From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

World map by Research & development spending, according to Our World in Data [1]
World map of sovereign states by research and development spending per capita, according to OECD [2]
  $2000-$2249
  $1750-$1999
  $1500-$1749
  $1250-$1499
  $1000-$1249
  $750-$999
  $500-$749
  $250-$499
  $0-$249
  No data

This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″ [3]

According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ″Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).″ [4]

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.″ [2]

List

The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by World Bank, [5] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, [6] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. [7] The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2015 base year and Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP.

Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

Country/Territory/Region/Group Population WB UNECE OECD
(source: UN or official state figures) Year (% of GDP) Year (% of GDP) Year (% of GDP) Year (mil. USD) Year (USD per capita)
  Angola 34,094,077 2023 0.03% 2016
  Albania 2,761,785 2023 0.15% 2008
  United Arab Emirates 9,282,410 2020 1.50% 2021
  Argentina 46,654,581 2023 0.52% 2021 0.52% 2021 4288.02 2021 92
  Armenia 2,981,200 2023 0.21% 2021 0.21% 2021
  American Samoa 49,710 2020 0.40% 2006
  Australia 26,461,912 2023 1.83% 2019 1.80% 2019 21738.74 2019 822
  Austria 9,159,993 2024 3.26% 2021 3.19% 2020 3.26% 2021 14885.40 2021 1,625
  Azerbaijan 10,151,517 2023 0.21% 2021 0.21% 2021
  Burundi 12,837,740 2022 0.21% 2018
  Belgium 11,810,018 2023 3.43% 2021 3.46% 2020 3.43% 2021 19249.36 2021 1,630
  Burkina Faso 22,752,315 2023 0.25% 2021
  Bulgaria 6,447,710 2022 0.77% 2021 0.85% 2020
  Bahrain 1,577,059 2023 0.10% 2014
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,277,082 2022 0.19% 2021 0.19% 2021
  Belarus 9,200,617 2023 0.46% 2021 0.47% 2021
  Bermuda 64,055 2021 0.23% 2020
  Bolivia 12,006,031 2022 0.16% 2009
  Brazil 203,080,756 2022 1.15% 2020
  Brunei 445,400 2022 0.28% 2018
  Botswana 2,410,338 2021 0.56% 2013
  Canada 40,528,396 2023 1.70% 2021 1.70% 2020 1.55% 2022 29313.56 2022 723
  Switzerland 8,931,306 2023 3.36% 2021 3.19% 2019 3.36% 2021 19885.57 2021 2,227
  Chile 19,960,889 2023 0.33% 2020 0.33% 2020 1377.39 2020 69
  China 1,409,670,000 2023 2.43% 2021 2.43% 2021 620103.38 2021 440
  Ivory Coast 29,389,150 2021 0.07% 2016
  DR Congo 95,370,000 2019 0.41% 2015
  Colombia 52,215,503 2023 0.29% 2020 0.29% 2020 1835.89 2020 35
  Cape Verde 491,233 2021 0.07% 2011
  Costa Rica 5,262,225 2023 0.28% 2021 0.28% 2021 276.19 2021 52
  Cuba 11,089,511 2022 0.52% 2020
  Cyprus 918,100 2021 0.83% 2021 0.81% 2020
  Czech Republic 10,882,235 2023 2.00% 2021 1.99% 2020 2.00% 2021 8007.91 2021 736
  Germany 84,607,016 2023 3.14% 2021 3.11% 2020 3.13% 2021 129348.45 2021 1,529
  Denmark 5,961,249 2024 2.81% 2021 2.97% 2020 2.76% 2021 8818.40 2021 1,479
