated on January 21, 1899.
[ 101] Lack of recognition by the United States led to an
outbreak of hostilities that, after refusal by the U.S. on-scene military commander of a cease-fire proposal and a declaration of war by the nascent Republic,
[ i] escalated into the
Philippine–American War .
[ 102]
[ 103]
[ 104]
[ 105]
Filipino General
Gregorio del Pilar and his troops in Pampanga around 1898, during the
Philippine-American War
The war resulted in the deaths of 250,000 to 1 million civilians, primarily due to famine and disease.
[ 106] Many Filipinos were transported by the Americans to
concentration camps , where thousands died.
[ 107]
[ 108] After the fall of the First Philippine Republic in 1902, an
American civilian government was established with the
Philippine Organic Act .
[ 109] American forces continued to secure and extend their control of the islands, suppressing an attempted
extension of the Philippine Republic ,
[ 97] :
200–202
[ 106]
securing the Sultanate of Sulu ,
[ 110]
[ 111] establishing control of interior mountainous areas which had resisted Spanish conquest,
[ 112] and encouraging large-scale resettlement of Christians in once-predominantly-Muslim Mindanao.
[ 113]
[ 114]
Commonwealth and World War II (1935–1946)
Cultural developments in the Philippines strengthened a national identity,
[ 115]
[ 116] : 12 and
Tagalog began to take precedence over other local languages.
[ 70] :
121 Governmental functions were gradually given to Filipinos by the
Taft Commission ;
[ 77] :
1081 ,
1117 the 1934
Tydings–McDuffie Act granted a ten-year transition to independence through the creation of the
Commonwealth of the Philippines the following year,
[ 117] with
Manuel Quezon president and
Sergio Osmeña vice president.
[ 118] Quezon's priorities were defence, social justice, inequality, economic diversification, and national character.
[ 77] :
1081 ,
1117
Filipino (a standardized variety of Tagalog) became the national language,
[ 119] :
27–29
women's suffrage was introduced ,
[ 120]
[ 60] :
416 and
land reform was considered.
[ 121]
[ 122]
[ 123]
General Douglas MacArthur and
Sergio Osmeña (left) coming ashore during the
Battle of Leyte on October 20, 1944 The
Empire of Japan invaded the Philippines in December 1941
during World War II ,
[ 124] and the
Second Philippine Republic was established as a
puppet state governed by
Jose P. Laurel .
[ 125]
[ 126] Beginning in 1942, the
Japanese occupation of the Philippines was
opposed by large-scale
underground guerrilla activity .
[ 127]
[ 128]
[ 129]
Atrocities and war crimes were committed during the war, including the
Bataan Death March and the
Manila massacre .
[ 130]
[ 131] The Philippine resistance and Allied troops
defeated the Japanese in 1944 and 1945. Over one million Filipinos were estimated to have died by the end of the war.
[ 132]
[ 133] On October 11, 1945, the Philippines became a
founding member of the
United Nations .
[ 134]
[ 135] :
38–41 On July 4, 1946, during the presidency of
Manuel Roxas , the country's independence was recognized by the United States with the
Treaty of Manila .
[ 135] :
38–41
[ 136]
Independence (1946–present)
The raising of the
Flag of the Philippines during the declaration of Philippine Independence on July 4, 1946
Efforts at post-war reconstruction and ending the
Hukbalahap Rebellion succeeded during
Ramon Magsaysay 's presidency,
[ 137] but sporadic communist insurgency continued to flare up long afterward.
[ 138] Under Magsaysay's successor,
Carlos P. Garcia , the government initiated a
Filipino First policy which promoted Filipino-owned businesses.
[ 70] :
182 Succeeding Garcia,
Diosdado Macapagal moved Independence Day from July 4 to June 12—the date of Emilio Aguinaldo's declaration—
[ 139] and pursued
a claim on eastern
North Borneo .
[ 140]
[ 141]
The Declaration of Martial Law in the headlines of the Sunday Express
In 1965, Macapagal
lost the presidential election to
Ferdinand Marcos .
Early in his presidency , Marcos began infrastructure projects funded mostly by foreign loans; this improved the economy, and contributed to his
reelection in 1969 .
[ 142] :
58
[ 143] Near the end of his last constitutionally-permitted term, Marcos
declared martial law on September 21, 1972
[ 144] using the specter of communism
[ 145]
[ 146]
[ 147] and began to
rule by decree ;
[ 148] the period was characterized by
political repression ,
censorship , and
human rights violations .
[ 149]
[ 150]
Monopolies controlled by
Marcos's cronies were established in key industries,
[ 151]
[ 152]
[ 153] including
logging
[ 154] and broadcasting;
[ 60] :
120 a sugar monopoly led to
a famine on the island of Negros .
[ 155] With his wife,
Imelda , Marcos was accused of corruption and
embezzling billions of dollars of public funds.
[ 156]
[ 157] Marcos's heavy borrowing
early in his presidency resulted in
economic crashes , exacerbated by an
early 1980s recession where the economy contracted by 7.3 percent annually in 1984 and 1985.
[ 158] :
212
[ 159]
On August 21, 1983, opposition leader
Benigno Aquino Jr. (Marcos's chief rival) was
assassinated on the tarmac at
Manila International Airport .
[ 160] Marcos called a snap
presidential election in 1986
[ 161] which proclaimed him the winner, but the results were widely regarded as fraudulent.
[ 162] The resulting protests led to the
People Power Revolution ,
[ 163]
[ 164] which forced Marcos and his allies to flee to
Hawaii . Aquino's widow,
Corazon , was installed as president
[ 163] and a new constitution was promulgated.
[ 165]
The June
1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo was the
second-largest terrestrial eruption of the 20th century.
[ 166]
The return of democracy and government reforms which began in 1986 were hampered by
national debt , government corruption, and
coup attempts .
[ 167]
[ 142] : xii, xiii A
communist insurgency
[ 168]
[ 169] and military conflict with
Moro separatists persisted;
[ 170] the administration also faced a series of disasters, including the eruption of
Mount Pinatubo in June 1991.
[ 166] Aquino was succeeded by
Fidel V. Ramos , who
liberalized the national economy with
privatization and
deregulation .
[ 171]
[ 172] Ramos's economic gains were overshadowed by the onset of the
1997 Asian financial crisis .
[ 173]
[ 174] His successor,
Joseph Estrada , prioritized public housing
[ 175] but faced corruption allegations
[ 176] which led to his overthrow by the
2001 EDSA Revolution and the succession of Vice President
Gloria Macapagal Arroyo on January 20, 2001.
[ 177] Arroyo's
nine-year administration was marked by economic growth,
[ 10] but was tainted by corruption and political scandals,
[ 178]
[ 179] including
electoral fraud allegations during the
2004 presidential election .
[ 180] Economic growth continued during
Benigno Aquino III 's administration, which advocated good governance and transparency.
[ 181] : 1, 3
[ 182] Aquino III signed
a peace agreement with the
Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF) resulting in the
Bangsamoro Organic Law establishing an autonomous
Bangsamoro region, but a
shootout with MILF rebels in Mamasapano delayed passage of the law.
[ 183]
[ 184]
Growing public frustration with post-
EDSA governance led to the
2016 election
[ 185] of populist
Rodrigo Duterte ,
[ 186]
[ 187] whose
presidency saw the decline of
liberalism in the country albeit largely retaining liberal economic policies.
[ 188]
[ 189] Among Duterte's priorities was
aggressively increasing infrastructure spending to spur economic growth;
[ 190]
[ 191] the enactment of the Bangsamoro Organic Law;
[ 192] an intensified crackdown on crime and communist insurgencies;
[ 193] and
an anti-drug campaign that reduced drug proliferation
[ 194] but that has also led to
extrajudicial killings .
[ 195]
[ 196] In early 2020, the
COVID-19 pandemic reached the Philippines,
[ 197]
[ 198] necessitating
nationwide lockdowns that caused a brief but severe
economic recession .
[ 199]
[ 200] Under a promise of continuing Duterte's policies,
[ 189] Marcos's son,
Bongbong Marcos , ran with Duterte's daughter,
Sara , and won the
2022 election .
