 | This article has multiple issues. Please help
improve it or discuss these issues on the
talk page. (
Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism, [1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.
Criteria
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater
autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ ethno-religious/ racial/ regional/ religious group(s).
Afghanistan
- Ethnic group:
Uyghurs,
Tajiks,
Uzbeks and
Turkic people
- Proposed state:
Southern Turkestan
[4]
[5] - Militant organisations:
Turkestan Freedom Tigers
[6]
[7]
- Proposed state:
Azerbaijan
- Autonomist movements
Territory of the short-lived
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
- People:
Talysh people
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan [8]
- Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
- Government in exile:
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
[9]
- Ethnic group:
Lezgins
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Lezgistan - Political organisations:
Sadval movement,
[10]
Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Bangladesh
- Ethnic group:
Jumma people
- Proposed: Autonomy for the Chittagong Hill Tracts [11] [12]
- Political parties: Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti, United People's Democratic Front
- Ethnic group:
Kuki
- Proposed state:
Zale'n-gam - Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state:
Zogam (Parts of
Chittagong hill tracts)
- Ethnic group:
Zomi
- Proposed state:
Zogam
- Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army [13]
- Proposed state:
China
_(%2Ball_claims_hatched).svg)
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- Ethnic group:
Uyghurs
- Proposed state:
East Turkestan
[14]
- Government-in-exile: East Turkistan Government-in-Exile
- Militant organizations: Turkistan Islamic Party, East Turkestan Liberation Organization
- Advocacy group: East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
- Proposed state:
_(%2Ball_claims_hatched).svg)
- Ethnic group:
Han Chinese of Hong Kong
- Proposed state:
Hong Kong or reunification with the 
United Kingdom as an
Overseas Territory - Political parties: Youngspiration, Hong Kong Indigenous, Hong Kong National Party, Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence, Hong Kong Independence Party
- Proposed state:
.svg){kind=small}
- Ethnic group:
Tibetan people
- Proposed state:
Tibet (includes all of
Xizang and parts of
Qinghai,
Sichuan,
Gansu, and
Yunnan) - Government-in-exile: Central Tibetan Administration
- Advocacy groups: Tibetan Youth Congress, International Tibet Independence Movement [15] [16] [a]
- Proposed state:
.svg)
- Proposed state:
Inner Mongolia (member of the
UNPO)
[19] or unification with 
Mongolia
- Ethnic group: Mongols
- Political parties: Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance, Mongolian Liberal Union Party, Inner Mongolian People's Party
Taiwan is not included in this list because it is not governed by the People's Republic of China. As of 2024, Taiwan is recognized by 11 members of the United Nations and the Holy See with others maintaining unofficial relations. [20]
Minor movements
-
Shanghainese nationalism
[21]
[22]
[23] -
Cantonese nationalism,
[24]
[25]
[26] -
Bashu nationalism
[27]
[28] - Hui pan-nationalism or Ningxia, proposed greater autonomy [29] [30]
-
Manchukuo Government in exile -
Fujian nationalism or American Hokkienese autonomy Association
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
Georgia
Territory of the former 
Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Ethnic group:
Abkhazians
- De facto state:
Abkhazia
[35] (
recognized by 5 UN members)
- Political organization: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state:
Territory of the former 
South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- Ethnic group:
Ossetians
- De facto state:
South Ossetia
[36] (
recognized by 5 UN members)
- Political organization: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organization: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state:
- Ethnic group:
Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Proposed autonomous region:
Javakhk (Javakheti) - Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance [37] [38] [39]
- Proposed autonomous region:
India
- Separatist movements
- Proposed state:
Assam
- Ethnic group: Assamese people
- Militant organizations:
United Liberation Front of Asom,
Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam
- Proposed state:
Nagalim
- Ethnic group: Naga people
- Militant organization:
National Socialist Council of Nagaland
- Proposed: independence or autonomy for
Jammu and Kashmir from
India or unification with
Pakistan
- Ethnic group: Kashmiri Muslims
- Political organizations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen
- Political parties (autonomy): Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference, Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party, Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
- Militant organizations:
Lashkar-e-Taiba,
Hizbul Mujahideen, 
Jaish-e-Mohammed, 
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Proposed state:
Kamtapur or becoming a
state of India
- Ethnic group: Rajbanshi people
- Political parties (statehood): Kamtapur People's Party
- Militant organization:
Kamtapur Liberation Organisation