  Algeria 45,400,000 2022 0.53% 2017
  Ecuador 16,938,986 2022 0.44% 2014
  Egypt 104,462,545 2023 0.91% 2021
  Spain 48,592,909 2024 1.43% 2021 1.41% 2020 1.43% 2021 24006.51 2021 494
  Estonia 1,366,491 2024 1.75% 2021 1.75% 2020 1.75% 2021 848.70 2021 621
  Ethiopia 107,334,000 2023 0.27% 2017
  Finland 5,574,011 2023 2.99% 2021 2.91% 2020 2.99% 2021 7607.10 2021 1,365
  France 68,373,000 2024 2.22% 2021 2.35% 2020 2.22% 2021 63751.58 2021 932
  Faroe Islands 54,547 2023 0.85% 2003
  Gabon 2,233,272 2021 0.58% 2009
  United Kingdom 67,026,292 2021 2.91% 2021 1.72% 2019 2.91% 2021 83706.92 2021 1,249
  Georgia 3,736,400 2023 0.25% 2021 0.25% 2021
  Ghana 30,832,019 2021 0.38% 2010
  Gambia 2,417,471 2022 0.07% 2018
  Greece 10,413,982 2023 1.46% 2021 1.50% 2020 1.46% 2021 4336.30 2021 416
  Greenland 56,865 2023 0.65% 2004
  Guatemala 17,602,431 2023 0.06% 2021
  Guam 153,836 2020 0.26% 2005
  Hong Kong 7,498,100 2023 0.97% 2021
  Honduras 9,745,149 2023 0.06% 2019
  Croatia 3,855,641 2022 1.24% 2021 1.24% 2020
  Hungary 9,597,085 2023 1.64% 2021 1.59% 2020 1.64% 2021 5219.98 2021 544
  Indonesia 279,118,866 2023 0.28% 2020
  India 1,392,329,000 2023 0.65% 2020 42
  Ireland 5,281,600 2023 1.13% 2021 1.23% 2020 1.11% 2021 5636.94 2021 1,067
  Iran 84,055,000 2022 0.79% 2019
  Iraq 43,324,000 2023 0.04% 2021
  Iceland 396,960 2023 2.81% 2021 2.47% 2020 2.81% 2021 522.67 2021 1,317
  Israel 9,842,000 2023 5.56% 2021 5.35% 2020 5.56% 2021 21031.65 2021 2,137
  Italy 58,919,345 2023 1.45% 2021 1.53% 2020 1.45% 2021 33135.88 2021 562
  Jamaica 2,825,544 2019 0.06% 2002
  Jordan 11,302,000 2022 0.70% 2016
  Japan 124,090,000 2024 3.30% 2021 3.30% 2021 172062.49 2021 1,387
  Kazakhstan 20,033,546 2024 0.13% 2021 0.13% 2021
  Kenya 51,526,000 2023 0.69% 2010
  Kyrgyzstan 7,100,000 2023 0.08% 2021 0.09% 2020
  Cambodia 17,091,464 2023 0.12% 2015
  South Korea 51,439,038 2022 4.93% 2021 4.93% 2021 110148.08 2021 2,141
  Kuwait 4,670,713 2020 0.19% 2020
  Laos 7,443,000 2022 0.04% 2002
  Saint Lucia 178,696 2018 0.27% 1999
  Sri Lanka 22,037,000 2023 0.12% 2020
  Lesotho 2,306,000 2023 0.05% 2015
  Lithuania 2,886,515 2024 1.11% 2021 1.15% 2020 1.11% 2021 1146.70 2021 397
  Luxembourg 660,809 2023 1.04% 2021 1.12% 2020 1.04% 2021 735.37 2021 1,113
  Latvia 1,872,500 2024 0.74% 2021 0.69% 2020 0.74% 2021 420.07 2021 224
  Macau 681,300 2023 0.38% 2021
  Morocco 37,022,000 2023 0.66% 2010
  Monaco 39,050 2022 0.04% 2005
  Moldova 2,512,758 2023 0.23% 2021 0.23% 2021
  Madagascar 26,923,353 2021 0.01% 2017
  Mexico 129,406,736 2023 0.30% 2020 0.33% 2017 7673.49 2017 59
  North Macedonia 1,832,696 2021 0.38% 2021 0.38% 2021
  Mali 22,395,489 2022 0.17% 2021
  Malta 519,562 2021 0.67% 2021 0.67% 2020
  Myanmar 55,770,232 2022 0.15% 2021
  Montenegro 616,695 2023 0.36% 2019 0.36% 2019
  Mongolia 3,457,548 2022 0.13% 2020
  Mozambique 32,419,747 2022 0.31% 2015
  Mauritania 4,475,683 2023 0.01% 2018
  Mauritius 1,261,041 2023 0.37% 2021
  Malaysia 33,379,500 2023 0.95% 2020
  Namibia 2,641,857 2023 0.35% 2014