[ 201] Marcos's renewal of a pro-US foreign policy, however, has been viewed as a reversal of Duterte's cordiality with China, and
territorial disputes in the South China Sea have since escalated.
[ 202]
Geography
The Philippines is generally mountainous; uplands make up 65 percent of the country's total land area.
[ 52] :
38
[ 203]
The Philippines is an
archipelago of about 7,641
islands ,
[ 204]
[ 205] covering a total area (including inland bodies of water) of about 300,000 square kilometers (115,831 sq mi).
[ 206]
[ 207] : 15
[ 10]
[ e] Stretching 1,850 kilometers (1,150 mi) north to south,
[ 209] from the
South China Sea to the
Celebes Sea ,
[ 210] the Philippines
is bordered by the
Philippine Sea to the east,
[ 211]
[ 212] and the
Sulu Sea to the southwest.
[ 213] The
country's 11 largest islands are
Luzon ,
Mindanao ,
Samar ,
Negros ,
Palawan ,
Panay ,
Mindoro ,
Leyte ,
Cebu ,
Bohol and
Masbate , about 95 percent of its total land area.
[ 214] The Philippines' coastline measures 36,289 kilometers (22,549 mi), the world's
fifth-longest ,
[ 215] and the
country's exclusive economic zone covers 2,263,816 km2 (874,064 sq mi).
[ 216]
Its
highest mountain is
Mount Apo on Mindanao, with an altitude of 2,954 meters (9,692 ft) above sea level.
[ 10] The Philippines'
longest river is the
Cagayan River in northern Luzon, which flows for about 520 kilometers (320 mi).
[ 217]
Manila Bay , on which is the capital city of
Manila ,
[ 218] is connected to
Laguna de Bay
[ 219] (the country's
largest lake ) by the
Pasig River .
[ 220]
On the western fringes of the Pacific
Ring of Fire , the Philippines has frequent seismic and volcanic activity.
[ 221] :
4 The region is
seismically active, and has been
constructed by plates converging towards each other from multiple directions.
[ 222]
[ 223] About five earthquakes are recorded daily, although most are too weak to be felt.
[ 224] The
last major earthquakes were in 1976 in the
Moro Gulf and in 1990 on
Luzon .
[ 225] The Philippines has
23 active volcanoes ; of them,
Mayon ,
Taal ,
Canlaon , and
Bulusan have the largest number of recorded eruptions.
[ 226]
[ 207] :
26
The country has valuable
[ 227] mineral deposits as a result of its complex geologic structure and high level of seismic activity.
[ 228]
[ 229] It is thought to have the world's second-largest gold deposits (after South Africa), large copper deposits,
[ 230] and the world's largest deposits of
palladium .
[ 231] Other minerals include
chromium ,
nickel ,
molybdenum ,
platinum , and
zinc .
[ 232] However, poor management and law enforcement, opposition from indigenous communities, and past environmental damage have left these resources largely untapped.
[ 230]
[ 233]
Biodiversity
The
carabao is the national animal of the Philippines. It symbolizes, strength, power, efficiency, perseverance and hard work.
[ 234]
The Philippines is a
megadiverse country ,
[ 235]
[ 236] with some of the world's highest rates of discovery and
endemism (67 percent).
[ 237]
[ 238] With an
estimated 13,500 plant species in the country (3,500 of which are endemic),
[ 239] Philippine rain forests have an array of flora:
[ 240]
[ 241] about 3,500 species of trees,
[ 242] 8,000
flowering plant species, 1,100
ferns , and 998
orchid species
[ 243] have been identified.
[ 244] The Philippines has 167 terrestrial
mammals (102 endemic species), 235
reptiles (160 endemic species), 99
amphibians (74 endemic species), 686
birds (224 endemic species),
[ 245] and over 20,000
insect species.
[ 244]
As an important part of the
Coral Triangle ecoregion,
[ 246]
[ 247] Philippine waters have unique, diverse marine life
[ 248] and the world's greatest diversity of shore-fish species.
[ 249] The country has over 3,200 fish species (121 endemic).
[ 250] Philippine waters sustain
the cultivation of fish, crustaceans, oysters, and seaweeds.
[ 251]
[ 252]
Eight major types of forests are distributed throughout the Philippines:
dipterocarp ,
beach forest,
[ 253]
pine forest,
molave forest,
lower montane forest , upper montane (or
mossy forest ),
mangroves , and
ultrabasic forest.
[ 254] According to official estimates, the Philippines had 7,000,000 hectares (27,000 sq mi) of forest cover in 2023.
[ 255] Logging had been systemized during the American colonial period
[ 256] and
deforestation continued after independence, accelerating during the
Marcos presidency due to unregulated logging concessions.
[ 257]
[ 258] Forest cover declined from 70 percent of the Philippines' total land area in 1900 to about 18.3 percent in 1999.
[ 259] Rehabilitation efforts have had marginal success.
[ 260]
The Philippines is a
priority hotspot for biodiversity conservation ;
[ 261]
[ 235] it has
more than 200 protected areas ,
[ 262] which was expanded to 7,790,000 hectares (30,100 sq mi) as of 2023
[update] .
[ 263]
Three sites in the Philippines have been included on the UNESCO World Heritage List: the
Tubbataha Reef in the Sulu Sea,
[ 264] the
Puerto Princesa Subterranean River ,
[ 265] and the
Mount Hamiguitan Wildlife Sanctuary.
[ 266]
Climate
Evening thunderstorms bringing rain over the Philippines is common from June to November.
The Philippines has a tropical maritime climate which is usually hot and humid. There are three seasons: a hot
dry season from March to May, a
rainy season from June to November, and a cool dry season from December to February.
[ 267] The southwest
monsoon (known as the habagat ) lasts from May to October, and the northeast monsoon (
amihan ) lasts from November to April.
[ 268] :
24–25 The coolest month is January, and the warmest is May. Temperatures at sea level across the Philippines tend to be in the same range, regardless of latitude; average annual temperature is around 26.6 °C (79.9 °F) but is 18.3 °C (64.9 °F) in
Baguio , 1,500 meters (4,900 ft) above sea level.
[ 269] The country's average
humidity is 82 percent.
[ 268] :
24–25 Annual rainfall is as high as 5,000 millimeters (200 in) on the mountainous east coast, but less than 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in some sheltered valleys.
[ 267]
The
Philippine Area of Responsibility has 19
typhoons in a typical year,
[ 270] usually from July to October;
[ 267] eight or nine of them make
landfall .
[ 271]
[ 272] The wettest recorded typhoon to hit the Philippines dropped 2,210 millimeters (87 in) in Baguio from July 14 to 18, 1911.
[ 273] The country
is among the world's ten most
vulnerable to climate change .
[ 274]
[ 275]
Government and politics
Malacañang Palace is the president's official residence.
The Philippines has a
democratic government, a constitutional
republic with a
presidential system .
[ 276] The
president is
head of state and
head of government ,
[ 277] and is the
commander-in-chief of the
armed forces .
[ 276] The president
is elected through
direct election by the
citizens of the Philippines for a six-year term.
[ 278] The president appoints and presides over the
cabinet and officials of various national government agencies and institutions.
[ 279] :
213–214 The
bicameral
Congress is composed of the
Senate (the
upper house , with members
elected to a six-year term ) and the
House of Representatives , the
lower house , with members elected to a three-year term.
[ 280]
Senators are elected
at-large ,
[ 280] and representatives are elected from
legislative districts and
party lists .
[ 279] :
162–163 Judicial authority is vested in the
Supreme Court , composed of a
chief justice and fourteen
associate justices ,
[ 281] who are appointed by the president from nominations submitted by the
Judicial and Bar Council .
[ 276]
Attempts to change the government to a
federal ,
unicameral , or
parliamentary government have been made since the
Ramos administration .
[ 282] Philippine politics tends to be dominated by
well-known families , such as
political dynasties or
celebrities ,
[ 283]
[ 284] and
party switching is widely practiced.
[ 285]
Corruption is significant ,
[ 286]
[ 287]
[ 288] attributed by some historians to the Spanish colonial period's
padrino system .
[ 289]
[ 290] The Roman Catholic church exerts considerable but waning
[ 291] influence in political affairs, although a constitutional provision for the
separation of Church and State exists.
