| 1921 | |
 Flag | |
| Status | Recognized only by Greece [1] |
| Capital |
Prizren
[2] 42°12′46″N 20°44′21″E / 42.21278°N 20.73917°E |
| Official languages | Gheg Albanian |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Demonym(s) | Mirditor |
| President | |
• 1921 | Marka Gjoni |
| History | |
• Established | 17 July 1921 |
• Disestablished | 20 November 1921 |
| Today part of | Albania |
The Republic of Mirdita was a short-lived self-administered republic in northern Albania that existed between July 17 and November 20, 1921. Led by Marka Gjoni and his followers, the Roman Catholic tribes of Mirdita instigated a revolt in June 1921 and proclaimed a new state at Prizren with support from Yugoslavia. The rebellion was a response to the Albanian regency and parliament established after World War I. [4]
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, particularly under the newly enthroned King Aleksandar Karadjordjević, supported Gjoni's efforts, adding a geopolitical dimension as the kingdom aimed to establish another separatist region within Albania, weakening the newly formed Albanian state and exacerbating religious tensions.
Gjoni proclaimed in Prizren the founding of an independent Republic of Mirdita. Gjoni was the only president of the republic. As the republic violated the sovereignty of the Albanian state, Albanian government troops fought and eventually extinguished the republic. The putative government of the republic was overrun by the Albanian government, though no real persecution fell on the main leaders. Gjoni fled to Yugoslavia, but later returned to Albania and remained active in the political life of the highlands until his death in 1925.
History
Background
The region of Mirdita has been traditionally known for the Catholic resistance against the ruling Ottoman Muslims. This resistance has its roots in the 15th century, when the Mirditors fought Ottoman armies under the leadership of Gjergj Kastrioti – Skenderbeg. Furthermore, the Mirditors are said to be the direct brothers of the Dukagjini tribe, meaning both regions were directed by one ancestor.
Proclamation and attempted establishment of Mirdita republic
In 1919, Prenk Bib Doda, the childless chieftain (Kapedan) of the Catholic Kapetainate of Mirdita tribe was assassinated in 1919 near the marshes of Lezha and left no clear successors. [5] [6] Marka Gjoni, a relative became a claimant and successor for the position of chieftain however many of the Mirdita leaders refused to acknowledge him and he lacked popularity among the tribe due to issues of cowardice shown during the First World War. [6] He allowed Yugoslav authorities to declare on his behalf the independence of the Mirdita republic (July 1921) in Prizren, Yugoslavia. [2] [7] [8] [5] [9] [6] Gjoni received Yugoslav support, weapons, money, and of whom placed Wrangel's White Russian army at his service for the endeavour and the motive for independence he alleged was that the Albanian government or "Turks" were going to ban Catholicism. [5] [9] [6] The events of the Mirdita republic coincided with international negotiations over finalising the Albanian-Yugoslav border which was viewed by participants as important and these discussions were ongoing during November 1921. [9] Gjoni urged Yugoslavian authorities to take steps to secure the recognition of the Mirdita republic, while the Yugoslavs hoped that rebellion in northern Albania would have its territorial claims supported to the region. [9] Greece gave recognition to the Mirdita republic. [6] At the League of Nations, the Yugoslav government accused the Albanian government of being a tool of Muslim landowning elites while Albania responded that it was not a government of Muslims and represented Albanian people from all religions. [9] The Yugoslav government disputed that the Albanian government of Tirana represented all Albanians, due to the existence of the Mirdita republic which threw in doubt Albania's status of being a country thus affecting it being a League member. [10] The Yugoslav delegation contended that two governments existed and a unity of the people did not exist. [9]
Great Britain, which recognised the Albanian government in November 1921, rejected Yugoslavia's position by sending through its prime minister Lloyd George multiple heated diplomatic protests to Belgrade demanding its withdrawal from disputed areas. [9] [11] The intervention by Great Britain was important as Yugoslav support for Gjoni ended thereafter. [12] The British government advised the League of Nations that actions should be taken against Yugoslavia based upon Article 16 of the League's Covenant and the Conference of Ambassadors suggested sanctions. [9] [5] The League of Nations recognised Albania's borders to be those of 1913 with small territorial adjustments in favour of Yugoslavia. [9] Ahmet Zog was sent to the Mirdita region by the Albanian government with a contingent of Albanian troops and irregular forces that defeated the secessionist move by 20 November 1921. [11] [7] [6] Upon arrival Zog offered lenient terms of no reprisals if the rebellion ceased, while Gjoni fled to Yugoslavia. [11] [6] Local Mirditor elders negotiated with Zog for a deal with the central government. [11] Mirdita was placed under state of siege, Gjoni and his followers were proclaimed traitors to Albania and other Mirditors associated with the events were punished in a government political court. [7] Previous arrangements dating to the Ottoman period that gave Mirdita autonomy through indirect rule were abolished. [7] After some time Marka Gjoni was allowed to return to Albania and in Mirdita was active in local affairs for a few years before his death. [6]
Legacy
The former territories of Mirdita Republic were shrunk in size and population by less than half, known today as Mirdita Region. Mirditë District would be created later. Other neighboring districts take stake to the annexed parts of "Old Mirdita" ( Albanian: "Mirdita e Vjetër"), known by the locals only.