  Nigeria 216,783,381 2022 0.13% 2007
  Nicaragua 6,733,763 2022 0.11% 2015
  Netherlands 17,947,684 2023 2.31% 2021 2.30% 2020 2.27% 2021 21650.62 2021 1,206
  Norway 5,550,203 2023 1.94% 2021 2.28% 2020 1.94% 2021 7008.90 2021 1,263
  Nepal 29,164,578 2021 0.30% 2010
  New Zealand 5,305,600 2023 1.45% 2021 1.47% 2021 3060.20 2021 577
  Oman 5,113,071 2023 0.29% 2021
  Pakistan 241,499,431 2023 0.16% 2021
  Panama 4,337,406 2021 0.16% 2021
  Peru 33,396,698 2022 0.17% 2020
  Philippines 112,892,781 2023 0.32% 2018
  Papua New Guinea 11,781,559 2021 0.03% 2016
  Poland 37,653,000 2023 1.44% 2021 1.39% 2020 1.43% 2021 18309.58 2021 486
  Puerto Rico 3,205,691 2023 0.43% 2015
  Portugal 10,467,366 2022 1.68% 2021 1.61% 2020 1.73% 2022 6110.54 2022 584
  Paraguay 6,109,644 2022 0.16% 2020
  Palestine 5,483,450 2023 0.45% 2013
  Qatar 2,656,032 2023 0.68% 2021
  Romania 19,051,562 2023 0.47% 2021 0.47% 2020 0.47% 2021 2531.10 2021 133
  Russia 146,424,729 2023 1.09% 2020 1.09% 2020 1.10% 2020 40322.30 2020 275
  Rwanda 13,246,394 2022 0.76% 2019
  Saudi Arabia 32,175,224 2022 0.45% 2021
  Sudan 41,984,500 2018 0.22% 2005
  Senegal 18,275,743 2023 0.58% 2015
  Singapore 5,917,600 2023 2.16% 2020 2.22% 2020 11435.91 2020 1,933
  El Salvador 6,884,888 2022 0.16% 2020
  Serbia 6,641,197 2023 0.99% 2021 0.99% 2021
  Slovakia 5,426,468 2023 0.92% 2021 0.90% 2020 0.92% 2021 1692.63 2021 312
  Slovenia 2,123,103 2023 2.13% 2021 2.14% 2020 2.13% 2021 1683.49 2021 793
  Sweden 10,551,707 2023 3.42% 2021 3.49% 2020 3.40% 2021 18504.33 2021 1,754
  Eswatini 1,223,362 2023 0.27% 2015
  Seychelles 100,447 2022 0.22% 2016
  Syria 22,923,000 2021 0.02% 2015
  Chad 17,414,717 2022 0.30% 2016
  Togo 8,095,498 2022 0.20% 2014
  Thailand 68,263,022 2021 1.33% 2020
  Tajikistan 10,077,600 2023 0.09% 2020 0.09% 2020
  Trinidad and Tobago 1,367,510 2023 0.06% 2020
  Tunisia 11,850,232 2023 0.75% 2019
  Turkey 85,372,377 2023 1.40% 2021 1.09% 2020 1.40% 2021 37144.00 2021 435
  Taiwan 23,420,442 2023 3.77% 2021 51229.88 2021 2,187
  Tanzania 61,741,120 2022 0.51% 2013
  Uganda 45,562,000 2023 0.14% 2014
  Ukraine 36,700,000 2023 0.29% 2021 0.29% 2021
  Uruguay 3,444,263 2023 0.45% 2020
  United States 335,893,238 2024 3.46% 2021 3.42% 2020 3.46% 2021 709712.90 2021 2,113
  Uzbekistan 36,599,764 2023 0.13% 2021 0.13% 2021
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 110,872 2022 0.11% 2002
  Venezuela 28,302,000 2019 0.34% 2014
  U.S. Virgin Islands 87,146 2020 0.03% 2007
  Vietnam 100,300,000 2023 0.43% 2021
  South Africa 62,027,503 2022 0.60% 2020 0.60% 2020 4457.37 2020 72
  Zambia 19,610,769 2022 0.28% 2008
United Nations WORLD 8,091,885,000 2024 2.71% 2021
Low & middle income (WB) 1.64% 2020
Low-income (WB)
Middle-income (WB) 1.64% 2020
Lower middle income (WB) 0.58% 2017
Upper middle income (WB) 2.24% 2021
High-income (WB) 2.94% 2021
European Union 447,319,916 2020 2.28% 2021 2.16% 2021 400168.50 2021 895
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) 1,376,606,820 2022 3.01% 2021 2.72% 2021 1618857.48 2021 1,176