[43]
[44]
[45]
- Proposed state:
Manipur
- Ethnic groups: Meitei, Pangal, Naga
- Government-in-exile: Manipur State Council [48]
- Militant organizations:
United National Liberation Front,
People's Liberation Army of Manipur,
Kangleipak Communist Party,
People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak,
Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup,
Maoist Communist Party of Manipur
- Proposed state:
Kingdom of Sikkim - Ethnic group: Sikkimese people
.svg){kind=small}
- Proposed state:
Khalistan
[50]
- Ethnic group: Punjabi Sikhs
- Militant organizations:
Babbar Khalsa,
Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan,
Khalistan Commando Force,
Khalistan Liberation Force,
Khalistan Zindabad Force,
ISYF,
AISSF,
International Sikh Youth Federation,
Waris Punjab De
- Proposed state:
Meghalaya
- Ethnic groups: Khasi people, Pnar people
- Militant organization: Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council
- Advocacy group:
Seng Khasi Movement
Tripuri-majority areas of Tripura
- Proposed state:
Tipraland
- Ethnic group: Tripuri people
- Political parties:
Tipra Motha Party,
Tipraland State Party, 
Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra - Militant organisation:
National Liberation Front of Tripura,
[51]
All Tripura Tiger Force
- Proposed state:
Mizoram
[52]
[53] - Ethnic group:
Mizo people
- Political parties: Mizo National Front, Zoram People's Movement, Hmar People's Convention
- Proposed state:
Zale'n-gam
- Ethnic group:
Bnei Menashe
[54] - Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Ethnic group:
- Proposed state:
Santhal Pargana
[55]
- Ethnic group: Santal people
- Militant organisation: Birsa Commando Force [56] [57] [58]
_Flag.gif){kind=small}
- Ethnic group:
Dimasa People
[59]
- Proposed state: Dimasaland [60]
- Militant organisation: Dimasa National Liberation Army [61] [62]
- Ethnic group: Tiwa people [63]
Zogam (In
India the claimed territories are:
Barak Valley,
Tripura,
East Jaintia Hills,
Dima Hasao district and
Karbi Anglong district of
Assam)
- Ethnic group:
Zomi
- Proposed state:
Zogam
- Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army [13]
- Proposed state:
South India (includes Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Puducherry, Lakshadweep and Telangana)
- Ethnic groups:
Dravidians (
Telugus,
Tamils,
Kannadigas,
Malayalis,
Tuluvas)
- Proposed state: Republic of South India
[69]
[70]
[71] or
Dravida Nadu
[72] - Political party: Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) [73]
- Proposed state: Republic of South India
[69]
[70]
[71] or
- Autonomist or statehood movements
- State or extended autonomous area:
Rabha Hasong
[74]
[75]
- Ethnic group: Rabha people
- Militant organizations: Rabha Jatiya Aikya Manch, Rabha Vipers Army (RVA), [76] Rabha National Liberation Army, [77] Rabha Jatiya Mukti Bahini (RJMB) [78] [79] [80]
- Ethnic group:
Indian Gorkhas
- Proposal: creation of a separate autonomous Gorkhaland state within India [81]
- Political movement:
Gorkhaland movement - Political parties:
Gorkha National Liberation Front,
Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League,
Gorkha Janmukti Morcha
- Ethnic group:
Garo people
- Proposal: making the Garo Hills Autonomous District Council into an autonomous state of India [86] [87] [88]
- Political party: Garo National Council
- Ethnic group:
Bundelkhandi
- Proposal: making the region of Bundelkhand into a state of India [89]
- Political party: Bundelkhand Mukti Morcha
- Ethnic group:
Marathi people
- Proposal: separation of Vidarbha from the state of Maharashtra [90]
- Political party: Vidarbha Rajya Party, Vidarbha Vikas Party, Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti
- Ethnic group:
Goans
- Proposed autonomous region: Goa [91]
- Political party: Niz Goenkar Revolution Front
- Ethnic group:
Dogri people
- Proposal: separation of the Jammu region from Jammu and Kashmir as a separate state within india [92]
- Political party: Ikkjutt Jammu
- Ethnic group:
Bodo people
- Proposal: statehood for Bodoland [93] [94]
- Political party: Bodo National Students Union [95]
Indonesia
- Ethnic group:
Acehnese
- Proposed state:
Aceh - Militant organisation: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)
- Advocacy Group: Aceh-Sumatra National Liberation Front (Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) [96] [97] [98]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Riau Malays
- Ethnic group:
Minahasan
- Proposed state:
Greater Minahasa
[104] - Advocacy group: Independent Minahasa Movement (Gerakan Minahasa Merdeka), [104] Greater Minahasa Alliance [105] [106] [107]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Balinese
Iran
- Ethnic group:
Khuzestani Arabs
- Proposed state:
Al-Ahwaz
[113] - Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation, Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz
- Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic groups:
Kurds
- Proposed state:
Kurdistan
[114] - Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan, Komalah
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic groups:
Iranian Azerbaijanis
- Proposed state:
South Azerbaijan
[115]
[116]
[117] or unification with 
Azerbaijan - Advocacy group: South Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement, [118] [119] Azerbaijan National Resistance Organization [120] [121] [122]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Balochs