[ 292]
Foreign relations
Philippine diplomatic missions worldwide
A
founding and active member of the United Nations,
[ 135] :
37–38 the Philippines has been a non-permanent member of the
Security Council .
[ 293] The country participates in
peacekeeping missions, particularly in
East Timor .
[ 294]
[ 295] The Philippines is a
founding and active member of
ASEAN (Association of Southeast Asian Nations)
[ 296]
[ 297] and a member of the
East Asia Summit ,
[ 298] the
Group of 24 ,
[ 299] and the
Non-Aligned Movement .
[ 300] The country has sought to obtain observer status in the
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation since 2003,
[ 301]
[ 302] and was a member of
SEATO .
[ 303]
[ 304] Over 10 million Filipinos
live and
work in 200 countries ,
[ 305]
[ 306] giving the Philippines
soft power .
[ 158] :
207
During the 1990s, the Philippines began to seek
economic liberalization and
free trade
[ 307] : 7–8 to help spur
foreign direct investment .
[ 308] It is a member of the
World Trade Organization
[ 307] : 8 and the
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation .
[ 309] The Philippines entered into the
ASEAN Trade in Goods Agreement in 2010
[ 310] and the
Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
free trade agreement (FTA) in 2023.
[ 311]
[ 312] Through ASEAN, the Philippines has signed FTAs with
China ,
India , Japan, South Korea, Australia and New Zealand.
[ 307] : 15 The country has bilateral FTAs with
Japan , South Korea,
[ 313] and
four European states : Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland.
[ 307] : 9–10, 15
Filipino soldiers painting a U.S. and Philippine flag
The Philippines has a long
relationship with the United States , involving economics,
security , and interpersonal relations.
[ 314] The Philippines' location
serves an
important role in the United States'
island chain strategy in the West Pacific;
[ 315]
[ 316] a
Mutual Defense Treaty between the two countries was signed in 1951, and was supplemented with the
1999 Visiting Forces Agreement and the 2016
Enhanced Defense Cooperation Agreement .
[ 317] The country supported American policies during the
Cold War and participated in the
Korean and
Vietnam wars.
[ 318]
[ 319] In 2003, the Philippines was designated a major non-NATO ally.
[ 320]
Under President Duterte , ties with the United States weakened in favor of improved relations with China and
Russia .
[ 321]
[ 322]
[ 323] The Philippines relies heavily on the United States for its external defense;
[ 181] : 11 the U.S. has made regular assurances to defend the Philippines,
[ 324] including the
South China Sea .
[ 325]
Since 1975, the Philippines has valued its
relations with China
[ 326] —its top trading partner,
[ 327] and cooperates significantly with the country.
[ 328]
[ 321] Japan is the biggest bilateral contributor of
official development assistance to the Philippines;
[ 329]
[ 330] although some tension exists because of
World War II , much animosity has faded.
[ 80] :
93 Historical and cultural ties continue to affect
relations with Spain .
[ 331]
[ 332] Relations with Middle Eastern countries are shaped by the high number of Filipinos working in those countries,
[ 333] and by issues related to the Muslim minority in the Philippines;
[ 334] concerns have been raised about domestic abuse and war affecting the approximately 2.5 million overseas Filipino workers in the region.
[ 335]
[ 336]
The Philippines
has claims in the
Spratly Islands which overlap with claims by China, Malaysia, Taiwan, and Vietnam.
[ 337] The largest of
its controlled islands is
Thitu Island , which contains the
Philippines' smallest town .
[ 338] The 2012
Scarborough Shoal standoff , after China seized the shoal from the Philippines, led to an
international arbitration case
[ 339] which the Philippines eventually won;
[ 340] China rejected the result,
[ 341] and made the shoal a prominent symbol of the broader dispute.
[ 342]
China has rejected new Philippine maritime laws aimed at strengthening sovereignty in the South China Sea, stating they infringe on Chinese territorial claims and vowing to defend its interests in contested areas.
[ 343]
Military
BRP Jose Rizal (FF-150) is the
lead ship of
her class of
Philippine Navy
guided missile frigates .
The
volunteer Armed Forces of the Philippines (AFP) consist of three branches: the
Philippine Air Force , the
Philippine Army , and the
Philippine Navy .
[ 344]
[ 345] Civilian security is handled by the
Philippine National Police under the
Department of the Interior and Local Government .
[ 346] The AFP had a total manpower of around 280,000 as of 2022
[update] , of which 130,000 were active military personnel, 100,000 were reserves, and 50,000 were
paramilitaries .
[ 347]
In 2023, US$477 million (1.4 percent of GDP) was spent on the Philippine military.
[ 348]
[ 349] Most of the country's defense spending is on the Philippine Army, which leads operations against internal threats such as
communist and
Muslim separatist insurgencies; its preoccupation with internal security contributed to the decline of
Philippine naval capability which began during the 1970s.
[ 350]
A military modernization program began in 1995
[ 351] and expanded in 2012 to build a more capable defense system.
[ 352]
The Philippines has long struggled against
local insurgencies ,
separatism , and
terrorism .
[ 353]
[ 354]
[ 355]
Bangsamoro 's largest separatist organizations, the
Moro National Liberation Front and the
Moro Islamic Liberation Front , signed final peace agreements with the government in
1996 and
2014 respectively.
[ 356]
[ 357] Other, more-militant groups such as
Abu Sayyaf and
Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters
[ 358] have kidnapped foreigners for ransom, particularly in the Sulu Archipelago
[ 359]
[ 360] and
Maguindanao ,
[ 358] but their presence has been reduced.
[ 361]
[ 362] The
Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) and its military wing, the
New People's Army (NPA), have been waging
guerrilla warfare against the government since the 1970s and have
engaged in ambushes, bombings, and assassinations of government officials and security forces;
[ 363] although shrinking militarily and politically after the return of democracy in 1986,
[ 354]
[ 364] the CPP-NPA, through the
National Democratic Front of the Philippines , continues to gather public support in urban areas by setting up
communist fronts , infiltrating sectoral organizations, and rallying public discontent and increased militancy against the government.
[ 365] The Philippines ranked 104th out of 163 countries in the 2024
Global Peace Index .
[ 366]
Administrative divisions
The Philippines' regions and provinces
The Philippines is divided into 18
regions , 82
provinces , 146
cities , 1,488
municipalities , and 42,036
barangays .
[ 367] Regions other than
Bangsamoro are divided for administrative convenience.
[ 368]
Calabarzon was the region with the greatest population as of 2020
[update] , and the
National Capital Region (NCR) was the most densely populated.
[ 369]
The Philippines is a
unitary state , with the exception of the Bangsamoro Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao (BARMM),
[ 370] although there have been
steps towards decentralization ;
[ 371]
[ 372] a 1991 law
devolved some powers to
local governments .
[ 373]
Economy
The Philippine economy is the world's
34th largest , with an estimated 2023
[update] nominal
gross domestic product of US$435.7 billion.
[ 13] As a
newly industrialized country ,
[ 374]
[ 375] the Philippine economy has been transitioning from an agricultural base to one with more emphasis on services and manufacturing.
[ 374]
[ 376] The country's labor force was around 50 million as of 2023
[update] , and its
unemployment rate was 3.1 percent.
[ 377] Gross international reserves totaled US$103.406 billion as of January 2024
[update] .
[ 378]
Debt-to-GDP ratio decreased to 60.2 percent at the end of 2023 from a 17-year high 63.7 percent at the end of the third quarter of that year, and indicated resiliency during the
COVID-19 pandemic .
[ 379] The country's unit of
currency is the
Philippine peso (₱
[ 380] or PHP
[ 381] ).
[ 382]
The Philippines is a net importer,
[ 307] : 55–56, 61–65, 77, 83, 111
[ 383] and a
debtor nation .
[ 384] As of 2020
[update] , the country's main export markets were China, the United States, Japan, Hong Kong, and Singapore;
[ 385] primary exports included
integrated circuits , office machinery and parts, electrical transformers, insulated wiring, and
semiconductors .
[ 385] Its primary import markets that year were China, Japan, South Korea, the United States, and Indonesia.
