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Evancahill is a new Wikipedia user.

Message From Evancahill:

My main goal is currently to help expand info on Santa Barbara county.

Written on 8:47 a.m., Pacific Time, July 24, 2016

For a list of all of Evancahill's user pages, go here.

Vandalizing does not coexist well with this user. If you are here to vandalize, turn back, I warn you. Both this user and his bobcat will be watching you. And...his pet wolf as well.
This user's pet bobcat guards this page.
This user's pet wolf guards this page.

Featured Media Of The Day:



Gray wolf in a European forest



Evancahill says: I have to see one of these sometime.

For the featured picture and video, go down.

Background

Main page: User:Evancahill/background

Hi. :) I am a new Wikipedia user. I am male, and my activity on Wikipedia can vary from active to dormant, depending on my mood and my time. Currently, I am semi-active. I will expand this page as time goes on.

I'm mainly here to help with natural articles and some literature articles. I'm a content contributor for nature, and an article writer for literature. I started out enthusiastic when I learned you can edit. I almost immediately registered, and took the time to learn how to make articles and user pages. I am still new, but beginning to learn the way of things here.

I will not reveal too much personal info for the time being, but I'll tell you this: you can probably discover some possible personal info from what I write about. However, you'll never truly know. :)

I mainly just want to contribute to my interests and create some great articles. I also want to help the Santa Barbara County task force.

I am proudly part of the Santa Barbara County Task Force. I am also part of one other task force, the Southern California Task Force, and two Wikiprojects, Wikiproject California and Wikiproject Star Wars.

Note: I occasionally edit without logging on.

Contributions

Main page: User:Evancahill/contributions

The Unwanteds(book)

Main article: The Unwanteds (book)

My first creation was of a page about the book The Unwanteds form the The Unwanteds series. It is currently small and not-very-intersting, with only one verification and one individual section, with no subsections. I'd appreciate it if you could contribute to it.

Kellogg Elementary

My second creation is currently a failure. Its about an elementary school, and elementary schools aren't usually supposed to have individual pages about them. I will see whether I can manage to publish it.

For more, see the page User:Evancahill/contributions.

Interests

Main page: User:Evancahill/interests

I love wildlife and computers! I especially like Fauna, even though Flora is also interesting.


And just because I like computers doesn't mean I write about them...I have more important stuff to do, like writing about more interesting stuff.: Actually False.

Status

I'm currently semi-active.

I Write About

Well, wildlife and nature, mainly, along with literature and occasionally schools. I'm especially interested in Southern California, in the northern-coastal section of the region. Geography, wildlife, books I've read...those all catch my eye.

I have made some edits to the Geography section of the page Goleta, California. I edited the Flora/Fauna sections(WILDLIFE!), and added info to the Architecture, Environment, and Ecology sections as well.

I've done some editing to Goleta, California, though. I also mean to promote the Santa Barbara County and Santa Barbara articles, along with the Channel Islands articles, as well.

Goals

  • To get the Santa Barbara County task force up and running, again.
  • To write about wildlife. Environment, Ecology, Geography, Flora, Fauna, Biodiversity, Geology, Climate, Wildlife...

Video Of The Day

I love backyard wildlife! I keep thinking of the time I saw a coyote, so backyard wildlife + canine predator = this.



I love backyard wildlife! I keep thinking of the time I saw a coyote, so backyard wildlife + canine predator = this.

Picture Of The Day

I'm addicted to backyard wildlife, and I get both skunks and raccoons in my backyard. (Along with a hopelessly large amount of birds, bobcats, and foxes)
I'm addicted to backyard wildlife, and I get both skunks and raccoons in my backyard. (Along with a hopelessly large amount of birds, bobcats, and foxes)


I'm addicted to backyard wildlife, and I get both skunks and raccoons in my backyard. (Along with a hopelessly large amount of birds, bobcats, and foxes)

Stuff I'm Patrolling

Users

The IP address user: 68.70.40.70

An IP address for unregistered users from where I live

Pages

Extras

An island fox prowls around near a campsite.
A raccoon the roof of a house in Albertshausen, Germany
A skunk and a California raccoon (P. s. psora) share cat food morsels in a Hollywood, California, back yard
Comparative illustration of coyote and gray wolf
Mountain coyotes (C. l. lestes) cornering a juvenile cougar
A coyote in Chicago's Lincoln Park, 2011
A "coyote alert" sign in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, circa summer 2014
Gray wolf in a European forest
Kits coming out of their den
Bobcat in wintertime, at Almaden-Quicksilver Park