| History of Albania |
|---|
 |
| Timeline |
Government
- President: Marka Gjoni
- Minister of Foreign Affairs: Anton Ashiku
- Minister of War: Prenk Lleshi
- Minister of Home Affairs: Zef Ndoci
See also
- Mirditë District
- Former countries in Europe after 1815
- Albania
- Republic of Central Albania
- Autonomous Province of Korçë
References
Citations
- ^ Elsie 2015, "This so-called Republic of Mirdita, called to life in Prizren on 17 July 1921, supported by Serbia and recognised by Greece".
- ^ a b Pearson 2004, pp. 168.
- ^ Stein, Jonathan P. (2000). The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-Communist Europe: State-Building, Democracy, and Ethnic Mobilization. M.E. Sharpe. p. 171. ISBN 9780765605283. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
- ^ Center, Free Europe Committee Mid-European Studies (1954). Mimeographed Series.
- ^ a b c d Tomes 2011, p. 46.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Elsie 2015, p. 232.
- ^ a b c d Pula 2013, p. 48.
- ^ Besier & Stokłosa 2014, p. 239.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Austin 2012, p. 25.
- ^ Austin 2012, pp. 24–25.
- ^ a b c d Tomes 2011, p. 47.
- ^ Austin 2012, pp. 25–26.
Sources
- Austin, Robert Clegg (2012). Founding a Balkan State: Albania's Experiment with Democracy, 1920-1925. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442644359.
- Besier, Gerhard; Stokłosa, Katarzyna (2014). European Dictatorships: A Comparative History of the Twentieth Century. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443855211.
- Elsie, Robert (2015). The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857739322.
- Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania and King Zog: Independence, republic and monarchy 1908–1939. London: Centre for Albanian Studies. ISBN 1845110137.
- Pula, Besnik (2013). "Binding Institutions: Peasants and Nation-state rule in the Albanian highlands, 1911-1939". In Go, Julian (ed.). Decentering Social Theory. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 37–72. ISBN 9781781907276.
- Tomes, Jason (2011). King Zog: Self-Made Monarch of Albania. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 9780752470870.
Further reading
| 1921 | |
Flag | |
| Status | Recognized only by Greece [1] |
| Capital |
Prizren
[2] 42°12′46″N 20°44′21″E / 42.21278°N 20.73917°E |
| Official languages | Gheg Albanian |
| Religion | Roman Catholic |
| Demonym(s) | Mirditor |
| President | |
• 1921 | Marka Gjoni |
| History | |
• Established | 17 July 1921 |
• Disestablished | 20 November 1921 |
| Today part of | Albania |
The Republic of Mirdita was a short-lived self-administered republic in northern Albania that existed between July 17 and November 20, 1921. Led by Marka Gjoni and his followers, the Roman Catholic tribes of Mirdita instigated a revolt in June 1921 and proclaimed a new state at Prizren with support from Yugoslavia. The rebellion was a response to the Albanian regency and parliament established after World War I. [4]
The Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, particularly under the newly enthroned King Aleksandar Karadjordjević, supported Gjoni's efforts, adding a geopolitical dimension as the kingdom aimed to establish another separatist region within Albania, weakening the newly formed Albanian state and exacerbating religious tensions.
Gjoni proclaimed in Prizren the founding of an independent Republic of Mirdita. Gjoni was the only president of the republic. As the republic violated the sovereignty of the Albanian state, Albanian government troops fought and eventually extinguished the republic. The putative government of the republic was overrun by the Albanian government, though no real persecution fell on the main leaders. Gjoni fled to Yugoslavia, but later returned to Albania and remained active in the political life of the highlands until his death in 1925.
History
Background
The region of Mirdita has been traditionally known for the Catholic resistance against the ruling Ottoman Muslims. This resistance has its roots in the 15th century, when the Mirditors fought Ottoman armies under the leadership of Gjergj Kastrioti – Skenderbeg. Furthermore, the Mirditors are said to be the direct brothers of the Dukagjini tribe, meaning both regions were directed by one ancestor.