[ 385] Major export crops include
coconuts ,
bananas , and
pineapples ; it is the world's largest producer of
abaca ,
[ 207] :
226–242 and was the world's second biggest exporter of
nickel ore in 2022,
[ 386] as well as the biggest exporter of gold-clad metals and the biggest importer of
copra in 2020.
[ 385]
Filipinos planting rice.
Agriculture employed 24 percent of the Filipino workforce as of 2022
[update] .
[ 387]
With an average annual growth rate of six to seven percent since around 2010, the Philippines has emerged as one of the world's fastest-growing economies,
[ 388] driven primarily by its increasing reliance on the service sector.
[ 389] Regional development is uneven, however, with Manila (in particular) gaining most of the new economic growth.
[ 390]
[ 391]
Remittances from
overseas Filipinos contribute significantly to the country's economy;
[ 392]
[ 389] they reached a record US$37.20 billion in 2023, accounting for 8.5 percent of GDP.
[ 393] The Philippines is the world's primary
business process outsourcing (BPO) center.
[ 394]
[ 395] About 1.3 million Filipinos work in the BPO sector, primarily in
customer service .
[ 396]
Science and technology
Headquarters of the
International Rice Research Institute in
Los Baños, Laguna
The Philippines has one of the largest agricultural-research systems in Asia, despite relatively low spending on agricultural research and development.
[ 397]
[ 398] The country has developed new varieties of crops, including
rice ,
[ 399]
[ 400] coconuts,
[ 401] and bananas.
[ 402] Research organizations include the
Philippine Rice Research Institute
[ 403] and the
International Rice Research Institute .
[ 404]
The
Philippine Space Agency maintains the
country's space program ,
[ 405]
[ 406] and the country bought its first
satellite in 1996.
[ 407]
Diwata-1 , its first
micro-satellite , was launched on the United States'
Cygnus spacecraft in 2016.
[ 408]
The Philippines has a
high concentration of
cellular-phone users,
[ 409] and a high level of
mobile commerce .
[ 410]
Text messaging is a popular form of communication, and the nation sent an average of one billion
SMS messages per day in 2007.
[ 411] The
Philippine telecommunications industry had been dominated by the
PLDT -
Globe Telecom duopoly for more than two decades,
[ 412] and the 2021 entry of
Dito Telecommunity improved the country's telecommunications service.
[ 413]
Tourism
Tourists at
Chocolate Hills , conical
karst hills in
Bohol
The Philippines is a popular retirement destination for foreigners because of its climate and low cost of living.
[ 414] The country's main tourist attractions are
its numerous beaches ;
[ 59] :
109
[ 415] the Philippines is also a top destination for diving enthusiasts.
[ 416]
[ 417]
Tourist spots include
Boracay , called the best island in the world by
Travel + Leisure in 2012;
[ 418]
Coron and
El Nido in Palawan;
Cebu ;
Siargao , and
Bohol .
[ 419]
Tourism contributed 5.2 percent to the Philippine GDP in 2021 (lower than 12.7 percent in 2019, before the COVID-19 pandemic),
[ 420] and provided 5.7 million jobs in 2019.
[ 421] The Philippines attracted 5.45 million international visitors in 2023, 30 percent lower than the 8.26 million record in pre-pandemic 2019; most tourists came from South Korea (26.4 percent), United States (16.5 percent), Japan (5.6 percent), Australia (4.89 percent), and China (4.84 percent).
[ 422]
Infrastructure
Transportation
Traditional (left) and modern
jeepneys in
Quezon City . Public utility vehicles older than 15 years are
gradually being phased out in favor of eco-friendly
Euro 4 -compliant vehicles.
[ 423]
Transportation in the Philippines is by road, air, rail and water. Roads are the dominant form of transport, carrying 98 percent of people and 58 percent of cargo.
[ 424] In December 2018, there were 210,528 kilometers (130,816 mi) of roads in the country.
[ 425] The backbone of land-based transportation in the country is the
Pan-Philippine Highway , which connects the islands of Luzon, Samar, Leyte, and Mindanao.
[ 426] Inter-island transport is by the 919-kilometer (571 mi)
Strong Republic Nautical Highway , an integrated set of highways and
ferry routes linking 17 cities.
[ 427]
[ 428]
Jeepneys are a popular, iconic public utility vehicle;
[ 207] :
496–497 other public land transport includes
buses ,
UV Express ,
TNVS , Filcab,
taxis , and
tricycles .
[ 429]
[ 430] Traffic is a significant issue
in Manila and on arterial roads to the capital.
[ 431]
[ 432]
Despite wider historical use,
[ 433]
rail transportation in the Philippines is limited
[ 207] :
491 to
transporting passengers within Metro Manila and the provinces of
Laguna
[ 434] and
Quezon ,
[ 435] with a short track in the
Bicol Region .
[ 207] :
491 The country had a railway footprint of only 79 kilometers (49 mi) as of 2019
[update] , which it planned to expand to 244 kilometers (152 mi).
[ 436] A revival of
freight rail is planned to reduce road congestion.
[ 437]
[ 438]
The Philippines had
90 national government-owned airports as of 2022
[update] , of which eight are
international .
[ 439]
Ninoy Aquino International Airport , formerly known as Manila International Airport, has the
greatest number of passengers .
[ 439] The 2017
air domestic market was dominated by
Philippine Airlines , the country's
flag carrier and Asia's oldest commercial airline,
[ 440]
[ 441] and
Cebu Pacific (the country's leading
low-cost carrier ).
[ 442]
[ 443]
A variety of boats are used throughout the Philippines;
[ 444] most are
double-outrigger vessels known as banca
[ 445] or
bangka .
[ 446] Modern ships use plywood instead of logs, and motor engines instead of sails;
[ 445] they are used for fishing and inter-island travel.
[ 446] The Philippines has
over 1,800 seaports ;
[ 447] of these, the principal seaports of
Manila (the country's chief, and busiest, port),
[ 448]
Batangas ,
Subic Bay ,
Cebu ,
Iloilo ,
Davao ,
Cagayan de Oro ,
General Santos , and
Zamboanga are part of the ASEAN Transport Network.
[ 449]
[ 450]
Energy
The
Ambuklao Dam on the
Agno River in
Bokod, Benguet
The Philippines had a total installed power capacity of 26,882
MW in 2021; 43 percent was generated from
coal , 14 percent from
oil , 14 percent
hydropower , 12 percent from
natural gas , and seven percent from
geothermal sources.
[ 451] It is the world's third-biggest
geothermal-energy producer , behind the United States and Indonesia.
[ 452] The country's largest dam is the 1.2-kilometer-long (0.75 mi)
San Roque Dam on the
Agno River in
Pangasinan .
[ 453] The
Malampaya gas field , discovered in the early 1990s off the coast of Palawan, reduced the Philippines' reliance on imported oil; it provides about 40 percent of Luzon's energy requirements, and 30 percent of the country's energy needs.
[ 207] :
347
[ 454]
The Philippines has three
electrical grids , one each for Luzon, Visayas, and Mindanao.
[ 455] The
National Grid Corporation of the Philippines manages
the country's power grid since 2009
[ 456] and provides
overhead transmission lines across the country's islands. Electric distribution to consumers
is provided by privately owned distribution utilities and government-owned
electric cooperatives .
[ 455] As of end-2021, the Philippines' household electrification level was about 95.41%.
[ 457]
Plans to harness
nuclear energy began during the early 1970s during the
presidency of Ferdinand Marcos in response to the
1973 oil crisis .
[ 458] The Philippines completed
Southeast Asia's first nuclear power plant in
Bataan in 1984.
[ 459] Political issues following Marcos' ouster and safety concerns after the 1986
Chernobyl disaster prevented the plant from being commissioned,
[ 460]
[ 458] and plans to operate it remain controversial.
[ 459]
[ 461]
Water supply and sanitation
A water-district office in
Banate, Iloilo
Water supply and sanitation outside Metro Manila is provided by the government through local
water districts in cities or towns.
[ 462]
[ 463]
[ 464] Metro Manila is served by
Manila Water and
Maynilad Water Services . Except for shallow wells for domestic use, groundwater users are required to obtain a permit from the
National Water Resources Board .