In areas where the ranges of coyotes and gray wolves overlap, interference competition and predation by wolves has been hypothesized to limit local coyote densities. Coyote ranges expanded during the 19th and 20th centuries following the extirpation of wolves, while coyotes were driven to extinction on Isle Royale after wolves colonized the island in the 1940s. One study conducted in Yellowstone National Park, where both species coexist, concluded that the coyote population in the Lamar River Valley declined by 39% following the reintroduction of wolves in the 1990s, while coyote populations in wolf inhabited areas of the Grand Teton National Park are 33% lower than in areas where they are absent. [1] Wolves have been observed to not tolerate coyotes in their vicinity, though coyotes have been known to trail wolves in order to feed on their kills. [2]

Coyotes rarely kill healthy adult red foxes, and have been observed to feed or den alongside them, though they often kill foxes caught in traps. Coyotes may kill fox kits, but this is not a major source of mortality. [3] In southern California, coyotes frequently kill gray foxes, and these smaller canids tend to avoid areas with high coyote densities. [4]

Coyotes may compete with cougars in some areas. In eastern Sierra Nevada, coyotes compete with cougars over mule deer. Cougars usually outcompete coyotes, and may kill them occasionally, thus reducing coyote predation pressure on smaller carnivores like foxes and bobcats. [5]

In some areas, coyotes share their ranges with bobcats. It is rare for these two similarly sized species to physically confront one another, though bobcat populations tend to diminish in areas with high coyote densities. [6] However, several studies have demonstrated interference competition between coyotes and bobcats, and in all cases coyotes dominated the interaction. [7] Multiple researchers [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] reported instances of coyotes killing bobcats, whereas bobcats killing coyotes is more rare. [7] Coyotes attack bobcats using a bite-and-shake method similar to that used on medium-sized prey. Coyotes (both single individuals and groups) have been known to occasionally kill bobcats – in most cases, the bobcats were relatively small specimens, such as adult females and juveniles. [11] However, coyote attacks (by an unknown number of coyotes) on adult male bobcats have occurred. In California, coyote and bobcat populations are not negatively correlated across different habitat types, but predation by coyotes is an important source of mortality in bobcats. [4] Biologist Stanley Paul Young noted that in his entire trapping career, he had never successfully saved a captured bobcat from being killed by coyotes, and wrote of two incidences wherein coyotes chased bobcats up trees. [2] Coyotes have been documented to directly kill Canadian lynx on occasion, [13] [14] [15] and compete with them for prey, especially snowshoe hares. [13] In some areas, including central Alberta, lynx are more abundant where coyotes are few, thus interactions with coyotes appears to influence lynx populations more than the availability of snowshoe hares. [16]


Gray wolves confronting coyotes over pronghorn carcass (1919), Louis Agassiz Fuertes

Gray wolves typically dominate other canid species in areas where they both occur. In North America, incidents of gray wolves killing coyotes are common, particularly in winter, when coyotes feed on wolf kills. Wolves may attack coyote den sites, digging out and killing their pups, though rarely eating them. There are no records of coyotes killing wolves, though coyotes may chase wolves if they outnumber them. [17] [18] Near identical interactions have been observed in Eurasia and Africa between gray wolves and golden jackals, with the latter's numbers being comparatively small in areas with high wolf densities. [19] [17] [20] Gray wolves are the most important predator of raccoon dogs, killing large numbers of them in the spring and summer periods. [19] Wolves also kill red, arctic and corsac foxes, usually in disputes over carcasses, sometimes eating them. [19] [21] In Asia, they may compete with dholes, [19] though there is at least one record of a lone wolf associating with a pair of dholes in Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary. [22]

Brown bears typically dominate wolf packs in disputes over carcasses, while wolf packs mostly prevail against bears when defending their den sites. Both species kill each other's young. Wolves eat the brown bears they kill, while brown bears seem to only eat young wolves. [23] Wolf interactions with American black bears are much rarer than with brown bears, because of differences in habitat preferences. The majority of black bear encounters with wolves occur in the species' northern range, with no interactions being recorded in Mexico. Wolves have been recorded on numerous occasions to actively seek out black bears in their dens and kill them without eating them. Unlike brown bears, black bears frequently lose against wolves in disputes over kills. [24] While encounters with brown and black bears appear to be common, polar bears are rarely encountered by wolves, though there are two records of wolf packs killing polar bear cubs. [25] Wolves also kill the cubs of Asian black bears. [19]

