Ruthenian | |
---|---|
рускїй ѧзыкъ [1] [2] | |
Native to | East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth |
Extinct | Developed into Belarusian, Ukrainian and Rusyn |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Grand Duchy of Lithuania [3] [4] (later replaced by Polish [4]) |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | None (mis ) |
orv-olr | |
Glottolog | None |
Ruthenian (рускаꙗ мова, рускїй ѧзыкъ; [1] [2] see also other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Regional distribution of those varieties, both in their literary and vernacular forms, corresponded approximately to the territories of the modern states of Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn languages. [5] [6] [7] [8]
In the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires, the same term ( German: ruthenische Sprache; Hungarian: Rutén nyelv) was employed continuously (up to 1918) as an official exonym for the entire East Slavic linguistic body within its borders. [9] In modern Russian Federation as in its conditional predecessor Imperial Russia, Ruthenian language is often ignored referring to it as Russian language due to similar naming of two languages (рус(ь)кй and русский). [10][ original research?]
Several linguistic issues are debated among linguists: various questions related to classification of literary and vernacular varieties of this language; issues related to meanings and proper uses of various endonymic (native) and exonymic (foreign) glottonyms (names of languages and linguistic varieties); questions on its relation to modern East Slavic languages, and its relation to Old East Slavic (the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' in the 10th through 13th centuries). [11]
Since the term Ruthenian language was exonymic (foreign, both in origin and nature), its use was very complex, both in historical and modern scholarly terminology. [13]
Contemporary names, that were used for this language from the 15th to 18th centuries, can be divided into two basic linguistic categories, the first being endonyms (native names, used by native speakers as self-designations for their language), and the second exonyms (names in foreign languages).
Common endonyms:
Common exonyms:
Modern names of this language and its varieties, that are used by scholars (mainly linguists), can also be divided in two basic categories, the first including those that are derived from endonymic (native) names, and the second encompassing those that are derived from exonymic (foreign) names.
Names derived from endonymic terms:
Names derived from exonymic terms:
Terminological dichotomy, embodied in parallel uses of various endoymic and exonymic terms, resulted in a vast variety of ambiguous, overlapping or even contrary meanings, that were applied to particular terms by different scholars. That complex situation is addressed by most English and other western scholars by preferring the exonymic Ruthenian designations. [31] [32] [24]
Daniel Bunčić suggested a periodization of the literary language into: [33]
George Shevelov gives a chronology for Ukrainian based on the character of contemporary written sources, ultimately reflecting socio-historical developments: Proto-Ukrainian, up to the mid-11th century, Old Ukrainian, to the 14th c., Early Middle Ukrainian, to the mid-16th c., Middle Ukrainian, to the early 18th c., Late Middle Ukrainian, rest of the 18th c., and Modern Ukrainian. [34]
А писаръ земъский маеть по-руску литерами и словы рускими вси листы, выписы и позвы писати, а не иншимъ езыкомъ и словы.
Ruthenian | |
---|---|
рускїй ѧзыкъ [1] [2] | |
Native to | East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth |
Extinct | Developed into Belarusian, Ukrainian and Rusyn |
Indo-European
| |
Early forms | |
Official status | |
Official language in | Grand Duchy of Lithuania [3] [4] (later replaced by Polish [4]) |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | None (mis ) |
orv-olr | |
Glottolog | None |
Ruthenian (рускаꙗ мова, рускїй ѧзыкъ; [1] [2] see also other names) is an exonymic linguonym for a closely related group of East Slavic linguistic varieties, particularly those spoken from the 15th to 18th centuries in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and in East Slavic regions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Regional distribution of those varieties, both in their literary and vernacular forms, corresponded approximately to the territories of the modern states of Belarus and Ukraine. By the end of the 18th century, they gradually diverged into regional variants, which subsequently developed into the modern Belarusian, Ukrainian, and Rusyn languages. [5] [6] [7] [8]
In the Austrian and Austro-Hungarian empires, the same term ( German: ruthenische Sprache; Hungarian: Rutén nyelv) was employed continuously (up to 1918) as an official exonym for the entire East Slavic linguistic body within its borders. [9] In modern Russian Federation as in its conditional predecessor Imperial Russia, Ruthenian language is often ignored referring to it as Russian language due to similar naming of two languages (рус(ь)кй and русский). [10][ original research?]
Several linguistic issues are debated among linguists: various questions related to classification of literary and vernacular varieties of this language; issues related to meanings and proper uses of various endonymic (native) and exonymic (foreign) glottonyms (names of languages and linguistic varieties); questions on its relation to modern East Slavic languages, and its relation to Old East Slavic (the colloquial language used in Kievan Rus' in the 10th through 13th centuries). [11]
Since the term Ruthenian language was exonymic (foreign, both in origin and nature), its use was very complex, both in historical and modern scholarly terminology. [13]
Contemporary names, that were used for this language from the 15th to 18th centuries, can be divided into two basic linguistic categories, the first being endonyms (native names, used by native speakers as self-designations for their language), and the second exonyms (names in foreign languages).
Common endonyms:
Common exonyms:
Modern names of this language and its varieties, that are used by scholars (mainly linguists), can also be divided in two basic categories, the first including those that are derived from endonymic (native) names, and the second encompassing those that are derived from exonymic (foreign) names.
Names derived from endonymic terms:
Names derived from exonymic terms:
Terminological dichotomy, embodied in parallel uses of various endoymic and exonymic terms, resulted in a vast variety of ambiguous, overlapping or even contrary meanings, that were applied to particular terms by different scholars. That complex situation is addressed by most English and other western scholars by preferring the exonymic Ruthenian designations. [31] [32] [24]
Daniel Bunčić suggested a periodization of the literary language into: [33]
George Shevelov gives a chronology for Ukrainian based on the character of contemporary written sources, ultimately reflecting socio-historical developments: Proto-Ukrainian, up to the mid-11th century, Old Ukrainian, to the 14th c., Early Middle Ukrainian, to the mid-16th c., Middle Ukrainian, to the early 18th c., Late Middle Ukrainian, rest of the 18th c., and Modern Ukrainian. [34]
А писаръ земъский маеть по-руску литерами и словы рускими вси листы, выписы и позвы писати, а не иншимъ езыкомъ и словы.