Jw07334 is a psychology student at Georgia Southern university, Jw07334 started this wikipedia account for one of his english/composition classes in which he will be editing and creating wikipedia pages for assignments. He enjoys reading fictional novels, chinese food, and Doctor who when he isn't busy with school work. When school isn't in session he enjoys playing music, mainly piano, percussion instruments, and guitar. He was apart of the 2011 WGI world finialist MID.

Developmental psychology

responses ^[1]

avoidence ^[2]

PSYCHOLOGY ^[3]

notes

/Sandbox

{{Multiple issues|original research=October 2008|refimprove=February 2007}}

'Dual wielding' is to hold a weapon in each hand. In gaming a dual wield may also be called akimbo style, though it has little resemblance to the human position of that name. This most commonly refers to matched pairs of handguns but can refer to any other weapon that can be held in one hand such as machine pistols and even melee weapons, although this is more common in role-playing video games. Reference?

History

Historically, the use of two guns at once, one in each hand, is most associated with the American Old West, where revolvers holding only six rounds of ammunition were the highest capacity handguns available and reloading was a slow process. Being single action weapons, they needed to be cocked for each shot, so the rate of fire was also low, and while a shooter could fan his gun, this expended all his shots even faster and made him even more inaccurate than normal. Use of two guns was therefore a reasonable compromise, as this allowed one gun to be cocked as the other is being fired, in practical terms doubling the rate of fire and the available number of bullets. REFERENCE??!??

There is some evidence that gunfighters of the Old West did not actually shoot two-handed. They would draw and fire with their strong hand, and when they had emptied the first gun, they drew the second gun with their weak hand and passed it over to their strong hand. In modern firearms terminology this is often called a "New York reload" after the practice of New York Police Department officers carrying second (and even third) guns as backup. reference?? A possible example of actual use of two guns firing at the same time is "Dual wield", practiced by Russian special forces. ^[1] This also evolved as a method of increasing rate of fire, more in order to force the enemy to take cover than to try to accurately hit them, and was generally practiced by NKVD officers issued a pair of revolvers. However, the invention of smaller, cheaper submachineguns around the 1950s rendered the tactic largely obsolete and it fell into relative obscurity.

With modern shooting techniques, there is very little value to shooting with a weapon in each hand. Using modern full capacity firearms, a shooter can fire more shots with greater accuracy using a single gun in a two-handed grip than two guns with one-handed grips. Also, modern semi-automatic pistols take only a few seconds to reload. At best, the technique is only effective at extremely close ranges of five to ten feet, since the recoil would make it hard to keep both weapons straight, and using the sights on the guns is next to impossible. Among the majority of professional firearms instructorsNames random extra party^{[ who?]}, this practice is dismissed as extremely ineffective.^{[ citation needed]}

Media

It is unknown when dual wielding was first used in fiction, but it was likely from early western novels before spilling over into other works. In the early 20th century, numerous examples abound of heroes and heroines of pulp novels, paperbacks and comics depicted wielding two pistols, most notably the pulp hero, the Shadow.

The use of two pistols simultaneously was even used in the movie adaptation of the Spider character (a contemporary of the Shadow), the Spider's Web. It is unknown when the style came out of fashion until being resurrected by Hong Kong cinema, notably movies directed by John Woo and often featuring Chow Yun Fat.

The use of this tactic was initially a rarity in Western films, as up till then it was thought to look cumbersome.^{[ citation needed]} The use of akimbo using the nickname? became more acceptable and achieved somewhat of a cult status after much influence from Hong Kong action cinema.^{[ citation needed]}

Naturally, action films have been a major influence on action gaming. Rise of the Triad and Marathon, both released on December 21, 1994, were the earliest first-person shooters to integrate akimbo pistols.^{[ citation needed]} In Heavy Metal: F.A.K.K.² and Shadow Man, this tactic was developed further, allowing the player to wield two dissimilar weapons at once, firing each one independently.^{[ citation needed]} Dual wielded weapons have become the trademark of some game characters, most notably Lara Croft and Dante.

Etymology

There is some confusion over the origin of this usage of the word akimbo. Technically, it is inaccurate, since the word literally refers to a stance where a person stands with their elbows bent and their hands on their hips (arms akimbo)- not a posture well suited to shooting. While this does bear some similarity with the classic posture of cowboys firing their twin revolvers from the hip, in games this posture is almost never reflected, with almost all game characters firing twin guns at shoulder level, straight-armed. Counter-Strike is a notable exception, in that the player models are seen externally to fire akimbo Berettas from the hip, but appear to be firing from shoulder level from the first-person perspective. There is no conformity on whether the word should precede or follow the name of the object it describes: both "akimbo pistols" and "pistols akimbo" are used.

The book Hong Kong Action Cinema ( ISBN  0-87951-663-1) by Bey Logan suggests the word originated in Hong Kong action movies and eventually migrated to the gaming lexicon.