Wolves may encounter striped hyenas in Israel, Central Asia and India, usually in disputes over carcasses. Striped hyenas feed extensively on wolf-killed carcasses in areas where the two species interact. One-to-one, hyenas dominate wolves, but wolf packs can drive off single or outnumbered hyenas. [26] [27] However, there was a case of a female striped hyena dominating 12 Arabian wolves. [28]

Large wolf populations limit the numbers of small to medium-sized felines. Wolves encounter cougars along portions of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent mountain ranges. Wolves and cougars typically avoid encountering each other by hunting on different elevations. In winter, however, when snow accumulation forces their prey into valleys, interactions between the two species become more likely. Wolves in packs usually dominate cougars and can steal kills. They have been reported killing mothers and their kittens. [29] [30] Wolves hunt steppe cats, and may scavenge from snow leopard kills. [31] [32] Wolves may also reduce Eurasian lynx populations. Wolves may kill lynxes by running them down, or killing them before they can escape into trees. [33] Similar reports of encounters between wolves and bobcats have been documented. [34]

Leftovers of wolf kills are sometimes scavenged by wolverines. Wolverines usually wait until the wolves are done feeding, but have been known to drive away wolves from kills. However, there have been confirmed reports of wolf packs killing wolverines. [35]

Other than humans, tigers appear to be the only serious predators of wolves. [19] [36] [37] [38] [31] Wolf and tiger interactions are well documented in Sikhote-Alin, where tigers depress wolf numbers, either to the point of localized extinction or to such low numbers as to make them a functionally insignificant component of the ecosystem. Wolves appear capable of escaping competitive exclusion from tigers only when human persecution decreases tiger numbers. Proven cases of tigers killing wolves are rare and attacks appear to be competitive rather than predatory in nature, with at least four proven records of tigers killing wolves without consuming them. [39]