[ 463] In 2022, the total water withdrawals increased to 91 billion cubic meters (3.2×10 ^ 12 cu ft) from 89 billion cubic meters (3.1×10 ^ 12 cu ft) in 2021 and the total expenditures on water were amounted to ₱144.81 billion.
[ 465]
Most sewage in the Philippines flows into septic tanks.
[ 463] In 2015, the
Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation noted that 74 percent of the Philippine population had access to
improved sanitation and "good progress" had been made between 1990 and 2015.
[ 466] Ninety-six percent of Filipino households had an improved source of drinking water and 92 percent of households had sanitary toilet facilities as of 2016
[update] ; connections of toilet facilities to appropriate sewerage systems remain largely insufficient, however, especially in rural and urban poor communities.
[ 467] : 46
Demographics
As of May 1, 2020, the Philippines had a population of 109,035,343.
[ 12] More than 60 percent of the country's population live in the
coastal zone
[ 468] and in 2020, 54 percent lived in
urban areas .
[ 469]
Manila , its capital, and
Quezon City (the country's most populous city) are in
Metro Manila . About 13.48 million people (12 percent of the Philippines' population) live in Metro Manila,
[ 469] the
country's most populous metropolitan area
[ 470] and the world's
fifth most populous .
[ 471] Between 1948 and 2010, the population of the Philippines increased almost fivefold from 19 million to 92 million.
[ 472]
The
country's median age is 25.3, and 63.9 percent of its population is between 15 and 64 years old.
[ 473] The Philippines' average annual population growth rate is decreasing,
[ 474] although government attempts to further reduce population growth have been
contentious .
[ 475] The country reduced its
poverty rate from 49.2 percent in 1985
[ 476] to 18.1 percent in 2021,
[ 477] and its
income inequality began to decline in 2012.
[ 476]
Largest cities in the Philippines
Rank
Name
Region
Pop.
Rank
Name
Region
Pop.
Quezon City
Manila
1
Quezon City
National Capital Region
2,960,048
11
Valenzuela
National Capital Region
714,978
Davao City
Caloocan
2
Manila
National Capital Region
1,846,513
12
Dasmariñas
Calabarzon
703,141
3
Davao City
Davao Region
1,776,949
13
General Santos
Soccsksargen
697,315
4
Caloocan
National Capital Region
1,661,584
14
Parañaque
National Capital Region
689,992
5
Taguig
National Capital Region
1,261,738
15
Bacoor
Calabarzon
664,625
6
Zamboanga City
Zamboanga Peninsula
977,234
16
San Jose del Monte
Central Luzon
651,813
7
Cebu City
Central Visayas
964,169
17
Las Piñas
National Capital Region
606,293
8
Antipolo
Calabarzon
887,399
18
Bacolod
Negros Island Region
600,783
9
Pasig
National Capital Region
803,159
19
Muntinlupa
National Capital Region
543,445
10
Cagayan de Oro
Northern Mindanao
728,402
20
Calamba
Calabarzon
539,671
Ethnicity
Dominant ethnic groups by province
The country has substantial ethnic diversity, due to foreign influence and the archipelago's division by water and topography.
[ 277] According to the 2020 census, the Philippines' largest ethnic groups were
Tagalog (26.0 percent),
Visayans [excluding the
Cebuano ,
Hiligaynon , and
Waray ] (14.3 percent),
Ilocano and Cebuano (both eight percent), Hiligaynon (7.9 percent),
Bikol (6.5 percent), and Waray (3.8 percent).
[ 6] The
country's indigenous peoples consisted of 110 enthnolinguistic groups,
[ 478] with a combined population of 15.56 million, in 2020;
[ 6] they include the
Igorot ,
Lumad ,
Mangyan , and the
indigenous peoples of Palawan .
[ 479]
Negritos are thought to be among the islands' earliest inhabitants.
[ 80] :
35 These minority aboriginal settlers are an
Australoid group, a remnant of the
first human migration from Africa to Australia who were probably displaced by later waves of migration.
[ 480] Some Philippine Negritos have a
Denisovan admixture in their
genome .
[ 481]
[ 482] Ethnic Filipinos generally belong to several Southeast Asian ethnic groups, classified linguistically as
Austronesians speaking
Malayo-Polynesian languages .
[ 483] The Austronesian population's origin is uncertain, but relatives of
Taiwanese aborigines probably brought their language and mixed with the region's existing population.
[ 484]
[ 485] The Lumad and
Sama-Bajau ethnic groups have an ancestral affinity with the
Austroasiatic- and
Mlabri-speaking
Htin peoples of mainland Southeast Asia. Westward expansion from
Papua New Guinea to eastern Indonesia and Mindanao has been detected in the
Blaan people and the
Sangir language .
[ 486]
Immigrants arrived in the Philippines from elsewhere in the Spanish Empire, especially
from the Spanish Americas .
[ 487]
[ 488] :
Chpt. 6
[ 489] A 2016
National Geographic project
concluded that people living in the Philippine archipelago carried
genetic markers in the following percentages: 53 percent
Southeast Asia and
Oceania , 36 percent
Eastern Asia , 5 percent
Southern Europe , 3 percent
Southern Asia , and 2 percent Native American (from
Latin America ).
[ 488] :
Chpt. 6
[ 490]
Descendants of mixed-race couples are known as
Mestizos or tisoy ,
[ 491] which during the
Spanish colonial times , were mostly composed of
Chinese mestizos (Mestizos de Sangley ),
Spanish mestizos (Mestizos de Español ) and the mix thereof (
tornatrás ).
[ 492]
[ 493]
[ 494] The modern
Chinese Filipinos are well-integrated into Filipino society.
[ 277]
[ 495] Primarily the descendants of immigrants from
Fujian ,
[ 496] the pure ethnic Chinese Filipinos during the
American colonial era (early 1900s) purportedly numbered about 1.35 million; while an estimated 22.8 million (around 20 percent) of Filipinos have half or partial Chinese ancestry from precolonial, colonial, and 20th century
Chinese migrants .
[ 497]
[ 498] During the Hispanic era (late 1700s), the tribute-census showed
mixed Spanish Filipinos made up a moderate ratio (around 5 percent) of all citizens.
[ 499] : 539
[ 500] : 31, 54, 113 Meanwhile,
a smaller proportion (2.33 percent) of the population were Mexican Filipinos .
[ 489] : 100 Almost 300,000
American citizens live in the country as of 2023
[update] ,
[ 501] and up to 250,000
Amerasians are scattered across the cities of
Angeles , Manila, and
Olongapo .
[ 502]
[ 503] Other significant non-indigenous minorities include
Indians
[ 504] and
Arabs .
[ 505]
Japanese Filipinos include escaped Christians (
Kirishitan ) who
fled persecutions by Shogun Tokugawa Ieyasu .
[ 506]
Languages
Ethnologue lists 186 languages for the Philippines, 182 of which are
living languages ; the other four no longer have any known speakers. Most native languages are part of the
Philippine branch of the
Malayo-Polynesian languages , which is a branch of the
Austronesian language family .
[ 483] Spanish-based
creole varieties, collectively known as
Chavacano , are also spoken.
[ 507] Many
Philippine Negrito languages have unique vocabularies which survived Austronesian acculturation.
[ 508]
Filipino and
English are the country's official languages.
[ 5] Filipino, a
standardized version of
Tagalog , is spoken primarily in Metro Manila.
[ 509] Filipino and English are used in government, education, print, broadcast media, and business, often with a third local language;
[ 510]
code-switching between English and other local languages, notably
Tagalog , is common.
[ 511] The Philippine constitution provides for
Spanish and Arabic on a voluntary, optional basis.
[ 5] Spanish, a widely used
lingua franca during the late nineteenth century,
has declined greatly in use ,
[ 512]
[ 513] although Spanish
loanwords are still present in Philippine languages.
[ 514]
[ 515]
[ 516] Arabic is primarily taught in
Mindanao Islamic schools.
[ 517]
The top languages generally spoken at home as of 2020
[update] are Tagalog,
Binisaya ,
Hiligaynon ,
Ilocano ,
Cebuano , and
Bikol .