- Proposed state:
Balochistan along with
Balochistan, Pakistan
[123]
[124] and
Baloch majority territories in
Afghanistan - Militant organisations: Jundallah (Historical), [125] [126] [127] Jaish ul-Adl (Currently Active) [128] [129]
- Proposed state:
Iraq
.svg)
Proposed state: 
Kurdistan
- Ethnic group: Kurds
- Current de jure and de facto autonomous region:
Iraqi Kurdistan
- Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisation: Peshmerga
- Proposed autonomous area:
Nineveh Plains
- Ethnic group:
Assyrians,
Chaldeans,
Arab Christians
- Proposed state:
Assyria - Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyrian Universal Alliance (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisation: Nineveh Plain Protection Units
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Assyrians,
Chaldeans,
Arab Christians
- Proposed autonomous area: Al-Rafidain Autonomous Region
Proposed state: Basra [130] [131] [132]
- Current de jure and de facto autonomous region:
Basra Governorate
- Ethnic group:
Iraqi Turkmen
- Proposed autonomous region or state:
Turkmeneli
[134]
[135]
[136] - Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) [137]
- Proposed autonomous region or state:
- Ethnic group:
Yazidis
- Proposal: autonomy for the Sinjar region, including the Sinjar Mountains
- Political parties:
Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress,
Sinjar Alliance
[138]
[139]
Israel
West Bank and the Gaza Strip
- People:
Palestinians
- De jure state:
Palestine (recognized by
138 UN member states)
- Proposal:
re-unification with
Israel or
recognition of Palestine - Political organization: Government of Palestine
- Militant organization: Palestinian National Security Forces, Palestine Liberation Army
- Proposal:
re-unification with
- De jure state:
Japan
- Ethnic group:
Ryukyuan
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Republic of Ryukyu or
Ryukyu Kingdom
[140] - Political parties: Kariyushi Club, formerly Ryūkyū Independence Party (琉球独立党, Ryūkyū Dokuritsutō)
- Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
- Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu.
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
.svg){kind=small}
Laos
- Ethnic group: Hmong people
.svg){kind=small}
Malaysia
Sarawak
[144]
[145]
[146]
[147]
- Ethnic groups: Chinese, (See Demographics of Sarawak)
- Proposed state:
Sarawak
- Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement [144] [148] [149]
- Political parties: Parti Bumi Kenyalang
.svg){kind=small}
- Ethnic groups: Chinese, (See Demographics of Sabah)
- Proposed state: Sabah
- Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM) [144] [148]
Myanmar
- Ethnic group:
Rakhine
- Proposed state:
Arakan State - Advocacy groups: Arakan Independence Alliance, Arakan Army (Kachin State), Arakan Army (Kayin State)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Chin
- De Facto State:
Chinland
[
citation needed] - Political Party:
Chin National Front
- Militant organisation: Chin National Army (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Ethnic group:
Karen
- Proposed state:
Kawthoolei
- Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Karen National Union
- Proposed state:
Kawthoolei
- Ethnic group:
Karenni
- Proposed state:
Kayah State
- Militant organisation: Karenni Army
- Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government
- Proposed state:
Kayah State
- Ethnic group:
Kokang people (ethnic Han Chinese)
- Proposed state:
Kokang
- Militant organisation: Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
- Proposed state:
Kokang
.svg){kind=small}
- Ethnic group:
Mon
- Proposed state:
Mon State, Monland
- Political party: New Mon State Party
- Proposed state:
Mon State, Monland
- Ethnic group:
Rohingya
- Proposed state:
Rahmanland
- Militant organisation: Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army [150]
- Advocacy groups: Arakan Rohingya National Organisation, [151] [152] Rohingya National Council [153]
- Proposed state:
Rahmanland
.svg){kind=small}
- Ethnic group:
Shan (member of the
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state:
Shan Republic
- Political party: Shan Democratic Union
- Militant organisation: Shan State Army
- Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
- Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States [154]
- Proposed state:
Shan Republic
- Proposed state:
Pa'O Self-Administered Zone
- Ethnic group: Pa'O
- Militant organisation:
Pa-O National Liberation Army
- Proposed state:
Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone
- Ethnic group: Palaung
- Militant organisation:
Palaung State Liberation Army
- Ethnic group:
Wa
- Proposed/de facto State:
Wa State
- Political party:
United Wa State Party - Militant organisation:
United Wa State Army
- Proposed/de facto State:
Wa State
- Ethnic group:
Kuki
- Proposed state:
Zale'n-gam
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Zomi
- Proposed state:
Zogam
- Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army [13]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Nagalim
- Ethnic group: Naga people
- Militant organization:
National Socialist Council of Nagaland
Nepal
- Ethnic group:
Kiratis
- Proposed state: Kirat
- Political party: Kirat Janabadi Workers Party
- Ethnic group:
Madhesi peoples (including
Maithils,
Bhojpuris and
Tharus).