  1. ^ Berger, K. M.; Gese, E. M. (2007). "Does interference competition with wolves limit the distribution and abundance of coyotes?". Journal of Animal Ecology. 76 (6): 1075–1085. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01287.x. PMID  17922704.
  2. ^ a b Young & Jackson 1978, pp. 93–96
  3. ^ Sargeant, Alan B.; Allen, Stephen H. (1989). "Observed interactions between coyotes and red foxes". Journal of Mammalogy. 70 (3): 631–633. doi: 10.2307/1381437. JSTOR  1381437.
  4. ^ a b Fedriani, J. M.; Fuller, T. K.; Sauvajot, R. M.; York, E. C. (2000). "Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores" (PDF). Oecologia. 125 (2): 258–270. doi: 10.1007/s004420000448. PMID  24595837.
  5. ^ Hornocker, M. et al. (2009). Cougar: Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. p. 170. ISBN  0226353478
  6. ^ Litvaitis, J. A., and D. J. Harrison (1989). "Bobcat-coyote niche relationships during a period of coyote population increase". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 67 (5): 1180–1188. doi: 10.1139/z89-170.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)
  7. ^ a b Bunnell, Kevin D.; Flinders, Jerran T.; Wolfe, Michael L. (2006). "Potential Impacts of Coyotes and Snowmobiles on Lynx Conservation in the Intermountain West". Wildlife Society Bulletin. 34 (3): 828–838. doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[828:PIOCAS]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR  3784713.
  8. ^ Anderson, E. M. (1986). Bobcat behavioral ecology in relation to resource use in southeastern Colorado. Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
  9. ^ Jackson, D. H. (1986). Ecology of bobcats in east-central Colorado. Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
  10. ^ Toweill, D. E. (1986). Resource partitioning by bobcats and coyotes in a coniferous forest. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
  11. ^ a b Gipson, P. S.; Kamler, J. F (2002). "Bobcat Killed by a Coyote". The Southwestern Naturalist. 47 (3): 511–513. doi: 10.2307/3672519. JSTOR  3672519.
  12. ^ Knick, S. T. (1990). "Ecology of bobcats relative to exploitation and a prey decline in southeastern Idaho". Wildlife Monographs. 108 (108): 1–42. JSTOR  3830671.
  13. ^ a b Ripple, W. J.; Wirsing, A. J.; Beschta, R. L.; Buskirk, S. W. (2011). "Can restoring wolves aid in lynx recovery?" (PDF). Wildlife Society Bulletin. 35 (4): 514. doi: 10.1002/wsb.59.
  14. ^ O’Donoghue, M.; Hofer, E. J.; Doyle, F. I. (1995). "Predator versus predator". Natural History. 104: 6–9.
  15. ^ Rockwood, Larry L. (2015) Introduction to Population Ecology. Chichester (United Kingdom): John Wiley and Sons. p. 273. ISBN  111894755X.
  16. ^ Bushkirk, SW.; Ruggiero, LF.; and Krebs, CJ. (2000) Ch. 4 "Habitat Fragmentation and Interspecific Competition: Implications for Lynx Conservation", pp. 91–92 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey and J. R. Squires (eds.) Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States]]. University Press of Colorado, Denver.
  17. ^ a b Mech & Boitani 2003, pp. 266–68
  18. ^ Robbins, Jim (1998). "Weaving A New Web: Wolves Change An Ecosystem". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference heptner1998 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Giannatos G. (2004) Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal Canis aureus L. in Greece. WWF Greece: 1–47
  21. ^ Mech & Boitani 2003, p. 269
  22. ^ Nair, M. V.; Panda, S. K. (2013). "Just Friends". Sanctuary Asia. XXXIII: 3.
  23. ^ Mech & Boitani 2003, pp. 261–63
  24. ^ Mech & Boitani 2003, pp. 263–64
  25. ^ "Wolf (Canis lupus) Predation of a Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) Cub on the Sea Ice off Northwestern Banks Island, Northwest Territories, Canada" (PDF). Arctic. 59 (3): 322–324. 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
  26. ^ Mills, M. G. L.; Mills, Gus and Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN. pp. 24–25. ISBN  978-2-8317-0442-5.{{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)
  27. ^ Nayak, S.; Shah, S.; Borah, J. (2015). "Going for the kill: an observation of wolf-hyaena interaction in Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India". Canid Biology & Conservation. 18 (7): 27–29.
  28. ^ "BBC Two - Wild Arabia, The Jewel of Arabia, Wolves vs hyena". BBC.
  29. ^ Mech & Boitani 2003, pp. 264–65
  30. ^ Grooms, Steve (2010). "Cougar Wolf Interactions: It's a Lot Like Cats and Dogs". International Wolf. 20 (2): 8–11.
  31. ^ a b Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2. BRILL, ISBN  90-04-08876-8
  32. ^ "Wolf". Snow Leopard Trust.
  33. ^ Sunquist, Melvin E. & Sunquist, Fiona (2002) Wild cats of the world, University of Chicago Press, p. 167 ISBN  0-226-77999-8
  34. ^ "Yellowstone Wildlife – Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C." Yellowstone National Park.
  35. ^ "Gulo gulo" (PDF). American Society of Mammalogists.
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference WoT was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Cite error: The named reference l29 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  38. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mech 2003 265 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ Miquelle, D.G., Stephens, P.A., Smirnov, E.N., Goodrich, J.M., Zaumyslova, O.Yu. & Myslenkov, A.I. (2005). "Tigers and Wolves in the Russian Far East: Competitive Exclusion, Functional Redundancy and Conservation Implications". In Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity. Ray, J.C., Berger, J., Redford, K.H. & Steneck, R. (eds.) New York: Island Press. pp. 179–207 ISBN  1559630809.

User Boxes

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WikiProject Star Wars.
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Join now!
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Southern California
task force.
SoCalThis user lives in, hails from or is associated with Southern California.
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Upon finding vandalism, this user does not hesitate to warn the perpetrator.
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This user believes that when you die, YOU DIE!!.
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Retrieved from " https://en.wikipedia.org/?title=User:Evancahill&oldid=1212568767"
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Evancahill is a new Wikipedia user.

Message From Evancahill:

My main goal is currently to help expand info on Santa Barbara county.

Written on 8:47 a.m., Pacific Time, July 24, 2016

For a list of all of Evancahill's user pages, go here.

Vandalizing does not coexist well with this user. If you are here to vandalize, turn back, I warn you. Both this user and his bobcat will be watching you. And...his pet wolf as well.
This user's pet bobcat guards this page.
This user's pet wolf guards this page.