References

  1. ^ Our World in Data. "Research & development spending as a share of GDP". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  2. ^ a b Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  3. ^ World Bank. "Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  4. ^ United Nations. "Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  5. ^ World Bank. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  6. ^ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. "Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". w3.unece.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  7. ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.

See also

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

World map by Research & development spending, according to Our World in Data [1]
World map of sovereign states by research and development spending per capita, according to OECD [2]
  $2000-$2249
  $1750-$1999
  $1500-$1749
  $1250-$1499
  $1000-$1249
  $750-$999
  $500-$749
  $250-$499
  $0-$249
  No data

This is a list of countries by research and development (R&D) spending in real terms, based on data published by World Bank, United Nations Economic Commission for Europe and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.

According to World Bank, ″Gross domestic expenditures on research and development (R&D) include both capital and current expenditures in the four main sectors: Business enterprise, Government, Higher education and Private non-profit. R&D covers basic research, applied research, and experimental development.″ [3]

According to United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, ″Research and development (R&D) expenditure as a proportion of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is defined as the total intramural expenditure on research and experimental development (R&D) performed in the national territory during a specific reference period expressed as a percentage of national gross domestic product (GDP).″ [4]

According to the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, ″Gross domestic spending on R&D is defined as the total expenditure (current and capital) on R&D carried out by all resident companies, research institutes, university and government laboratories, etc., in a country. It includes R&D funded from abroad, but excludes domestic funds for R&D performed outside the domestic economy.″ [2]

List

The following table provides information on R&D spending, based on data published by World Bank, [5] United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, [6] and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. [7] The indicator is measured in USD constant prices using 2015 base year and Purchasing Power Parities (PPPs) by OECD and as percentage of GDP.

Sorting is alphabetical by country code, according to ISO 3166-1 alpha-3.