[ 518] Nineteen
regional languages are auxiliary official languages as media of instruction:
[ 4]
Other indigenous languages, including
Cuyonon ,
Ifugao ,
Itbayat ,
Kalinga ,
Kamayo ,
Kankanaey ,
Masbateño ,
Romblomanon ,
Manobo , and several
Visayan languages , are used in their respective provinces.
[ 483]
Filipino Sign Language is the national sign language, and the language of
deaf education .
[ 519]
Religion
Catholics attend Mass at
Basilica del Santo Niño during the annual
Sinulog festival in
Cebu .
Although the Philippines is a
secular state with
freedom of religion , an overwhelming majority of Filipinos
consider religion very important
[ 520] and
irreligion is very low.
[ 521]
[ 522]
[ 523]
Christianity is the dominant religion
[ 524]
[ 525] followed by about 89 percent of the population.
[ 526] The country had the
world's third-largest Roman Catholic population as of 2013
[update] , and was Asia's
largest Christian nation .
[ 527] Census data from
2020 found that 78.8 percent of the population professed
Roman Catholicism ;
[ d] other
Christian denominations include
Iglesia ni Cristo , the
Philippine Independent Church , and
Seventh-day Adventism .
[ 528]
Protestants made up about 5% to 7% of the population in 2010.
[ 529]
[ 530] The Philippines sends many
Christian missionaries around the world, and is a training center for foreign priests and nuns.
[ 531]
[ 532]
Islam is the country's second-largest religion, with 6.4 percent of the population in the 2020 census.
[ 528] Most Muslims live in Mindanao and nearby islands,
[ 525] and most adhere to the
Shafi'i school of
Sunni Islam .
[ 533]
About 0.2 percent of the population follow
indigenous religions ,
[ 528] whose practices and folk beliefs are often
syncretized with Christianity and Islam.
[ 221] :
29–30
[ 534]
Buddhism is practiced by about 0.04% of the population,
[ 528] primarily by Filipinos of Chinese descent.
[ 535]
Health
Life expectancy in the Philippines, 1938–2021
Health care in the Philippines is provided by the national and local governments, although private payments account for most healthcare spending.
[ 467] : 25–27
[ 536] Per-capita health expenditure in 2022 was
₱ 10,059.49 and health expenditures were 5.5 percent of the country's GDP.
[ 537] The 2023 budget allocation for healthcare was ₱334.9 billion.
[ 538] The 2019 enactment of the
Universal Health Care Act by President Duterte facilitated the automatic enrollment of all Filipinos in the
national health insurance program .
[ 539]
[ 540] Since 2018,
Malasakit Centers (one-stop shops) have been set up in several government-operated hospitals to provide medical and financial assistance to indigent patients.
[ 541]
Average life expectancy in the Philippines as of 2023
[update] is 70.48 years (66.97 years for males, and 74.15 years for females).
[ 10] Access to medicine has improved due to increasing Filipino acceptance of
generic drugs .
[ 467] : 58 The country's leading causes of death in 2021 were
ischaemic heart diseases ,
cerebrovascular diseases ,
COVID-19 ,
neoplasms , and
diabetes .
[ 542]
Communicable diseases are correlated with natural disasters, primarily floods.
[ 543] One million Filipinos have active
tuberculosis , the fourth highest global prevalence rate.
[ 544]
The Philippines has 1,387
hospitals , 33 percent of which are government-run; 23,281 barangay health stations, 2,592 rural health units, 2,411
birthing homes , and 659 infirmaries provide primary care throughout the country.
[ 545] Since 1967, the Philippines had become the largest global supplier of nurses;
[ 546] seventy percent of
nursing graduates go overseas to work, causing problems in retaining skilled practitioners.
[ 547]
Education
Founded in 1611, the
University of Santo Tomas is Asia's oldest extant university.
[ 548]
Primary and secondary schooling in the Philippines consists of six years of elementary period, four years of junior high school, and two years of senior high school.
[ 549] Public education, provided by the government, is free at the elementary and secondary levels and at
most public higher-education institutions .
[ 550]
[ 551]
Science high schools for talented students were established in 1963.
[ 552] The government provides technical-vocational training and development through the
Technical Education and Skills Development Authority .
[ 553] In 2004, the government began offering
alternative education to out-of-school children, youth, and adults to improve literacy;
[ 554]
[ 555]
madaris were mainstreamed in 16 regions that year, primarily in Mindanao Muslim areas under the
Department of Education .
[ 556]
Catholic schools , which number more than 1,500,
[ 557] and higher education institutions are an integral part of the educational system.
[ 558]
The Philippines has
1,975 higher education institutions as of 2019
[update] , of which 246 are public and 1,729 are private.
[ 559] Public universities are non-sectarian, and are primarily classified as
state-administered or
local government-funded .
[ 560]
[ 561] The
national university is the eight-school
University of the Philippines (UP) system.
[ 562] The country's top-ranked universities are the
University of the Philippines Diliman ,
Ateneo de Manila University ,
De La Salle University , and
University of Santo Tomas .
[ 563]
[ 564]
[ 565]
In 2019
[update] , the Philippines had a basic
literacy rate of 93.8 percent of those five years old or older,
[ 566] and a
functional literacy rate of 91.6 percent of those aged 10 to 64.
[ 567] Education, a significant proportion of the national budget, was allocated ₱900.9 billion from the ₱5.268 trillion 2023 budget.
[ 538] As of 2023
[update] , the country has 1,640
public libraries affiliated with the
National Library of the Philippines .
[ 568]
Culture
The
Banaue Rice Terraces , carved by ancestors of the
Ifugao people
The Philippines has significant cultural diversity, reinforced by the country's fragmented geography.
[ 39] :
61
[ 569] Spanish and American cultures profoundly influenced Filipino culture as a result of long colonization.
[ 570]
[ 277] The cultures of Mindanao and the Sulu Archipelago developed distinctly, since they had limited Spanish influence and more influence from nearby Islamic regions.
[ 52] :
503 Indigenous groups such as the
Igorots have preserved their precolonial customs and traditions by
resisting the Spanish .
[ 571]
[ 572] A
national identity
emerged during the 19th century, however, with
shared national symbols and cultural and historical
touchstones .
[ 569]
Hispanic legacies include the dominance of Catholicism
[ 60] :
5
[ 570] and the prevalence of
Spanish names and surnames , which resulted from an 1849 edict ordering the systematic distribution of family names and the implementation of
Spanish naming customs ;
[ 207] :
75
[ 59] :
237 the
names of many locations also have Spanish origins.
[ 573] American influence on modern Filipino culture
[ 277] is evident in the use of English
[ 574] :
12 and Filipino consumption of
fast food and American films and music.
[ 570]
Public holidays in the Philippines are classified as regular or special.
[ 575]
Festivals are primarily religious, and most towns and villages have such a festival (usually to honor a
patron saint ).
[ 576]
[ 577] Better-known festivals include
Ati-Atihan ,
[ 578]
Dinagyang ,
[ 579]
Moriones ,
[ 580]
Sinulog ,
[ 581] and
Flores de Mayo —a month-long devotion to the
Virgin Mary held in May.
[ 582] The country's
Christmas season begins as early as September 1,
[ 583] :
149 and
Holy Week is a solemn religious observance for its Christian population.
[ 584]
[ 583] :
149
Values
Statue in
Iriga commemorating
mano po
Filipino
values are rooted primarily in personal alliances based in
kinship , obligation, friendship, religion (particularly Christianity), and commerce.
[ 80] :
41 They center around social harmony through
pakikisama ,
[ 585] :
74 motivated primarily by the desire for acceptance by a group.
[ 586]
[ 587]
[ 574] :
47 Reciprocity through
utang na loob (a debt of gratitude) is a significant Filipino cultural trait, and an internalized debt can never be fully repaid.
[ 585] :
76
[ 588] The main sanction for divergence from these values are the concepts of hiya (shame)
[ 589] and loss of amor propio (
self-esteem ).
[ 587]
The family is central to Philippine society; norms such as loyalty, maintaining close relationships and care for elderly parents are ingrained in Philippine society.
[ 590]
[ 591] Respect for authority and the elderly is valued, and is shown with gestures such as mano and the
honorifics po and opo and kuya (older brother) or ate (older sister).