Proclamation and attempted establishment of Mirdita republic
In 1919, Prenk Bib Doda, the childless chieftain (Kapedan) of the Catholic Kapetainate of Mirdita tribe was assassinated in 1919 near the marshes of Lezha and left no clear successors. [5] [6] Marka Gjoni, a relative became a claimant and successor for the position of chieftain however many of the Mirdita leaders refused to acknowledge him and he lacked popularity among the tribe due to issues of cowardice shown during the First World War. [6] He allowed Yugoslav authorities to declare on his behalf the independence of the Mirdita republic (July 1921) in Prizren, Yugoslavia. [2] [7] [8] [5] [9] [6] Gjoni received Yugoslav support, weapons, money, and of whom placed Wrangel's White Russian army at his service for the endeavour and the motive for independence he alleged was that the Albanian government or "Turks" were going to ban Catholicism. [5] [9] [6] The events of the Mirdita republic coincided with international negotiations over finalising the Albanian-Yugoslav border which was viewed by participants as important and these discussions were ongoing during November 1921. [9] Gjoni urged Yugoslavian authorities to take steps to secure the recognition of the Mirdita republic, while the Yugoslavs hoped that rebellion in northern Albania would have its territorial claims supported to the region. [9] Greece gave recognition to the Mirdita republic. [6] At the League of Nations, the Yugoslav government accused the Albanian government of being a tool of Muslim landowning elites while Albania responded that it was not a government of Muslims and represented Albanian people from all religions. [9] The Yugoslav government disputed that the Albanian government of Tirana represented all Albanians, due to the existence of the Mirdita republic which threw in doubt Albania's status of being a country thus affecting it being a League member. [10] The Yugoslav delegation contended that two governments existed and a unity of the people did not exist. [9]
Great Britain, which recognised the Albanian government in November 1921, rejected Yugoslavia's position by sending through its prime minister Lloyd George multiple heated diplomatic protests to Belgrade demanding its withdrawal from disputed areas. [9] [11] The intervention by Great Britain was important as Yugoslav support for Gjoni ended thereafter. [12] The British government advised the League of Nations that actions should be taken against Yugoslavia based upon Article 16 of the League's Covenant and the Conference of Ambassadors suggested sanctions. [9] [5] The League of Nations recognised Albania's borders to be those of 1913 with small territorial adjustments in favour of Yugoslavia. [9] Ahmet Zog was sent to the Mirdita region by the Albanian government with a contingent of Albanian troops and irregular forces that defeated the secessionist move by 20 November 1921. [11] [7] [6] Upon arrival Zog offered lenient terms of no reprisals if the rebellion ceased, while Gjoni fled to Yugoslavia. [11] [6] Local Mirditor elders negotiated with Zog for a deal with the central government. [11] Mirdita was placed under state of siege, Gjoni and his followers were proclaimed traitors to Albania and other Mirditors associated with the events were punished in a government political court. [7] Previous arrangements dating to the Ottoman period that gave Mirdita autonomy through indirect rule were abolished. [7] After some time Marka Gjoni was allowed to return to Albania and in Mirdita was active in local affairs for a few years before his death. [6]
Legacy
The former territories of Mirdita Republic were shrunk in size and population by less than half, known today as Mirdita Region. Mirditë District would be created later. Other neighboring districts take stake to the annexed parts of "Old Mirdita" ( Albanian: "Mirdita e Vjetër"), known by the locals only.
| History of Albania |
|---|
|
|
| Timeline |
Government
- President: Marka Gjoni
- Minister of Foreign Affairs: Anton Ashiku
- Minister of War: Prenk Lleshi
- Minister of Home Affairs: Zef Ndoci
See also
- Mirditë District
- Former countries in Europe after 1815
- Albania
- Republic of Central Albania
- Autonomous Province of Korçë
References
Citations
- ^ Elsie 2015, "This so-called Republic of Mirdita, called to life in Prizren on 17 July 1921, supported by Serbia and recognised by Greece".
- ^ a b Pearson 2004, pp. 168.
- ^ Stein, Jonathan P. (2000). The Politics of National Minority Participation in Post-Communist Europe: State-Building, Democracy, and Ethnic Mobilization. M.E. Sharpe. p. 171. ISBN 9780765605283. Retrieved 26 June 2012.
- ^ Center, Free Europe Committee Mid-European Studies (1954). Mimeographed Series.
- ^ a b c d Tomes 2011, p. 46.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Elsie 2015, p. 232.
- ^ a b c d Pula 2013, p. 48.
- ^ Besier & Stokłosa 2014, p. 239.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i Austin 2012, p. 25.
- ^ Austin 2012, pp. 24–25.
- ^ a b c d Tomes 2011, p. 47.
- ^ Austin 2012, pp. 25–26.
Sources
- Austin, Robert Clegg (2012). Founding a Balkan State: Albania's Experiment with Democracy, 1920-1925. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. ISBN 9781442644359.
- Besier, Gerhard; Stokłosa, Katarzyna (2014). European Dictatorships: A Comparative History of the Twentieth Century. Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. ISBN 9781443855211.
- Elsie, Robert (2015). The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 9780857739322.
- Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania and King Zog: Independence, republic and monarchy 1908–1939. London: Centre for Albanian Studies. ISBN 1845110137.
- Pula, Besnik (2013). "Binding Institutions: Peasants and Nation-state rule in the Albanian highlands, 1911-1939". In Go, Julian (ed.). Decentering Social Theory. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing. pp. 37–72. ISBN 9781781907276.
- Tomes, Jason (2011). King Zog: Self-Made Monarch of Albania. Stroud: The History Press. ISBN 9780752470870.
Further reading
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