| Ngbandi | |
|---|---|
| Ngbandi–Mongoba–Kazibati | |
| Native to | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Region | Équateur Province |
| Ethnicity | Ngbandi, Yakoma |
Native speakers | Northern Ngbandi: 250,000 (2000)
[1] Southern Ngbandi: 110,000 |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:
ngb – Northern Ngbandi
nbw – Southern Ngbandi
yky – Yakoma
deq – Dendi
mgn – Mbangi
gyg – Gbayi |
| Glottolog |
ngba1290 |
| ELP | Gbayi |
The Ngbandi language is a dialect continuum of the Ubangian family spoken by a half-million or so people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Ngbandi proper) and in the Central African Republic (Yakoma and others). It is primarily spoken by the Ngbandi people, which included the dictator of what was then known as Zaire, Mobutu Sese Seko.
Varieties
Northern Ngbandi is the lexical source of the trade language Sango, which has as many native speakers as Ngbandi and which is used as a second language by millions more in the CAR.
A variety of Ngbandi may have been spoken further east, in the DRC villages of Kazibati and Mongoba [2] [3] near Uganda, until the late 20th century, but this is uncertain.
Yakoma, with a central position on the Ubangi River that divides the CAR from the DRC, has a high degree of intelligibility with all other varieties of Ngbandi, though as with any dialect continuum, it does not follow that more distant varieties are necessarily as intelligible with each other as they are with Yakoma.
Gbayi or Kpatiri is a divergent Ngbandic language. Gbayi had likely been adopted by people who had formerly spoken a Zande language. Nzakara, a Zande language, is spoken near Gbayi. Perhaps not coincidentally, Kpatili also happens to be the name of a spurious Zande language for which there is no linguistic data. [4]
Phonology
The phonology consists of the following: [5]
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
Labio- velar |
Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | k͡p | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɡ͡b | |||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ᵑᵐɡ͡b | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | |||
| voiced | v | z | |||||
| prenasal | ᶬv | ⁿz | |||||
| Rhotic | (r) | ||||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||||
- Sounds /l/ and /r/ alternate with each other. [6]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Writing system
| a | b | d | e | ɛ | f | g | h | i | k | kp | l | m | n | ny | o | ɔ | p | s | t | u | v | w | y | z |
References
-
^
Northern Ngbandi at
Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Southern Ngbandi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Yakoma at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Dendi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Mbangi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Gbayi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Linguasphere code 93-ABB-ae/af
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mongoba-Kazibati". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi: 10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID 133888593.
- ^ Kamanda, Kola (1989). "La Conjugaison en Ngbandi (Langue non-Bantu)". Annales Aequatoria. 10: 181–200. JSTOR 25836516.
- ^ Boyd, Raymond (1988). "Le kpatiri ou gbayi, une nouvelle langue du groupe ngbandi". Lexique comparatif des langues oubanguiennes. Geuthner. pp. 35–49.
| Ngbandi | |
|---|---|
| Ngbandi–Mongoba–Kazibati | |
| Native to | Democratic Republic of the Congo |
| Region | Équateur Province |
| Ethnicity | Ngbandi, Yakoma |
Native speakers | Northern Ngbandi: 250,000 (2000)
[1] Southern Ngbandi: 110,000 |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Variously:
ngb – Northern Ngbandi
nbw – Southern Ngbandi
yky – Yakoma
deq – Dendi
mgn – Mbangi
gyg – Gbayi |
| Glottolog |
ngba1290 |
| ELP | Gbayi |
The Ngbandi language is a dialect continuum of the Ubangian family spoken by a half-million or so people in the Democratic Republic of Congo (Ngbandi proper) and in the Central African Republic (Yakoma and others). It is primarily spoken by the Ngbandi people, which included the dictator of what was then known as Zaire, Mobutu Sese Seko.
Varieties
Northern Ngbandi is the lexical source of the trade language Sango, which has as many native speakers as Ngbandi and which is used as a second language by millions more in the CAR.
A variety of Ngbandi may have been spoken further east, in the DRC villages of Kazibati and Mongoba [2] [3] near Uganda, until the late 20th century, but this is uncertain.
Yakoma, with a central position on the Ubangi River that divides the CAR from the DRC, has a high degree of intelligibility with all other varieties of Ngbandi, though as with any dialect continuum, it does not follow that more distant varieties are necessarily as intelligible with each other as they are with Yakoma.
Gbayi or Kpatiri is a divergent Ngbandic language. Gbayi had likely been adopted by people who had formerly spoken a Zande language. Nzakara, a Zande language, is spoken near Gbayi. Perhaps not coincidentally, Kpatili also happens to be the name of a spurious Zande language for which there is no linguistic data. [4]
Phonology
The phonology consists of the following: [5]
Consonants
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar |
Labio- velar |
Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ||||
| Plosive | voiceless | p | t | k | k͡p | ||
| voiced | b | d | ɡ | ɡ͡b | |||
| prenasal | ᵐb | ⁿd | ᵑɡ | ᵑᵐɡ͡b | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | h | |||
| voiced | v | z | |||||
| prenasal | ᶬv | ⁿz | |||||
| Rhotic | (r) | ||||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||||
- Sounds /l/ and /r/ alternate with each other. [6]
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Close-mid | e | o | |
| Open-mid | ɛ | ɔ | |
| Open | a |
Writing system
| a | b | d | e | ɛ | f | g | h | i | k | kp | l | m | n | ny | o | ɔ | p | s | t | u | v | w | y | z |
References
-
^
Northern Ngbandi at
Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Southern Ngbandi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Yakoma at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Dendi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Mbangi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
Gbayi at Ethnologue (25th ed., 2022)
- ^ Linguasphere code 93-ABB-ae/af
- ^ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds. (2017). "Mongoba-Kazibati". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- ^ Güldemann, Tom (2018). "Historical linguistics and genealogical language classification in Africa". In Güldemann, Tom (ed.). The Languages and Linguistics of Africa. The World of Linguistics series. Vol. 11. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 58–444. doi: 10.1515/9783110421668-002. ISBN 978-3-11-042606-9. S2CID 133888593.
- ^ Kamanda, Kola (1989). "La Conjugaison en Ngbandi (Langue non-Bantu)". Annales Aequatoria. 10: 181–200. JSTOR 25836516.
- ^ Boyd, Raymond (1988). "Le kpatiri ou gbayi, une nouvelle langue du groupe ngbandi". Lexique comparatif des langues oubanguiennes. Geuthner. pp. 35–49.