Featured Media Of The Day:



Gray wolf in a European forest



Evancahill says: I have to see one of these sometime.

For the featured picture and video, go down.

Background

Main page: User:Evancahill/background

Hi. :) I am a new Wikipedia user. I am male, and my activity on Wikipedia can vary from active to dormant, depending on my mood and my time. Currently, I am semi-active. I will expand this page as time goes on.

I'm mainly here to help with natural articles and some literature articles. I'm a content contributor for nature, and an article writer for literature. I started out enthusiastic when I learned you can edit. I almost immediately registered, and took the time to learn how to make articles and user pages. I am still new, but beginning to learn the way of things here.

I will not reveal too much personal info for the time being, but I'll tell you this: you can probably discover some possible personal info from what I write about. However, you'll never truly know. :)

I mainly just want to contribute to my interests and create some great articles. I also want to help the Santa Barbara County task force.

I am proudly part of the Santa Barbara County Task Force. I am also part of one other task force, the Southern California Task Force, and two Wikiprojects, Wikiproject California and Wikiproject Star Wars.

Note: I occasionally edit without logging on.

Contributions

Main page: User:Evancahill/contributions

The Unwanteds(book)

Main article: The Unwanteds (book)

My first creation was of a page about the book The Unwanteds form the The Unwanteds series. It is currently small and not-very-intersting, with only one verification and one individual section, with no subsections. I'd appreciate it if you could contribute to it.

Kellogg Elementary

My second creation is currently a failure. Its about an elementary school, and elementary schools aren't usually supposed to have individual pages about them. I will see whether I can manage to publish it.

For more, see the page User:Evancahill/contributions.

Interests

Main page: User:Evancahill/interests

I love wildlife and computers! I especially like Fauna, even though Flora is also interesting.


And just because I like computers doesn't mean I write about them...I have more important stuff to do, like writing about more interesting stuff.: Actually False.

Status

I'm currently semi-active.

I Write About

Well, wildlife and nature, mainly, along with literature and occasionally schools. I'm especially interested in Southern California, in the northern-coastal section of the region. Geography, wildlife, books I've read...those all catch my eye.

I have made some edits to the Geography section of the page Goleta, California. I edited the Flora/Fauna sections(WILDLIFE!), and added info to the Architecture, Environment, and Ecology sections as well.

I've done some editing to Goleta, California, though. I also mean to promote the Santa Barbara County and Santa Barbara articles, along with the Channel Islands articles, as well.

Goals

  • To get the Santa Barbara County task force up and running, again.
  • To write about wildlife. Environment, Ecology, Geography, Flora, Fauna, Biodiversity, Geology, Climate, Wildlife...

Video Of The Day

I love backyard wildlife! I keep thinking of the time I saw a coyote, so backyard wildlife + canine predator = this.



I love backyard wildlife! I keep thinking of the time I saw a coyote, so backyard wildlife + canine predator = this.

Picture Of The Day

I'm addicted to backyard wildlife, and I get both skunks and raccoons in my backyard. (Along with a hopelessly large amount of birds, bobcats, and foxes)
I'm addicted to backyard wildlife, and I get both skunks and raccoons in my backyard. (Along with a hopelessly large amount of birds, bobcats, and foxes)


I'm addicted to backyard wildlife, and I get both skunks and raccoons in my backyard. (Along with a hopelessly large amount of birds, bobcats, and foxes)

Stuff I'm Patrolling

Users

The IP address user: 68.70.40.70

An IP address for unregistered users from where I live

Pages

Extras

An island fox prowls around near a campsite.
A raccoon the roof of a house in Albertshausen, Germany
A skunk and a California raccoon (P. s. psora) share cat food morsels in a Hollywood, California, back yard
Comparative illustration of coyote and gray wolf
Mountain coyotes (C. l. lestes) cornering a juvenile cougar
A coyote in Chicago's Lincoln Park, 2011
A "coyote alert" sign in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, circa summer 2014
Gray wolf in a European forest
Kits coming out of their den
Bobcat in wintertime, at Almaden-Quicksilver Park

