| Thought-action fusion | |
|---|---|
 | |
| False beliefs from self-confusing mind-wandering about biased interpretations of intrusive thoughts are painful. | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry, clinical psychology |
Thought-Action Fusion (TAF) is the tendency for individuals to assume that certain thoughts either increase the likelihood of catastrophic events (likelihood-TAF) or imply the immorality of their character (morality-TAF). [1] [2]
In more technical terms, TAF is a polyseme defining false beliefs or self-confusing mind wandering about a biased and painful association/fusion between subjects' spontaneous thoughts and imaginary latent egodystonic desires or magical-thinking capabilities. [3] [4] These imaginary latent egodystonic desires or magical-thinking capabilities generally express harmful actions/ behaviours (e.g., compulsions) that subjects appraise as highly possible, even though they have never existed so far. [3] [4] [5]
Causes
The main causes of TAF are (one or several) hold false beliefs that mind-wandering episodes involving cognitive/ interpretation biases have generated, from specific patterns of intrusive thoughts. [3] [4] [5] Besides, a high level of negative affectivity is a mediator in the statistical relations between TAF and the existence of psychological pains (e.g. anxiety, depression and shame), or some mental disorders. [3] [4]
Examples
An ADAA webinar highlighted several examples of TAF, [6] such as:
| Intrusive thoughts | Cognitive biases | False beliefs |
|---|---|---|
| Driving is exciting, but anyone can run down pedestrians. | This terrible thought is definitively a sign. | I am losing control; I am going to run over a pedestrian anytime... |
| My sharp knife could kill a baby. | This horrific thought is almost surely revealing. | I am probably going to kill my child in the near future... |
Categories
The two main categories of TAF are the:
- Likelihood TAF, i.e. anxious and false beliefs (e.g. magical thinking) assuming that specific intrusive thoughts would trigger the (thought) harmful events in the future; [3] [5]
- Moral TAF, i.e. uncertainty-evoking and false beliefs that specific intrusive thoughts about religiously or ethically/morally inappropriate behaviours, are as reprehensible or shameful as actually performing the intrusive thoughts' content. [3] [4]
Diagnosis
Simple interviews with specific health professionals (e.g. psychologists, psychiatrists) allow diagnosing TAF; there also exists a reliable psychometrics/estimator which is the: thought-action fusion questionnaire/scale. [7] [8]
Disorders
TAF happens in the anxiety disorders (e.g. GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorders (e.g. pure O) and eating disorders (e.g. anorexia); it generally worsens the mental disorders' severities or outcomes, irrespective of the treatments. [3] [9] [5]
Treatments
The main medial treatments for TAF are the cognitive-behavioral therapies, [3] but mindfulness therapies like the acceptance and commitment therapy may also help. [10] [11] Moreover medications like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may increase the psychotherapy efficiency, [12] by alleviating the psychological pains the TAF induces—see section on Causes.
See also
References
-
^ Thompson-Hollands, Johanna, Todd J. Farchione, and David H. Barlow (May 2013).
"Thought-action fusion across anxiety disorder diagnoses: Specificity and treatment effects". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 201 (5): 407–413.
doi:
10.1097/NMD.0b013e31828e102c.
PMC
3645350.
PMID
23595095.
{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) -
^ Berle, David, and Vladan Starcevic (May 2005).
"Thought-action fusion: review of the literature and future directions". Clinical Psychology Review. 25 (3): 263–284.
doi:
10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.001.
hdl:
1959.4/unsworks_42622.
PMID
15792850. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) - ^ a b c d e f g h Thompson-Hollands J, Todd F, Barlow D (2013). "Thought-action fusion across anxiety disorder diagnoses: specificity and treatment effects". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases. 201 (5): 407–413. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31828e102c. PMC 3645350. PMID 23595095.
- ^ a b c d e Siev J, Berman N, Zhou R, Himelein-Wachowiak K (2022). "Predicting negative emotions in response to in vivo triggers of thought-action fusion". Journal Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. 33: 100723. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2022.100723. S2CID 247076174.