Country/Territory/Region/Group Population WB UNECE OECD
(source: UN or official state figures) Year (% of GDP) Year (% of GDP) Year (% of GDP) Year (mil. USD) Year (USD per capita)
  Angola 34,094,077 2023 0.03% 2016
  Albania 2,761,785 2023 0.15% 2008
  United Arab Emirates 9,282,410 2020 1.50% 2021
  Argentina 46,654,581 2023 0.52% 2021 0.52% 2021 4288.02 2021 92
  Armenia 2,981,200 2023 0.21% 2021 0.21% 2021
  American Samoa 49,710 2020 0.40% 2006
  Australia 26,461,912 2023 1.83% 2019 1.80% 2019 21738.74 2019 822
  Austria 9,159,993 2024 3.26% 2021 3.19% 2020 3.26% 2021 14885.40 2021 1,625
  Azerbaijan 10,151,517 2023 0.21% 2021 0.21% 2021
  Burundi 12,837,740 2022 0.21% 2018
  Belgium 11,810,018 2023 3.43% 2021 3.46% 2020 3.43% 2021 19249.36 2021 1,630
  Burkina Faso 22,752,315 2023 0.25% 2021
  Bulgaria 6,447,710 2022 0.77% 2021 0.85% 2020
  Bahrain 1,577,059 2023 0.10% 2014
  Bosnia and Herzegovina 3,277,082 2022 0.19% 2021 0.19% 2021
  Belarus 9,200,617 2023 0.46% 2021 0.47% 2021
  Bermuda 64,055 2021 0.23% 2020
  Bolivia 12,006,031 2022 0.16% 2009
  Brazil 203,080,756 2022 1.15% 2020
  Brunei 445,400 2022 0.28% 2018
  Botswana 2,410,338 2021 0.56% 2013
  Canada 40,528,396 2023 1.70% 2021 1.70% 2020 1.55% 2022 29313.56 2022 723
  Switzerland 8,931,306 2023 3.36% 2021 3.19% 2019 3.36% 2021 19885.57 2021 2,227
  Chile 19,960,889 2023 0.33% 2020 0.33% 2020 1377.39 2020 69
  China 1,409,670,000 2023 2.43% 2021 2.43% 2021 620103.38 2021 440
  Ivory Coast 29,389,150 2021 0.07% 2016
  DR Congo 95,370,000 2019 0.41% 2015
  Colombia 52,215,503 2023 0.29% 2020 0.29% 2020 1835.89 2020 35
  Cape Verde 491,233 2021 0.07% 2011
  Costa Rica 5,262,225 2023 0.28% 2021 0.28% 2021 276.19 2021 52
  Cuba 11,089,511 2022 0.52% 2020
  Cyprus 918,100 2021 0.83% 2021 0.81% 2020
  Czech Republic 10,882,235 2023 2.00% 2021 1.99% 2020 2.00% 2021 8007.91 2021 736
  Germany 84,607,016 2023 3.14% 2021 3.11% 2020 3.13% 2021 129348.45 2021 1,529
  Denmark 5,961,249 2024 2.81% 2021 2.97% 2020 2.76% 2021 8818.40 2021 1,479
  Algeria 45,400,000 2022 0.53% 2017
  Ecuador 16,938,986 2022 0.44% 2014
  Egypt 104,462,545 2023 0.91% 2021
  Spain 48,592,909 2024 1.43% 2021 1.41% 2020 1.43% 2021 24006.51 2021 494
  Estonia 1,366,491 2024 1.75% 2021 1.75% 2020 1.75% 2021 848.70 2021 621
  Ethiopia 107,334,000 2023 0.27% 2017
  Finland 5,574,011 2023 2.99% 2021 2.91% 2020 2.99% 2021 7607.10 2021 1,365
  France 68,373,000 2024 2.22% 2021 2.35% 2020 2.22% 2021 63751.58 2021 932
  Faroe Islands 54,547 2023 0.85% 2003
  Gabon 2,233,272 2021 0.58% 2009
  United Kingdom 67,026,292 2021 2.91% 2021 1.72% 2019 2.91% 2021 83706.92 2021 1,249
  Georgia 3,736,400 2023 0.25% 2021 0.25% 2021
  Ghana 30,832,019 2021 0.38% 2010
  Gambia 2,417,471 2022 0.07% 2018
  Greece 10,413,982 2023 1.46% 2021 1.50% 2020 1.46% 2021 4336.30 2021 416
  Greenland 56,865 2023 0.65% 2004
  Guatemala 17,602,431 2023 0.06% 2021
  Guam 153,836 2020 0.26% 2005
  Hong Kong 7,498,100 2023 0.97% 2021
  Honduras 9,745,149 2023 0.06% 2019
  Croatia 3,855,641 2022 1.24% 2021 1.24% 2020