In areas where the ranges of coyotes and gray wolves overlap, interference competition and predation by wolves has been hypothesized to limit local coyote densities. Coyote ranges expanded during the 19th and 20th centuries following the extirpation of wolves, while coyotes were driven to extinction on Isle Royale after wolves colonized the island in the 1940s. One study conducted in Yellowstone National Park, where both species coexist, concluded that the coyote population in the Lamar River Valley declined by 39% following the reintroduction of wolves in the 1990s, while coyote populations in wolf inhabited areas of the Grand Teton National Park are 33% lower than in areas where they are absent. [1] Wolves have been observed to not tolerate coyotes in their vicinity, though coyotes have been known to trail wolves in order to feed on their kills. [2]

Coyotes rarely kill healthy adult red foxes, and have been observed to feed or den alongside them, though they often kill foxes caught in traps. Coyotes may kill fox kits, but this is not a major source of mortality. [3] In southern California, coyotes frequently kill gray foxes, and these smaller canids tend to avoid areas with high coyote densities. [4]

Coyotes may compete with cougars in some areas. In eastern Sierra Nevada, coyotes compete with cougars over mule deer. Cougars usually outcompete coyotes, and may kill them occasionally, thus reducing coyote predation pressure on smaller carnivores like foxes and bobcats. [5]

In some areas, coyotes share their ranges with bobcats. It is rare for these two similarly sized species to physically confront one another, though bobcat populations tend to diminish in areas with high coyote densities. [6] However, several studies have demonstrated interference competition between coyotes and bobcats, and in all cases coyotes dominated the interaction. [7] Multiple researchers [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] reported instances of coyotes killing bobcats, whereas bobcats killing coyotes is more rare. [7] Coyotes attack bobcats using a bite-and-shake method similar to that used on medium-sized prey. Coyotes (both single individuals and groups) have been known to occasionally kill bobcats – in most cases, the bobcats were relatively small specimens, such as adult females and juveniles. [11] However, coyote attacks (by an unknown number of coyotes) on adult male bobcats have occurred. In California, coyote and bobcat populations are not negatively correlated across different habitat types, but predation by coyotes is an important source of mortality in bobcats. [4] Biologist Stanley Paul Young noted that in his entire trapping career, he had never successfully saved a captured bobcat from being killed by coyotes, and wrote of two incidences wherein coyotes chased bobcats up trees. [2] Coyotes have been documented to directly kill Canadian lynx on occasion, [13] [14] [15] and compete with them for prey, especially snowshoe hares. [13] In some areas, including central Alberta, lynx are more abundant where coyotes are few, thus interactions with coyotes appears to influence lynx populations more than the availability of snowshoe hares. [16]


Gray wolves confronting coyotes over pronghorn carcass (1919), Louis Agassiz Fuertes

Gray wolves typically dominate other canid species in areas where they both occur. In North America, incidents of gray wolves killing coyotes are common, particularly in winter, when coyotes feed on wolf kills. Wolves may attack coyote den sites, digging out and killing their pups, though rarely eating them. There are no records of coyotes killing wolves, though coyotes may chase wolves if they outnumber them. [17] [18] Near identical interactions have been observed in Eurasia and Africa between gray wolves and golden jackals, with the latter's numbers being comparatively small in areas with high wolf densities. [19] [17] [20] Gray wolves are the most important predator of raccoon dogs, killing large numbers of them in the spring and summer periods. [19] Wolves also kill red, arctic and corsac foxes, usually in disputes over carcasses, sometimes eating them. [19] [21] In Asia, they may compete with dholes, [19] though there is at least one record of a lone wolf associating with a pair of dholes in Debrigarh Wildlife Sanctuary. [22]

Brown bears typically dominate wolf packs in disputes over carcasses, while wolf packs mostly prevail against bears when defending their den sites. Both species kill each other's young. Wolves eat the brown bears they kill, while brown bears seem to only eat young wolves. [23] Wolf interactions with American black bears are much rarer than with brown bears, because of differences in habitat preferences. The majority of black bear encounters with wolves occur in the species' northern range, with no interactions being recorded in Mexico. Wolves have been recorded on numerous occasions to actively seek out black bears in their dens and kill them without eating them. Unlike brown bears, black bears frequently lose against wolves in disputes over kills. [24] While encounters with brown and black bears appear to be common, polar bears are rarely encountered by wolves, though there are two records of wolf packs killing polar bear cubs. [25] Wolves also kill the cubs of Asian black bears. [19]