- ^ a b c d Fite R, Magee J (2022). "The role of magical thinking, sensitivity, and thought content in thought-action fusion". Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 41 (2): 128–154. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2022.41.2.128. S2CID 247988317.
- ^ Kissen D, Greene P (2020). "What are intrusive thoughts and how can you deal with them". YouTube (Podcast). ADAA. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ Shafran R, Thordarson D, Rachman S (1996). "Thought-action fusion in obsessive compulsive disorder". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 10 (5): 379–391. doi: 10.1016/0887-6185(96)00018-7.
- ^ Meyer J, Brown T (2012). "Psychometric evaluation of the thought–action fusion scale in a large clinical sample". Assessment. 20 (6): 764–775. doi: 10.1177/1073191112436670. PMC 4418236. PMID 22315482.
- ^ Lee E, Barney J, Twohig M, Lensegrav-Benson T, Quakenbush B (2020). "Obsessive compulsive disorder and thought action fusion: Relationships with eating disorder outcomes". Eating Behaviurs. 37: 101386. doi: 10.1177/1073191112436670. PMC 4418236. PMID 32388080.
- ^ Azad M, Manshaei G, Ghamarani A (2019). "The effect of mindfulness therapy on tolerance of uncertainty and thought-action fusion in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder". Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 6 (1).
- ^ Azad M, Manshaei G, Ghamarani A (2019). "Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder and thought-action fusion in the students with obsessive-compulsive disorder". Journal of Psychological Science. 18 (73).
- ^ Besiroglu L, Çetinkaya N, Selvi Y, Atli A (2011). "Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on thought-action fusion, metacognitions, and thought suppression in obsessive-compulsive disorder". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 52 (5): 556–561. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.10.003. PMID 21109243.
| Thought-action fusion | |
|---|---|
|
| |
| False beliefs from self-confusing mind-wandering about biased interpretations of intrusive thoughts are painful. | |
| Specialty | Psychiatry, clinical psychology |
Thought-Action Fusion (TAF) is the tendency for individuals to assume that certain thoughts either increase the likelihood of catastrophic events (likelihood-TAF) or imply the immorality of their character (morality-TAF). [1] [2]
In more technical terms, TAF is a polyseme defining false beliefs or self-confusing mind wandering about a biased and painful association/fusion between subjects' spontaneous thoughts and imaginary latent egodystonic desires or magical-thinking capabilities. [3] [4] These imaginary latent egodystonic desires or magical-thinking capabilities generally express harmful actions/ behaviours (e.g., compulsions) that subjects appraise as highly possible, even though they have never existed so far. [3] [4] [5]
Causes
The main causes of TAF are (one or several) hold false beliefs that mind-wandering episodes involving cognitive/ interpretation biases have generated, from specific patterns of intrusive thoughts. [3] [4] [5] Besides, a high level of negative affectivity is a mediator in the statistical relations between TAF and the existence of psychological pains (e.g. anxiety, depression and shame), or some mental disorders. [3] [4]
Examples
An ADAA webinar highlighted several examples of TAF, [6] such as:
| Intrusive thoughts | Cognitive biases | False beliefs |
|---|---|---|
| Driving is exciting, but anyone can run down pedestrians. | This terrible thought is definitively a sign. | I am losing control; I am going to run over a pedestrian anytime... |
| My sharp knife could kill a baby. | This horrific thought is almost surely revealing. | I am probably going to kill my child in the near future... |
Categories
The two main categories of TAF are the:
- Likelihood TAF, i.e. anxious and false beliefs (e.g. magical thinking) assuming that specific intrusive thoughts would trigger the (thought) harmful events in the future; [3] [5]
- Moral TAF, i.e. uncertainty-evoking and false beliefs that specific intrusive thoughts about religiously or ethically/morally inappropriate behaviours, are as reprehensible or shameful as actually performing the intrusive thoughts' content. [3] [4]
Diagnosis
Simple interviews with specific health professionals (e.g. psychologists, psychiatrists) allow diagnosing TAF; there also exists a reliable psychometrics/estimator which is the: thought-action fusion questionnaire/scale. [7] [8]
Disorders
TAF happens in the anxiety disorders (e.g. GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorders (e.g. pure O) and eating disorders (e.g. anorexia); it generally worsens the mental disorders' severities or outcomes, irrespective of the treatments. [3] [9] [5]
Treatments
The main medial treatments for TAF are the cognitive-behavioral therapies, [3] but mindfulness therapies like the acceptance and commitment therapy may also help. [10] [11] Moreover medications like selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors may increase the psychotherapy efficiency, [12] by alleviating the psychological pains the TAF induces—see section on Causes.
