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Special Relativity
Ben T. Ito
4-22-2024
This paper will analyze Einstein’s special relativity. Fresnel depicts diffraction using interfering spherical waves produced by the motion of an ether, composed of matter, yet the ether does not exist (vacuum). Maxwell introduces an electromagnetic theory of light based on Faraday's law since induction forms in vacuum but induction is not luminous and Maxwell's light waves are formed by the motion of an ether that does not exist. In special relativity (1917), Einstein is supporting Maxwell’s theory.
§ 1. Introduction
Huygens (1690) describes the propagation of light using spherical waves formed by the motion of an ether, composed of matter (Huygens, p. 14) yet light propagates in a vacuum that is void of matter. Fresnel (1819) established the wave theory of light by deriving a diffraction intensity equation using Huygens’ spherical waves (Fresnel, 43) but diffraction forms in vacuum that is void of matter. Michelson (1881) attempts to experimentally verify the ether using an interferometer but the result was negative (Michelson, p. 128); consequently, Lorentz (1899) reverses the negative result of Michelson’s experiment to justify the ether (Lorentz, § 9) but vacuum proves the ether does not exist. Einstein's (1905) electro-dynamics is used to justify Maxwell's theory (Einstein1, § 6) but Maxwell’s equations are derived using Faraday’s law that is not luminous; altering the dimensions of Maxwell's equations does not change the fact that induction is not luminous nor does Maxwell's ether exist (vacuum). Plus, Lenard (1902) proves light is composed of particles (Lenard, Intro) but Maxwell’s continuous and expanding electromagnetic field cannot be quantized which discredit Planck’s quantum theory (Planck, Intro). In Einstein’s paper “Relativity: Special and General” (1917), Einstein supports Maxwell’s theory using the alteration of time-space (Einstein3, § 11) but modifying the time-space dimensions of Maxwell’s equations does not change the fact that Maxwell’s equations are derived using Faraday’s induction effect that is not luminous; in addition, Einstein justifies the ether using the reversal of the negative result of Michelson-Morley experiment based on Lorentz's theory (Einstein3, § 16) yet the ether does not physically exist (vacuum).
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
§ 2. Einstein's Relativity: Special and General Theory
In "Relativity: Special and General Theory" (1917), Einstein describes an inertial mass.
"IT is clear from our previous considerations that the (special) theory of relativity has grown out of electrodynamics and optics." (Einstein3, § 15).
"Hence we can say: If a body takes up an amount of energy Eo, then its inertial mass increases by an amount
Eo/c2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1
the inertial mass of a body is not a constant, but varies according to the change in the energy of the body." (Einstein3, § 15).
Einstein’s inertial mass m = Eo/c2 represents the increase in an electron’s mass after absorbing a photon (Eo ) but a massless photon’s energy cannot be transformed into matter. The energy-momentum E2 = (mc2)2 + (pc)2 is used to justify Einstein’s energy-mass equivalence; using m = 0, the photon energy-momentum is formed E = pc. Compton’s momentum (p = h/λ) is used to justify the photon momentum but a massless photon cannot produce a momentum (p = mv) since m = 0, and Compton’s momentum (p = h/λ) contains the unit of the mass (g) yet a photon is massless (m = 0). NASA Advanced Composite Solar Sail System (ACS3) is said to produce a force of 9 x 10-6 Pa (Wilkie, Intro) which is used to justify the photon momentum but in the photon gold foil experiment, a 10-7 m thick gold foil is suspended in a glass vacuum tube; when a 3-mW laser is incident (dt = .1s) on the gold foil, no displacement of the gold foil is observed which discredits the solar sail that is used to justify Einstein’s energy equation E = mc2. Einstein's energy-mass equivalence, represented with E = mc2, is a systemic problem since, in modern physics, the electric (m⋅kg⋅s-3⋅ A-1) and magnetic (kg⋅s-2⋅ A-1) fields are represented with the unit of the mass (kg) yet an electromagnetic field is massless. In particle physics, subatomic particles, that have a mass, are represented with a massless em field (gauge) but a continuous and expanding em field cannot be quantized or represent a mass.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
§ 3. Conclusion
Einstein’s special relativity is supporting the wave theory of light that is based an ether, composed of matter, yet the ether does not exist (vacuum); consequently, Einstein (1910) describes an em ether (Einstein2, § 1) but Einstein’s massless em ether conflicts with Huygens’ ether that is composed of matter. Maxwell’s em field is structurally unified with matter using E = mc2 to validate the em ether but massless photons cannot form the mass of Einstein’s em ether, and the destruction of photons to represent diffraction violates energy conservation. Diffraction is formed by optic particles that contact the aperture edge producing an aperture edge effect that redirects the optic particles, that enter the aperture, to only the intensity areas of the diffraction pattern without involving wave interference or an em ether.