[ 592]
[ 593] Other Filipino values are optimism about the future, pessimism about the present, concern about other people, friendship and friendliness,
hospitality , religiosity, respect for oneself and others (particularly
women ), and integrity.
[ 594]
Art and architecture
Juan Luna 's
Spoliarium (1884) at the
National Museum of the Philippines
Philippine art combines indigenous folk art and foreign influences, primarily Spain and the United States.
[ 595]
[ 596] During the Spanish colonial period, art was used to spread Catholicism and support the concept of racially-superior groups.
[ 596] Classical paintings were mainly religious;
[ 597] prominent artists during Spanish colonial rule included
Juan Luna and
Félix Resurrección Hidalgo , whose works drew attention to the Philippines.
[ 598]
Modernism was introduced to the Philippines during the 1920s and 1930s by
Victorio Edades and popular
pastoral scenes by
Fernando Amorsolo .
[ 599]
The early-18th-century Earthquake Baroque
Paoay Church in
Ilocos Norte , a National Cultural Treasure and a UNESCO World Heritage Site as one of four Baroque Churches of the Philippines
[ 600]
Traditional Philippine architecture has two main models: the indigenous
bahay kubo and the
bahay na bato , which developed under Spanish rule.
[ 207] :
438–444 Some regions, such as
Batanes , differ slightly due to climate; limestone was used as a building material, and houses were built to withstand typhoons.
[ 601]
[ 602]
Spanish architecture left an imprint in town designs around a
central square or plaza mayor , but many of its buildings were damaged or destroyed during World War II.
[ 603]
[ 50]
Several Philippine
churches adapted
baroque architecture to withstand earthquakes, leading to the development of
Earthquake Baroque ;
[ 604]
[ 605]
four baroque churches have been listed as a collective UNESCO
World Heritage Site .
[ 600]
Spanish colonial fortifications (fuerzas ) in several parts of the Philippines were primarily designed by missionary architects and built by Filipino stonemasons.
[ 606]
Vigan , in
Ilocos Sur , is known for its Hispanic-style houses and buildings.
[ 607]
American rule introduced new architectural styles in the construction of government buildings and
Art Deco theaters.
[ 608] During the American period, construction of
Gabaldon school buildings began,
[ 609] and some city planning using architectural designs and master plans by
Daniel Burnham was done in portions of
Manila and
Baguio .
[ 610]
[ 611] Part of the Burnham plan was the construction of government buildings reminiscent of
Greek or
Neoclassical architecture .
[ 608]
[ 605] Buildings from the Spanish and American periods can be seen in
Iloilo , especially in
Calle Real .
[ 612]
Music and dance
Tinikling , a dance depicting the swift leg movements of a tikling bird eluding a farmer's traps
[ 613]
There are two types of Philippine
folk dance , stemming from traditional indigenous influences and Spanish influence.
[ 221] :
173 Although native dances had become less popular,
[ 614] :
77 folk dancing began to revive during the 1920s.
[ 614] :
82 The
Cariñosa , a Hispanic Filipino dance, is unofficially considered the country's national dance.
[ 615] Popular indigenous dances include the
Tinikling and
Singkil , which include the rhythmic clapping of bamboo poles.
[ 616]
[ 617] Present-day dances vary from delicate
ballet
[ 618] to street-oriented
breakdancing .
[ 619]
[ 620]
Rondalya music, with traditional
mandolin -type
instruments , was popular during the Spanish era.
[ 158] :
327
[ 621] Spanish-influenced musicians are primarily
bandurria -based bands with 14-string guitars.
[ 622]
[ 621]
Kundiman developed during the 1920s and 1930s.
[ 623] The American colonial period exposed many Filipinos to
U.S. culture and
popular music .
[ 623]
Rock music was introduced to Filipinos during the 1960s and developed into Filipino rock (or
Pinoy rock ), a term encompassing
pop rock ,
alternative rock ,
heavy metal ,
punk ,
new wave ,
ska , and
reggae . Martial law in the 1970s produced
Filipino folk rock bands and artists who
were at the forefront of political demonstrations.
[ 624] :
38–41 The decade also saw the birth of the
Manila sound and
Original Pilipino Music (OPM).
[ 625]
[ 59] :
171
Filipino hip-hop , which originated in 1979, entered the mainstream in 1990.
[ 626]
[ 624] :
38–41
Karaoke is also popular.
[ 627] From 2010 to 2020,
Pinoy pop (P-pop) was influenced by
K-pop and
J-pop .
[ 628]
Locally produced theatrical drama became established during the late 1870s. Spanish influence around that time introduced
zarzuela plays (with music)
[ 629] and
comedia s, with dance. The plays became popular throughout the country,
[ 614] :
69–70 and were written in a number of local languages.
[ 629] American influence introduced
vaudeville and ballet.
[ 614] :
69–70
Realistic theatre became dominant during the 20th century, with plays focusing on contemporary political and social issues.
[ 629]
Literature
José Rizal's writings inspired the
Philippine Revolution .
Philippine literature consists of
works usually written in Filipino,
Spanish , or
English . Some of the earliest well-known works were created from the 17th to the 19th centuries.
[ 630] They include
Ibong Adarna , an epic about an eponymous magical bird,
[ 631] and
Florante at Laura by Tagalog author
Francisco Balagtas .
[ 632]
[ 633]
José Rizal wrote the novels
Noli Me Tángere (Social Cancer ) and
El filibusterismo (The Reign of Greed ),
[ 634] both of which depict the injustices of Spanish colonial rule.
[ 635]
Folk literature was relatively unaffected by colonial influence until the 19th century due to Spanish indifference. Most printed literary works during Spanish colonial rule were religious in nature, although
Filipino elites who later learned Spanish wrote nationalistic literature.
[ 221] :
59–62 The American arrival
began Filipino literary use of English
[ 221] :
65–66 and influenced the development of the
Philippine comics industry that flourished from the 1920s through the 1970s.
[ 636]
[ 637] In the late 1960s, during the presidency of Ferdinand Marcos, Philippine literature was
influenced by political activism ; many poets began using Tagalog, in keeping with the country's oral traditions.
[ 221] :
69–71
Philippine mythology has been handed down primarily through oral tradition;
[ 638] popular
figures are
Maria Makiling ,
[ 639]
Lam-ang ,
[ 640] and the
Sarimanok .
[ 221] :
61
[ 641] The country has a number of
folk epics .
[ 642] Wealthy families could preserve transcriptions of the epics as family heirlooms, particularly in Mindanao; the
Maranao-language
Darangen is an example.
[ 643]
People's Television Network logo
Philippine media primarily uses Filipino and English, although
broadcasting has shifted to Filipino.
[ 510]
Television shows , commercials, and
films are regulated by the
Movie and Television Review and Classification Board .
[ 644]
[ 645] Most Filipinos obtain news and information from television, the Internet,
[ 646] and
social media .
[ 647] The country's flagship state-owned broadcast-television network is the
People's Television Network (PTV).
[ 648]
ABS-CBN and
GMA , both
free-to-air , were the dominant TV networks;
[ 649] before the May 2020
expiration of ABS-CBN's franchise , it was the country's largest network.
[ 650]
Philippine television dramas , known as teleserye s and mainly produced by
ABS-CBN and
GMA , are also seen in several other countries.
[ 651]
[ 652]
Local film-making
began in 1919 with the release of the first Filipino-produced
feature film :
Dalagang Bukid (A Girl from the Country ), directed by
Jose Nepomuceno .
[ 115]
[ 116] : 8
Production companies remained small during the
silent film era, but sound films and larger productions emerged in 1933. The postwar 1940s to the early 1960s are considered a high point for Philippine cinema. The 1962–1971 decade saw a decline in quality films, although the commercial film industry expanded until the 1980s.
[ 115] Critically acclaimed Philippine films include
Himala (Miracle ) and
Oro, Plata, Mata (Gold, Silver, Death ), both released in 1982.
[ 653]
[ 654] Since the turn of the 21st century, the country's film industry has struggled to compete with larger-budget foreign films
[ 655] (particularly
Hollywood films ).
[ 656]
[ 657]
Art films have thrived, however, and several
indie films have been successful domestically and abroad.