  Hungary 9,597,085 2023 1.64% 2021 1.59% 2020 1.64% 2021 5219.98 2021 544
  Indonesia 279,118,866 2023 0.28% 2020
  India 1,392,329,000 2023 0.65% 2020 42
  Ireland 5,281,600 2023 1.13% 2021 1.23% 2020 1.11% 2021 5636.94 2021 1,067
  Iran 84,055,000 2022 0.79% 2019
  Iraq 43,324,000 2023 0.04% 2021
  Iceland 396,960 2023 2.81% 2021 2.47% 2020 2.81% 2021 522.67 2021 1,317
  Israel 9,842,000 2023 5.56% 2021 5.35% 2020 5.56% 2021 21031.65 2021 2,137
  Italy 58,919,345 2023 1.45% 2021 1.53% 2020 1.45% 2021 33135.88 2021 562
  Jamaica 2,825,544 2019 0.06% 2002
  Jordan 11,302,000 2022 0.70% 2016
  Japan 124,090,000 2024 3.30% 2021 3.30% 2021 172062.49 2021 1,387
  Kazakhstan 20,033,546 2024 0.13% 2021 0.13% 2021
  Kenya 51,526,000 2023 0.69% 2010
  Kyrgyzstan 7,100,000 2023 0.08% 2021 0.09% 2020
  Cambodia 17,091,464 2023 0.12% 2015
  South Korea 51,439,038 2022 4.93% 2021 4.93% 2021 110148.08 2021 2,141
  Kuwait 4,670,713 2020 0.19% 2020
  Laos 7,443,000 2022 0.04% 2002
  Saint Lucia 178,696 2018 0.27% 1999
  Sri Lanka 22,037,000 2023 0.12% 2020
  Lesotho 2,306,000 2023 0.05% 2015
  Lithuania 2,886,515 2024 1.11% 2021 1.15% 2020 1.11% 2021 1146.70 2021 397
  Luxembourg 660,809 2023 1.04% 2021 1.12% 2020 1.04% 2021 735.37 2021 1,113
  Latvia 1,872,500 2024 0.74% 2021 0.69% 2020 0.74% 2021 420.07 2021 224
  Macau 681,300 2023 0.38% 2021
  Morocco 37,022,000 2023 0.66% 2010
  Monaco 39,050 2022 0.04% 2005
  Moldova 2,512,758 2023 0.23% 2021 0.23% 2021
  Madagascar 26,923,353 2021 0.01% 2017
  Mexico 129,406,736 2023 0.30% 2020 0.33% 2017 7673.49 2017 59
  North Macedonia 1,832,696 2021 0.38% 2021 0.38% 2021
  Mali 22,395,489 2022 0.17% 2021
  Malta 519,562 2021 0.67% 2021 0.67% 2020
  Myanmar 55,770,232 2022 0.15% 2021
  Montenegro 616,695 2023 0.36% 2019 0.36% 2019
  Mongolia 3,457,548 2022 0.13% 2020
  Mozambique 32,419,747 2022 0.31% 2015
  Mauritania 4,475,683 2023 0.01% 2018
  Mauritius 1,261,041 2023 0.37% 2021
  Malaysia 33,379,500 2023 0.95% 2020
  Namibia 2,641,857 2023 0.35% 2014
  Nigeria 216,783,381 2022 0.13% 2007
  Nicaragua 6,733,763 2022 0.11% 2015
  Netherlands 17,947,684 2023 2.31% 2021 2.30% 2020 2.27% 2021 21650.62 2021 1,206
  Norway 5,550,203 2023 1.94% 2021 2.28% 2020 1.94% 2021 7008.90 2021 1,263
  Nepal 29,164,578 2021 0.30% 2010
  New Zealand 5,305,600 2023 1.45% 2021 1.47% 2021 3060.20 2021 577
  Oman 5,113,071 2023 0.29% 2021
  Pakistan 241,499,431 2023 0.16% 2021
  Panama 4,337,406 2021 0.16% 2021
  Peru 33,396,698 2022 0.17% 2020
  Philippines 112,892,781 2023 0.32% 2018
  Papua New Guinea 11,781,559 2021 0.03% 2016
  Poland 37,653,000 2023 1.44% 2021 1.39% 2020 1.43% 2021 18309.58 2021 486
  Puerto Rico 3,205,691 2023 0.43% 2015
  Portugal 10,467,366 2022 1.68% 2021 1.61% 2020 1.73% 2022 6110.54 2022 584
  Paraguay 6,109,644 2022 0.16% 2020
  Palestine 5,483,450 2023 0.45% 2013
  Qatar 2,656,032 2023 0.68% 2021
  Romania 19,051,562 2023 0.47% 2021 0.47% 2020 0.47% 2021 2531.10 2021 133
  Russia 146,424,729 2023 1.09% 2020 1.09% 2020 1.10% 2020 40322.30 2020 275
  Rwanda 13,246,394 2022 0.76% 2019