Einstein1, Albert. On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. Annalen der Physik. 17:891-921. 1905.
Einstein2, Albert. The Principle of Relativity and its Consequences in Modern Physics. 1910.
Einstein3, Albert. Relativity: Special and General Theory. Brauschweig. 1917.
Fresnel, Augustin. Memorie su la Diffraction de la Lumiere. French Academy of Science. 1819.
Faraday, Michael. Experimental Researches in Electricity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1831-1838.
Huygens, Christiann. Treatise on Light. Translated by Silvanus P. Thompson. French Academy of Science. 1690.
Lenard, Philipp. Ueber die lichtelektrische Wirkung. Annalen der Physik. 8:149-198. 1902.
Lorentz, Hendrik. Simplified Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Systems. Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. 1:427-442. 1899.
Maxwell, Clerk. A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. 1982.
Michelson, Albert. The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether. American Journal of Science. 22:120-129. 1881.
Planck, Max. On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum. Annalen der Physik. 4:553. 1901.
Wilkie, Keats. The NASA Advanced Composite Solar Sail System (ACS3) Flight Demonstration: A Technology Pathfinder for Practical Smallsat Solar Sailing. NASA. SSC21-II-10. 2021.
| Welcome to this
sandbox page, a space to experiment with editing.
You can either the source code (" Edit source" tab above) or use VisualEditor (" Edit" tab above). Click the "Publish changes" button when finished. You can click "Show preview" to see a preview of your edits, or "Show changes" to see what you have changed. Anyone can edit this page and it is automatically cleared regularly (anything you write will not remain indefinitely). Click here to reset the sandbox. You can access your personal sandbox by clicking here, or using the "Sandbox" link in the top right. Creating an account gives you access to a personal sandbox, among other benefits. Do NOT, under any circumstances, place promotional, copyrighted, offensive, or libelous content in sandbox pages. Doing so WILL get you blocked from editing. For more info about sandboxes, see Wikipedia:About the sandbox and Help:My sandbox. New to Wikipedia? See the contributing to Wikipedia page or our tutorial. Questions? Try the Teahouse! |
Special Relativity
Ben T. Ito
4-22-2024
This paper will analyze Einstein’s special relativity. Fresnel depicts diffraction using interfering spherical waves produced by the motion of an ether, composed of matter, yet the ether does not exist (vacuum). Maxwell introduces an electromagnetic theory of light based on Faraday's law since induction forms in vacuum but induction is not luminous and Maxwell's light waves are formed by the motion of an ether that does not exist. In special relativity (1917), Einstein is supporting Maxwell’s theory.
§ 1. Introduction
Huygens (1690) describes the propagation of light using spherical waves formed by the motion of an ether, composed of matter (Huygens, p. 14) yet light propagates in a vacuum that is void of matter. Fresnel (1819) established the wave theory of light by deriving a diffraction intensity equation using Huygens’ spherical waves (Fresnel, 43) but diffraction forms in vacuum that is void of matter. Michelson (1881) attempts to experimentally verify the ether using an interferometer but the result was negative (Michelson, p. 128); consequently, Lorentz (1899) reverses the negative result of Michelson’s experiment to justify the ether (Lorentz, § 9) but vacuum proves the ether does not exist. Einstein's (1905) electro-dynamics is used to justify Maxwell's theory (Einstein1, § 6) but Maxwell’s equations are derived using Faraday’s law that is not luminous; altering the dimensions of Maxwell's equations does not change the fact that induction is not luminous nor does Maxwell's ether exist (vacuum). Plus, Lenard (1902) proves light is composed of particles (Lenard, Intro) but Maxwell’s continuous and expanding electromagnetic field cannot be quantized which discredit Planck’s quantum theory (Planck, Intro). In Einstein’s paper “Relativity: Special and General” (1917), Einstein supports Maxwell’s theory using the alteration of time-space (Einstein3, § 11) but modifying the time-space dimensions of Maxwell’s equations does not change the fact that Maxwell’s equations are derived using Faraday’s induction effect that is not luminous; in addition, Einstein justifies the ether using the reversal of the negative result of Michelson-Morley experiment based on Lorentz's theory (Einstein3, § 16) yet the ether does not physically exist (vacuum).