Wolves may encounter striped hyenas in Israel, Central Asia and India, usually in disputes over carcasses. Striped hyenas feed extensively on wolf-killed carcasses in areas where the two species interact. One-to-one, hyenas dominate wolves, but wolf packs can drive off single or outnumbered hyenas. [26] [27] However, there was a case of a female striped hyena dominating 12 Arabian wolves. [28]

Large wolf populations limit the numbers of small to medium-sized felines. Wolves encounter cougars along portions of the Rocky Mountains and adjacent mountain ranges. Wolves and cougars typically avoid encountering each other by hunting on different elevations. In winter, however, when snow accumulation forces their prey into valleys, interactions between the two species become more likely. Wolves in packs usually dominate cougars and can steal kills. They have been reported killing mothers and their kittens. [29] [30] Wolves hunt steppe cats, and may scavenge from snow leopard kills. [31] [32] Wolves may also reduce Eurasian lynx populations. Wolves may kill lynxes by running them down, or killing them before they can escape into trees. [33] Similar reports of encounters between wolves and bobcats have been documented. [34]

Leftovers of wolf kills are sometimes scavenged by wolverines. Wolverines usually wait until the wolves are done feeding, but have been known to drive away wolves from kills. However, there have been confirmed reports of wolf packs killing wolverines. [35]

Other than humans, tigers appear to be the only serious predators of wolves. [19] [36] [37] [38] [31] Wolf and tiger interactions are well documented in Sikhote-Alin, where tigers depress wolf numbers, either to the point of localized extinction or to such low numbers as to make them a functionally insignificant component of the ecosystem. Wolves appear capable of escaping competitive exclusion from tigers only when human persecution decreases tiger numbers. Proven cases of tigers killing wolves are rare and attacks appear to be competitive rather than predatory in nature, with at least four proven records of tigers killing wolves without consuming them. [39]