[ 658]
[ 659]
[ 660]
The Philippines has a large number of
radio stations and
newspapers .
[ 649] English
broadsheets are popular among executives, professionals and students.
[ 119] :
233–251 Less-expensive Tagalog
tabloids , which grew during the 1990s, are popular (particularly in Manila);
[ 661] however, overall newspaper readership is declining in favor of
online news .
[ 647]
[ 662] The top three newspapers, by nationwide readership and credibility,
[ 119] :
233 are the
Philippine Daily Inquirer ,
Manila Bulletin , and
The Philippine Star .
[ 663]
[ 664] Although
freedom of the press is protected by the constitution,
[ 665] the country was listed as the seventh-most-dangerous country for journalists in 2022 by the
Committee to Protect Journalists due to 13 unsolved murders of journalists.
[ 666]
The Philippine population are the world's top Internet users.
[ 667] In early 2021, 67 percent of Filipinos (73.91 million) had Internet access; the overwhelming majority used
smartphones .
[ 668] The Philippines ranked 53rd on the
Global Innovation Index in 2024.
[ 669]
Cuisine
A bowl of fish
sinigang
From its Malayo-Polynesian origins, traditional Philippine cuisine has evolved since the 16th century. It was primarily influenced by Hispanic,
Chinese , and
American cuisines, which were adapted to the Filipino palate.
[ 670]
[ 671] Filipinos tend to prefer robust flavors,
[ 672] centered on sweet, salty, and sour combinations.
[ 673] :
88 Regional variations exist throughout the country; rice is the general staple
starch
[ 674] but
cassava is more common in parts of Mindanao.
[ 675]
[ 676]
Adobo is the unofficial national dish.
[ 677] Other
popular dishes include
lechón ,
kare-kare ,
sinigang ,
[ 678]
pancit ,
lumpia , and
arroz caldo .
[ 679]
[ 680]
[ 681]
Traditional desserts are kakanin (
rice cakes ), which include
puto ,
suman , and
bibingka .
[ 682]
[ 683] Ingredients such as
calamansi ,
[ 684]
ube ,
[ 685] and
pili are used in Filipino desserts.
[ 686]
[ 687] The generous use of
condiments such as
patis ,
bagoong , and
toyo impart a distinctive Philippine flavor.
[ 679]
[ 673] :
73
Unlike other East or Southeast Asian countries, most Filipinos do not eat with
chopsticks ; they use spoons and forks.
[ 688] Traditional eating with the fingers
[ 689] (known as
kamayan ) had been used in less urbanized areas,
[ 690] :
266–268, 277 but has been popularized with the introduction of Filipino food to foreigners and city residents.
[ 691]
[ 692]
Sports and recreation
The
Philippines men's national basketball team celebrating their
2015 Southeast Asian Games championship
Basketball , played at the amateur and professional levels, is considered the country's most popular sport.
[ 693]
[ 694] Other popular sports include
boxing and billiards, boosted by the achievements of
Manny Pacquiao and
Efren Reyes .
[ 583] :
142
[ 695] The national
martial art is
Arnis .
[ 696] Sabong (
cockfighting ) is popular entertainment, especially among Filipino men, and was documented by the
Magellan expedition .
[ 697]
Video gaming and
esports are emerging pastimes,
[ 698]
[ 699] with the popularity of
indigenous games such as
patintero ,
tumbang preso ,
luksong tinik , and
piko declining among young people;
[ 700]
[ 699] several bills have been filed to preserve and promote traditional games.
[ 701]
The
men's national football team has participated in one
Asian Cup .
[ 702] The
women's national football team qualified for the
2023 FIFA Women's World Cup , their first
World Cup , in January 2022.
[ 703] The Philippines has participated in every
Summer Olympic Games since
1924 , except when they supported the
American-led boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics .
[ 704]
[ 705] It was the first
tropical nation to compete at the
Winter Olympic Games ,
debuting in 1972 .
[ 706]
[ 707] In 2021, the Philippines received its first-ever Olympic gold medal with
weightlifter
Hidilyn Diaz 's victory in
Tokyo .
[ 708]
See also
Notes
^ Although the Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines (Republic Act 8491) passed in 1998 defined modifications to the coat of arms that removed the colonial charges, a referendum legally required to ratify the changes has not yet been called.
^ While
Manila is designated as
the nation's capital , the
seat of government is the National Capital Region , commonly known as "
Metro Manila ", of which the city of Manila is a part.
[ 2]
[ 3] Many national government institutions are located on various parts of Metro Manila, aside from
Malacañang Palace and other institutions/agencies that are located within the Manila capital city.
^ As per the 1987 Constitution: "Spanish and Arabic shall be promoted on a voluntary and optional basis."
[ 5]
^
a
b Excludes
Catholic Charismatics numbering 74,096 persons (0.07% of the Philippine household population in 2020)
[ 7]
^
a
b The actual area of the Philippines is 343,448 km2 (132,606 sq mi) according to some sources.
[ 208]
^ See
Date and time notation in the Philippines .
^ ;
Filipino : Pilipinas , Tagalog pronunciation:
[pɪ.lɪˈpiː.nɐs]
^ Filipino: Republika ng Pilipinas . In the recognized regional
languages of the Philippines :
In the recognized optional languages of the Philippines:
^ This is a summary, omitting significant detail. For more detail, see
Schurman Commission § Survey visit to the Philippines .
References
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Flag and Heraldic Code of the Philippines , Metro Manila, Philippines:
Official Gazette of the Philippines , archived from
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Establishing Manila as the Capital of the Philippines and as the Permanent Seat of the National Government , Manila, Philippines:
Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines , archived from
the original on May 25, 2017, retrieved April 4, 2015
^
"Quezon City Local Government – Background" . Quezon City Local Government. Archived from
the original on August 20, 2020. Retrieved August 25, 2020 .
^
a
b
"DepEd adds 7 languages to mother tongue-based education for Kinder to Grade 3" .
GMA News Online . July 13, 2013. Archived from
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^
a
b
c
"Article XIV, Section 7" .
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Official Gazette of the Republic of the Philippines . 1987. Archived from
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^
a
b
c
"Ethnicity in the Philippines (2020 Census of Population and Housing)" .
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the original on September 6, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2024 .
^
a
b
Mapa, Dennis (February 21, 2023).
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Philippine Statistics Authority (Press release). p. 2.
Archived (PDF) from the original on August 12, 2023. Retrieved May 11, 2024 .
^
"Philippines country profile" .
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^
"Philippines" . Central Intelligence Agency. February 27, 2023.
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^
a
b
c
d
e
"Philippines" .
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^
"Population Projection Statistics" . psa.gov.ph . March 28, 2021.
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^
a
b
Mapa, Dennis S. (July 7, 2021).
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Philippine Statistics Authority . Archived from
the original on July 7, 2021.
^
a
b
c
d
e
"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2024 Edition. (Philippines)" .
International Monetary Fund . April 16, 2024.
Archived from the original on April 16, 2024. Retrieved April 17, 2024 .
^
"Highlights of the Preliminary Results of the 2021 Annual Family Income and Expenditure Survey" (Press release).
PSA .
Archived from the original on May 16, 2023. Retrieved August 15, 2022 .
^
"Human Development Report 2023/24" (PDF) .
United Nations Development Programme . March 13, 2024. p. 289.
Archived (PDF) from the original on March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024 .
^
Philippine Yearbook (1978 ed.). Manila, Philippines:
National Economic and Development Authority ,
National Census and Statistics Office . 1978. p.
716 .
Archived from the original on March 6, 2023. Retrieved February 18, 2023 .
^
a
b
Scott, William Henry (1994).
Barangay: Sixteenth-century Philippine Culture and Society . Quezon City, Philippines:
Ateneo de Manila University Press .
ISBN
978-971-550-135-4 .
Archived from the original on February 3, 2024. Retrieved October 18, 2015 .
^
Malcolm, George A. (1916).
The Government of the Philippine Islands: Its Development and Fundamentals . Philippine Law Collection. Rochester, N.Y.:
Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company . p.
3 .
OCLC
578245510 .
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^
Spate, Oskar H.K. (November 2004) [1979].
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Taylor & Francis . p. 97.
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ISBN
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