__________________________________________________________________________________________________________
§ 2. Einstein's Relativity: Special and General Theory
In "Relativity: Special and General Theory" (1917), Einstein describes an inertial mass.
"IT is clear from our previous considerations that the (special) theory of relativity has grown out of electrodynamics and optics." (Einstein3, § 15).
"Hence we can say: If a body takes up an amount of energy Eo, then its inertial mass increases by an amount
Eo/c2 ………………………………………………………………………………………………………..1
the inertial mass of a body is not a constant, but varies according to the change in the energy of the body." (Einstein3, § 15).
Einstein’s inertial mass m = Eo/c2 represents the increase in an electron’s mass after absorbing a photon (Eo ) but a massless photon’s energy cannot be transformed into matter. The energy-momentum E2 = (mc2)2 + (pc)2 is used to justify Einstein’s energy-mass equivalence; using m = 0, the photon energy-momentum is formed E = pc. Compton’s momentum (p = h/λ) is used to justify the photon momentum but a massless photon cannot produce a momentum (p = mv) since m = 0, and Compton’s momentum (p = h/λ) contains the unit of the mass (g) yet a photon is massless (m = 0). NASA Advanced Composite Solar Sail System (ACS3) is said to produce a force of 9 x 10-6 Pa (Wilkie, Intro) which is used to justify the photon momentum but in the photon gold foil experiment, a 10-7 m thick gold foil is suspended in a glass vacuum tube; when a 3-mW laser is incident (dt = .1s) on the gold foil, no displacement of the gold foil is observed which discredits the solar sail that is used to justify Einstein’s energy equation E = mc2. Einstein's energy-mass equivalence, represented with E = mc2, is a systemic problem since, in modern physics, the electric (m⋅kg⋅s-3⋅ A-1) and magnetic (kg⋅s-2⋅ A-1) fields are represented with the unit of the mass (kg) yet an electromagnetic field is massless. In particle physics, subatomic particles, that have a mass, are represented with a massless em field (gauge) but a continuous and expanding em field cannot be quantized or represent a mass.
____________________________________________________________________________________________________
§ 3. Conclusion
Einstein’s special relativity is supporting the wave theory of light that is based an ether, composed of matter, yet the ether does not exist (vacuum); consequently, Einstein (1910) describes an em ether (Einstein2, § 1) but Einstein’s massless em ether conflicts with Huygens’ ether that is composed of matter. Maxwell’s em field is structurally unified with matter using E = mc2 to validate the em ether but massless photons cannot form the mass of Einstein’s em ether, and the destruction of photons to represent diffraction violates energy conservation. Diffraction is formed by optic particles that contact the aperture edge producing an aperture edge effect that redirects the optic particles, that enter the aperture, to only the intensity areas of the diffraction pattern without involving wave interference or an em ether.
Einstein1, Albert. On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. Annalen der Physik. 17:891-921. 1905.
Einstein2, Albert. The Principle of Relativity and its Consequences in Modern Physics. 1910.
Einstein3, Albert. Relativity: Special and General Theory. Brauschweig. 1917.
Fresnel, Augustin. Memorie su la Diffraction de la Lumiere. French Academy of Science. 1819.
Faraday, Michael. Experimental Researches in Electricity. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 1831-1838.
Huygens, Christiann. Treatise on Light. Translated by Silvanus P. Thompson. French Academy of Science. 1690.
Lenard, Philipp. Ueber die lichtelektrische Wirkung. Annalen der Physik. 8:149-198. 1902.
Lorentz, Hendrik. Simplified Theory of Electrical and Optical Phenomena in Moving Systems. Proceedings of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences. 1:427-442. 1899.
Maxwell, Clerk. A Dynamical Theory of the Electromagnetic Field. Edinburgh: Scottish Academic Press. 1982.
Michelson, Albert. The Relative Motion of the Earth and the Luminiferous Ether. American Journal of Science. 22:120-129. 1881.
Planck, Max. On the Law of Distribution of Energy in the Normal Spectrum. Annalen der Physik. 4:553. 1901.
Wilkie, Keats. The NASA Advanced Composite Solar Sail System (ACS3) Flight Demonstration: A Technology Pathfinder for Practical Smallsat Solar Sailing. NASA. SSC21-II-10. 2021.