It is also possible that the phrase predates both of these and refers instead to Cowboy action shooting techniques. Jumping around in the heading, should be a sub heading. and overall lacking consistency in the article point.

See also

• Gun fu
• Hyoho Niten Ichi-ryu
• Main-gauche

References

External links

Look up New York reload in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

• Mok, Herman (2001-10-03). "Guide to airsoft akimbo combat". Arnie's Airsoft.co.uk. Retrieved 2007-08-14. {{ cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= ( help)

Visual Cliff

The visual cliff apparatus was created by psychologists Eleanor J. Gibson and R.D. Walk to investigate depth perception in human and animal species, which allowed them to experimentally adjust the optical and tactical stimuli associated with a simulated cliff while protecting the subjects from injury. ^[1] The visual cliff consists of a sheet of plexiglas that covers a cloth with a high-contrast checkerboard pattern. On one side the cloth is placed immediately beneath the plexiglas, and on the other, it is dropped about 4 feet below. Since the plexiglas alone would easily support the infant, this is a visual cliff rather than an actual cliff. ^[2] Using a visual cliff apparatus, Gibson and Walk examined possible perceptual differences at crawling age between human infants born preterm and human infants born at term without documented visual or motor impairments. ^[3]

Bias Elimination

To eliminate the notion that hidden bias was concealed in the design of the visual cliff Gibson and Walk conducted a number of control experiments. In one of them they eliminated reflections from the glass by lighting the patterned surfaces from below the glass (to accomplish this they dropped the pattern below the glass on both sides, but more on one side than on the other). The animals–hooded rats–still consistently chose the shallow side. As a test of the role of the patterned surface they replaced it on either side of the centerboard with a homogeneous gray surface. Confronted with this choice, the rats showed no preference for either the shallow or the deep side. They also eliminated the optical difference between the two sides of the board by placing the patterned surface directly against the undersurface of the glass on each side. The rats then descended without preference to either side. When we lowered the pattern 10 inches below the glass on each side, they stayed on the board. ^[4]

The Study in different species

This study was not only applicable to human infants. It was applicable to many other different and varying species, including rats,kittens,and turtles.

Human infants

Sixteen infants born at term and 16 born preterm were encouraged to crawl to their caregivers on a modified visual cliff. Successful trials, crossing time, duration of visual attention, duration of tactile exploration, motor strategies, and avoidance behaviors were analyzed. A significant surface effect was found, with longer crossing times and longer durations of visual attention and tactile exploration in the condition with the visual appearance of a deep cliff. Although the two groups of infants did not differ on any of the timed measures, infants born at term demonstrated a larger number of motor strategies and avoidance behaviors by simple tally. This study indicates that infants born at term and those born preterm can perceive a visual cliff and adapt their responses accordingly. ^[3]

Rats

The rat does not depend predominantly upon visual cues like some other animals studied. Its nocturnal habits lead it to seek food largely by smell, when moving about in the dark, it responds to tactual cues from the stiff whiskers (vibrissae) on its snout. Hooded rats tested on the visual cliff show little preference for the shallow side so long as they can feel the glass with their vibrissae. Placed upon the glass over the deep side, they move about normally. But when we raise the center board several inches, so that the glass is out of reach of their whiskers, they evince good visual depth-discrimination: 95 to 100 per cent of them descend on the shallow side. ^[5]

Cats/Kittens

Cats, like rats, are nocturnal animals, sensitive to tactual cues from their vibrissae. But the cat, as a predator, must rely more strongly on its sight. Kittens proved to have excellent depth-discrimination. At four weeks–about the earliest age that a kitten can move about with any facility–they invariably choose the shallow side of the cliff. On the glass over the deep side, they either freeze or circle aimlessly backward until they reach the center board. ^[5]

Turtles

The animals that showed the poorest performance in the study were the turtles. The late Robert M. Yerkes of Harvard University found in 1904 that aquatic turtles have somewhat poorer depth-discrimination than land turtles. On the visual cliff one might expect an aquatic turtle to respond to the reflections from the glass as it might to water and so prefer the deep side. They showed no such preference: 76 per cent of the aquatic turtles crawled off the board on the shallow side. The relatively large minority that choose the deep side suggests either that this turtle has poorer depth-discrimination than other animals, or that its natural habitat gives it less occasion to "fear" a fall. ^[5]

Findings

Gibson and Walk discovered that all species tested can perceive and avoid a sharp drop by the time they take up independent locomotion, be it at varying times in different species and members of the species, as up to 6 months in humans. Most rely on visual cues for depth perception. The rat, however, relies predominantly on t a ctual cues (being nocturnal) but will fall back on sound vision when needed. Next, the experimenters wanted to find out which visual cues played the decisive role in depth perception. Using dark-reared animals, they concluded motion parallax is an innate cue for depth discrimination, whereas responses to differential pattern-density may be learned later. ^[6]

See also

• Depth perception
• Developmental psychology
• Child Psychology
• Psychology

References

External links

• Visual Cliff Video
• Complete Article at wadsworth.com

Category:Vision

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