- Proposed state:
Madhesh - Militant organisations: Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha, Madhesh Mukti Tigers (MMT), Tharuwan National Liberation Front (TNLF) [156]
- Advocacy group: Alliance for Independent Madhesh [157] Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party, Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party (2007), Terai Madhes Sadbhavana Party [158]
- Proposed state:
Pakistan
- Proposed: secession of
Azad Kashmir from 
Pakistan
[159]
[160]
- Ethnic groups: Kashmiri Muslims, Kashmiris
- Political party: Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Proposed: autonomy for
Gilgit-Baltistan
- Ethnic groups: Baltis, Shins
- Political party:
Balawaristan National Front (Naji)
[161]
- Ethnic group:
Balochs
- Proposed state:
Balochistan along with
Sistan and Baluchestan of
Iran and
some parts of
Afghanistan
[164]
- Political parties: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party, Free Balochistan Movement (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Baloch Liberation Army, Baloch Liberation Front, Baloch Nationalist Army,
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Sindhi
- Proposed state:
Sindhudesh - Political parties: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz, Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz, Sindh United Party
- Student organization: Jeay Sindh Studdents' Federation
- Militant organization: Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Pashtun
- Proposition: Advocating for the regional autonomy and increased Pashtun cultural expression
- Political party : Awami National Party, Taliban [167]
- Ethnic group:
Muhajir
- Proposition: creation of a separate province for the Muhajirs
- Political Parties: Mohajir Qaumi Movement Pakistan, [168] [169] [170] Muttahida Qaumi Movement - London [171]
Philippines
Sulu archipelago and parts of Zamboanga Peninsula
- Ethnic groups:
Moro (
Tausūg,
Banguingui,
Sama-Bajau,
Yakan)
- Proposed state/autonomous area: Bangsa Sūg [172] [173]
Cordillera Administrative Region
- Ethnic group:
Igorot
- Proposed autonomous area: Cordillera Autonomous Region [174] or Autonomous Region of the Cordillera [175] [176]
- Advocacy groups: Autonomy in the Administrative Cordillera Movement, [177] Cordillera People's Liberation Army, [178] [179] Cordillera Bodong Administration [180]
- Ethnic groups: Cebuano settlers and Hiligaynon settlers
Other Islamic militants operating in Mindanao had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines, such as the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters. [183] [184] [185]
Russia
Siberia or
Siberian Federal District
[186]
- Ethnic group:
Russians,
Siberians (
Siberian peoples)
- Proposed state or federal subject:
Siberian Republic
- Militant organisation: Siberian Battalion of the
Civic Council
[187]
- Advocacy groups: Siberian regionalist groups, [188] Civil Council
- Militant organisation: Siberian Battalion of the
Civic Council
[187]
- Proposed state or federal subject:
- Ethnic group:
Buryats
- Proposed state:
Buryatia or unification with
Mongolia
[189]
- Advocacy groups: Free Buryatia Foundation
- Proposed state:
Ural Federal District [190] [191]
- ethnic group:
Russians
- proposed state:
Ural Republic
[192]
[193] - political parties: Ural Republic Movement, Free Ural, The Ural Democratic foundation
- proposed state:
Sri Lanka
- Ethnic group:
Sri Lankan Tamils
- Proposed state:
Tamil Eelam - Militant organisation:
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam,
[194]
[195]
[196]
People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam,
etc. - Political parties: Tamil National Alliance, People's Front of Liberation Tigers
- Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam [197] [198]
- Advocacy groups: Global Tamil Forum, Tamil Youth Organisation, World Tamil Movement
- Proposed state:
Syria
De facto autonomous region:
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)
- Larger ethnic groups: Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians
- Smaller ethnic groups:
Armenians,
Turkmen,
Yazidis,
Circassians
- Political organisation: Syrian Democratic Council
- Militant organisation: Syrian Democratic Forces
Separatist movements:
- Ethnic group:
Assyrians
[199]
- Proposed state:
Assyria - Political parties: Syriac Union Party, Assyrian Democratic Organization
- Militant organisations: Syriac Military Council, Sutoro
- Advocacy groups: Assyria Council of Europe,
- Proposed state:
Autonomist movements:
- Ethnic Groups: Druze
Taiwan
The 
Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 11
United Nations member states (as well as the
Holy See, an
observer).