See also
References
-
^ Thompson-Hollands, Johanna, Todd J. Farchione, and David H. Barlow (May 2013).
"Thought-action fusion across anxiety disorder diagnoses: Specificity and treatment effects". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. 201 (5): 407–413.
doi:
10.1097/NMD.0b013e31828e102c.
PMC
3645350.
PMID
23595095.
{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) -
^ Berle, David, and Vladan Starcevic (May 2005).
"Thought-action fusion: review of the literature and future directions". Clinical Psychology Review. 25 (3): 263–284.
doi:
10.1016/j.cpr.2004.12.001.
hdl:
1959.4/unsworks_42622.
PMID
15792850. Retrieved 2024-04-13.
{{ cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( link) - ^ a b c d e f g h Thompson-Hollands J, Todd F, Barlow D (2013). "Thought-action fusion across anxiety disorder diagnoses: specificity and treatment effects". The Journal of Nervous and Mental Diseases. 201 (5): 407–413. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0b013e31828e102c. PMC 3645350. PMID 23595095.
- ^ a b c d e Siev J, Berman N, Zhou R, Himelein-Wachowiak K (2022). "Predicting negative emotions in response to in vivo triggers of thought-action fusion". Journal Obsessive-Compulsive and Related Disorders. 33: 100723. doi: 10.1016/j.jocrd.2022.100723. S2CID 247076174.
- ^ a b c d Fite R, Magee J (2022). "The role of magical thinking, sensitivity, and thought content in thought-action fusion". Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology. 41 (2): 128–154. doi: 10.1521/jscp.2022.41.2.128. S2CID 247988317.
- ^ Kissen D, Greene P (2020). "What are intrusive thoughts and how can you deal with them". YouTube (Podcast). ADAA. Retrieved 26 March 2023.
- ^ Shafran R, Thordarson D, Rachman S (1996). "Thought-action fusion in obsessive compulsive disorder". Journal of Anxiety Disorders. 10 (5): 379–391. doi: 10.1016/0887-6185(96)00018-7.
- ^ Meyer J, Brown T (2012). "Psychometric evaluation of the thought–action fusion scale in a large clinical sample". Assessment. 20 (6): 764–775. doi: 10.1177/1073191112436670. PMC 4418236. PMID 22315482.
- ^ Lee E, Barney J, Twohig M, Lensegrav-Benson T, Quakenbush B (2020). "Obsessive compulsive disorder and thought action fusion: Relationships with eating disorder outcomes". Eating Behaviurs. 37: 101386. doi: 10.1177/1073191112436670. PMC 4418236. PMID 32388080.
- ^ Azad M, Manshaei G, Ghamarani A (2019). "The effect of mindfulness therapy on tolerance of uncertainty and thought-action fusion in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder". Quarterly Journal of Child Mental Health. 6 (1).
- ^ Azad M, Manshaei G, Ghamarani A (2019). "Effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on the signs of obsessive-compulsive disorder and thought-action fusion in the students with obsessive-compulsive disorder". Journal of Psychological Science. 18 (73).
- ^ Besiroglu L, Çetinkaya N, Selvi Y, Atli A (2011). "Effects of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors on thought-action fusion, metacognitions, and thought suppression in obsessive-compulsive disorder". Comprehensive Psychiatry. 52 (5): 556–561. doi: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2010.10.003. PMID 21109243.