  Saudi Arabia 32,175,224 2022 0.45% 2021
  Sudan 41,984,500 2018 0.22% 2005
  Senegal 18,275,743 2023 0.58% 2015
  Singapore 5,917,600 2023 2.16% 2020 2.22% 2020 11435.91 2020 1,933
  El Salvador 6,884,888 2022 0.16% 2020
  Serbia 6,641,197 2023 0.99% 2021 0.99% 2021
  Slovakia 5,426,468 2023 0.92% 2021 0.90% 2020 0.92% 2021 1692.63 2021 312
  Slovenia 2,123,103 2023 2.13% 2021 2.14% 2020 2.13% 2021 1683.49 2021 793
  Sweden 10,551,707 2023 3.42% 2021 3.49% 2020 3.40% 2021 18504.33 2021 1,754
  Eswatini 1,223,362 2023 0.27% 2015
  Seychelles 100,447 2022 0.22% 2016
  Syria 22,923,000 2021 0.02% 2015
  Chad 17,414,717 2022 0.30% 2016
  Togo 8,095,498 2022 0.20% 2014
  Thailand 68,263,022 2021 1.33% 2020
  Tajikistan 10,077,600 2023 0.09% 2020 0.09% 2020
  Trinidad and Tobago 1,367,510 2023 0.06% 2020
  Tunisia 11,850,232 2023 0.75% 2019
  Turkey 85,372,377 2023 1.40% 2021 1.09% 2020 1.40% 2021 37144.00 2021 435
  Taiwan 23,420,442 2023 3.77% 2021 51229.88 2021 2,187
  Tanzania 61,741,120 2022 0.51% 2013
  Uganda 45,562,000 2023 0.14% 2014
  Ukraine 36,700,000 2023 0.29% 2021 0.29% 2021
  Uruguay 3,444,263 2023 0.45% 2020
  United States 335,893,238 2024 3.46% 2021 3.42% 2020 3.46% 2021 709712.90 2021 2,113
  Uzbekistan 36,599,764 2023 0.13% 2021 0.13% 2021
  Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 110,872 2022 0.11% 2002
  Venezuela 28,302,000 2019 0.34% 2014
  U.S. Virgin Islands 87,146 2020 0.03% 2007
  Vietnam 100,300,000 2023 0.43% 2021
  South Africa 62,027,503 2022 0.60% 2020 0.60% 2020 4457.37 2020 72
  Zambia 19,610,769 2022 0.28% 2008
United Nations WORLD 8,091,885,000 2024 2.71% 2021
Low & middle income (WB) 1.64% 2020
Low-income (WB)
Middle-income (WB) 1.64% 2020
Lower middle income (WB) 0.58% 2017
Upper middle income (WB) 2.24% 2021
High-income (WB) 2.94% 2021
European Union 447,319,916 2020 2.28% 2021 2.16% 2021 400168.50 2021 895
OECD (Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development) 1,376,606,820 2022 3.01% 2021 2.72% 2021 1618857.48 2021 1,176

References

  1. ^ Our World in Data. "Research & development spending as a share of GDP". ourworldindata.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  2. ^ a b Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  3. ^ World Bank. "Metadata Glossary | Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". databank.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  4. ^ United Nations. "Indicator 9.5.1: Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP". unstats.un.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  5. ^ World Bank. "Research and development expenditure (% of GDP)". data.worldbank.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  6. ^ United Nations Economic Commission for Europe. "Indicator 9.5.1 Research and development expenditure as a proportion of GDP, %". w3.unece.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.
  7. ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. "Gross domestic spending on R&D". data.oecd.org. Retrieved 2024-01-10.

See also


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