[20]
- Proposed state:
Republic of Taiwan
- Movement:
Taiwan independence movement,
Taiwanese nationalism
- Note: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has been democratically elected to power in Taiwan five times; in 2000 (until 2004), in 2004 (until 2008), in 2016 (until 2020), in 2020 (until 2024), and in 2024 (until 2028). Although the DPP has been the nominal ruling party of the Republic of China throughout these four ruling terms, the DPP has been pushing a pro-Taiwan independence agenda, whether tacitly or overtly. Some representatives of the DPP, such as William Lai, argue that Taiwan independence should not even be considered an "independence movement" but is rather the recognition of the reality of the current situation of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Many supporters of Taiwan independence believe that Taiwan, under the formal name of the "Republic of China", is already an independent country from mainland China, under the formal name of the "People's Republic of China". Some groups also exclude the Kinmen and Matsu Islands from their proposal.
- Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition ( Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party), New Power Party, Taiwan Statebuilding Party
- Advocacy groups: Keep Taiwan Free (Taiwanese organisation), World United Formosans for Independence
- Movement:
Taiwan independence movement,
Taiwanese nationalism
- Ethnic group:
Native Taiwanese
- Proposed: autonomy for the indigenous peoples of Taiwan [204]
- Political party: Taiwan First Nations Party [205]
Thailand
- Ethnic group:
Patani Malays
- Proposed state:
Pattani Darul Makrif,
[206] unification with 
Malaysia
[207]
[208] - Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organisation, Patani Malays National Revolutionary Front, Runda Kumpulan Kecil, Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement, Islamic Liberation Front of Patani
- Advocacy group: Pelajar Bangsa [209] [210] [211]
- Proposed state:
Turkey
- Ethnic group:
Kurds
- Proposed state:
Kurdistan
- Militant organisations: Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Assyrians,
Arab Christians
- Proposed state:
Assyria
- Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Zazas
- Proposed state:
Zazaistan
- Political parties: Democracy Time Party [213]
- Advocacy groups: Federation of Zaza Associations
- Proposed state:
Uzbekistan
Karakalpakstan
[214]
[215]
[216]
- Ethnic group:
Karakalpaks
- Proposed state:
Republic of Karakalpakstan - Advocacy group: Free Karakalpakstan National Revival Party [217](Activity[ citation needed])
- Proposed state:
Vietnam
Quảng Bình province, Quảng Trị province, Thừa Thiên Huế province
- Ethnic group:
Montagnard
[218]
- Proposed: autonomy
[219] for the
Montagnard - Political organisations:
Montagnard Foundation, Inc.,
United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races(Defunct), Montagnard Dega Association, Montagnard Human Rights Organization, United Montagnard People, M'Nong Bu-dang, Movement for the Unity of Ethnic Groups of South Viet-Nam
[220]
- Proposed: autonomy
[219] for the
_created_in_1987_-_Marko_de_Haeck.png){kind=small}
Mekong Delta and South East Vietnam
- Ethnic group:
Khmer Krom
[221]
[222]
- Proposed: Autonomy or Independence for the Khmer Krom
- Political party:
Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation,
United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races(Defunct)
Yemen
-
South Yemen
- Proposed state:
The Republic of South Arabia or
Hadhramout Arab State or
The Republic of South Yemen
[223]
[b]
- De facto state:
Southern Transitional Council
[224]
[225]
[226]
- Political parties: Yemeni Socialist Party
- Proposed state:
-
Hadhramaut
[227] - Ethnic group:
Hadharem as well as
Mehri and
Soqotri
- Proposed state:
Hadhramaut Arab State
- De facto state:
Hadhramaut Region,
Protectorate of South Arabia
- Political party: Hadhrami League, Hadramout National Council
- Proposed state:
See also
References
- ^ Gehring, Kai; Schneider, Stephan A. (2017). "Regional Resources and Democratic Secessionism". Proceedings. Annual Conference on Taxation and Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the National Tax Association. 110: 6. ISSN 1549-7542. JSTOR 26794426.