  1. ^ Berger, K. M.; Gese, E. M. (2007). "Does interference competition with wolves limit the distribution and abundance of coyotes?". Journal of Animal Ecology. 76 (6): 1075–1085. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2656.2007.01287.x. PMID  17922704.
  2. ^ a b Young & Jackson 1978, pp. 93–96
  3. ^ Sargeant, Alan B.; Allen, Stephen H. (1989). "Observed interactions between coyotes and red foxes". Journal of Mammalogy. 70 (3): 631–633. doi: 10.2307/1381437. JSTOR  1381437.
  4. ^ a b Fedriani, J. M.; Fuller, T. K.; Sauvajot, R. M.; York, E. C. (2000). "Competition and intraguild predation among three sympatric carnivores" (PDF). Oecologia. 125 (2): 258–270. doi: 10.1007/s004420000448. PMID  24595837.
  5. ^ Hornocker, M. et al. (2009). Cougar: Ecology and Conservation. University of Chicago Press. p. 170. ISBN  0226353478
  6. ^ Litvaitis, J. A., and D. J. Harrison (1989). "Bobcat-coyote niche relationships during a period of coyote population increase". Canadian Journal of Zoology. 67 (5): 1180–1188. doi: 10.1139/z89-170.{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)
  7. ^ a b Bunnell, Kevin D.; Flinders, Jerran T.; Wolfe, Michael L. (2006). "Potential Impacts of Coyotes and Snowmobiles on Lynx Conservation in the Intermountain West". Wildlife Society Bulletin. 34 (3): 828–838. doi: 10.2193/0091-7648(2006)34[828:PIOCAS]2.0.CO;2. JSTOR  3784713.
  8. ^ Anderson, E. M. (1986). Bobcat behavioral ecology in relation to resource use in southeastern Colorado. Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
  9. ^ Jackson, D. H. (1986). Ecology of bobcats in east-central Colorado. Dissertation, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
  10. ^ Toweill, D. E. (1986). Resource partitioning by bobcats and coyotes in a coniferous forest. Thesis, Oregon State University, Corvallis, USA
  11. ^ a b Gipson, P. S.; Kamler, J. F (2002). "Bobcat Killed by a Coyote". The Southwestern Naturalist. 47 (3): 511–513. doi: 10.2307/3672519. JSTOR  3672519.
  12. ^ Knick, S. T. (1990). "Ecology of bobcats relative to exploitation and a prey decline in southeastern Idaho". Wildlife Monographs. 108 (108): 1–42. JSTOR  3830671.
  13. ^ a b Ripple, W. J.; Wirsing, A. J.; Beschta, R. L.; Buskirk, S. W. (2011). "Can restoring wolves aid in lynx recovery?" (PDF). Wildlife Society Bulletin. 35 (4): 514. doi: 10.1002/wsb.59.
  14. ^ O’Donoghue, M.; Hofer, E. J.; Doyle, F. I. (1995). "Predator versus predator". Natural History. 104: 6–9.
  15. ^ Rockwood, Larry L. (2015) Introduction to Population Ecology. Chichester (United Kingdom): John Wiley and Sons. p. 273. ISBN  111894755X.
  16. ^ Bushkirk, SW.; Ruggiero, LF.; and Krebs, CJ. (2000) Ch. 4 "Habitat Fragmentation and Interspecific Competition: Implications for Lynx Conservation", pp. 91–92 in L. F. Ruggiero, K. B. Aubry, S. W. Buskirk, G. M. Koehler, C. J. Krebs, K. S. McKelvey and J. R. Squires (eds.) Ecology and conservation of lynx in the United States]]. University Press of Colorado, Denver.
  17. ^ a b Mech & Boitani 2003, pp. 266–68
  18. ^ Robbins, Jim (1998). "Weaving A New Web: Wolves Change An Ecosystem". Smithsonian National Zoological Park. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved August 10, 2007.
  19. ^ a b c d e f Cite error: The named reference heptner1998 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  20. ^ Giannatos G. (2004) Conservation Action Plan for the golden jackal Canis aureus L. in Greece. WWF Greece: 1–47
  21. ^ Mech & Boitani 2003, p. 269
  22. ^ Nair, M. V.; Panda, S. K. (2013). "Just Friends". Sanctuary Asia. XXXIII: 3.
  23. ^ Mech & Boitani 2003, pp. 261–63
  24. ^ Mech & Boitani 2003, pp. 263–64
  25. ^ "Wolf (Canis lupus) Predation of a Polar Bear (Ursus maritimus) Cub on the Sea Ice off Northwestern Banks Island, Northwest Territories, Canada" (PDF). Arctic. 59 (3): 322–324. 2006. Retrieved March 16, 2010.
  26. ^ Mills, M. G. L.; Mills, Gus and Hofer, Heribert (1998). Hyaenas: status survey and conservation action plan. IUCN. pp. 24–25. ISBN  978-2-8317-0442-5.{{ cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link)
  27. ^ Nayak, S.; Shah, S.; Borah, J. (2015). "Going for the kill: an observation of wolf-hyaena interaction in Kailadevi Wildlife Sanctuary, Rajasthan, India". Canid Biology & Conservation. 18 (7): 27–29.
  28. ^ "BBC Two - Wild Arabia, The Jewel of Arabia, Wolves vs hyena". BBC.
  29. ^ Mech & Boitani 2003, pp. 264–65
  30. ^ Grooms, Steve (2010). "Cougar Wolf Interactions: It's a Lot Like Cats and Dogs". International Wolf. 20 (2): 8–11.
  31. ^ a b Heptner, V. G. & Sludskii, A. A. (1992). Mammals of the Soviet Union: Carnivora (hyaenas and cats), Volume 2. BRILL, ISBN  90-04-08876-8
  32. ^ "Wolf". Snow Leopard Trust.
  33. ^ Sunquist, Melvin E. & Sunquist, Fiona (2002) Wild cats of the world, University of Chicago Press, p. 167 ISBN  0-226-77999-8
  34. ^ "Yellowstone Wildlife – Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C." Yellowstone National Park.
  35. ^ "Gulo gulo" (PDF). American Society of Mammalogists.
  36. ^ Cite error: The named reference WoT was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  37. ^ Cite error: The named reference l29 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  38. ^ Cite error: The named reference Mech 2003 265 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
  39. ^ Miquelle, D.G., Stephens, P.A., Smirnov, E.N., Goodrich, J.M., Zaumyslova, O.Yu. & Myslenkov, A.I. (2005). "Tigers and Wolves in the Russian Far East: Competitive Exclusion, Functional Redundancy and Conservation Implications". In Large Carnivores and the Conservation of Biodiversity. Ray, J.C., Berger, J., Redford, K.H. & Steneck, R. (eds.) New York: Island Press. pp. 179–207 ISBN  1559630809.

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