- ^ "(Video) "Dzhabhat Turkestan Janubi" (South Turkestan [Turkistan] Front) Forms In Opposition of Taliban (IEA) in Balkh Mazar-i-Sharif Province, Afghanistan - 30 June 2022". TRAC. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ Research, Security Risks (20 May 2022). "Mapping Afghan Resistance Movement". Security Risks Asia. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Infographic: Anti-Taliban Groups in Afghanistan". Islamic World News. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Infographic: Anti-Taliban Groups in Afghanistan". makhaterltakfir.com. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "What Happened to the Northern Alliance in Afghanistan?".
- ^ "Australian Government Department of Home Affairs Common Claims Afghanistan Country of Origin Information Services Section (COISS) Effective from 10 June 2022" (PDF).
- ^ "UNPO: Talysh". unpo.org. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- ^ Regering in ballingschap ondersteunt strijd in Azerbeidzjan. // Vluchtelingen Dag krant. — Netherlands, 20.06.2019. — P. 4.
- ^ Demirdjian, Z. S. Andrew (25 May 2021). "Lezgistan: Lurking threat to Azerbaijan". Keghart. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ "Bangladesh hiding rights violations in Chittagong". www.ucanews.com. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "UNPO: Chittagong Hills Tract: 'Full Autonomy the Only Solution'". unpo.org.
- ^ a b c Pau, Thang Lian (31 January 2014). "Zomi te koitan tungta ihiam? (Where Are We Now?)". Zomi Daily. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020.
- ^ "Independence Is the Only Way Forward for East Turkestan". 22 April 2024.
- ^ "China says separatists sparked violence in Sichuan". February 2012.
- ^ Sautman, Barry (2005). "China's Strategic Vulnerability to Minority Separatism in Tibet". Asian Affairs. 32 (2): 87–118. doi: 10.3200/AAFS.32.2.87-118. JSTOR 30172870. S2CID 154271958.
- ^ Steger, Isabella (4 September 2020). "China's insatiable appetite for control is forcing even its "model minority" to rebel". Quartz. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ "Inner Mongolia--Another Tibet or Xinjiang? | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org.
- ^ "UNPO: Southern Mongolia". unpo.org.
- ^ a b "Kiribati cuts ties with Taiwan to switch to China, days after Solomon Islands". www.abc.net.au. 20 September 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
- ^ Areddy, James T. (23 April 2022). "Shanghai Lockdown Bolsters a Fringe Independence Movement". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "Chinese Regional Separatist Movements". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
- ^ "独派人士下月聚首华府 向中国霸权说不". 22 September 2019. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ "Protest in Amsterdam Marks 75th Anniversary of World Human Rights Day - Support Uyghurs". 14 December 2023. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ "Hong Kong Extradition Bill Protests Photo Gallery". 7 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ "世界人权日 伦敦多族裔游行促向北京问责 — 普通话主页". 17 December 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ tibetanreview (6 August 2022). "Sinicization will not succeed, Basuria will be free again". Tibetan Review. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "Republic of Basuria". Republic of Basuria. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "Muslim Chinese : ethnic nationalism in the people's republic | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
-
^
"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/02/world/asia/china-islam-hui-ningxia.html".
The New York Times.
{{ cite web}}: External link in|title= - ^ 8th Free Nations #PostRussia of Forum #London & #Paris Promo autumn2023 Hokkienam #PostPRC #MBTPAxis. Retrieved 9 April 2024 – via www.youtube.com.
- ^ "Chinese Regional Separatist Movements". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ "Language Log » Hokkien renaissance". Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ Guingona, Phillip B., ed. (2024), "Capital Heroes and a Hokkien Nation", China and the Philippines: A Connected History, c. 1900–50, Asian Connections, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 125–147, doi: 10.1017/9781009359207.006, ISBN 978-1-009-35924-5, retrieved 18 April 2024
- ^ "Abkhazia profile". BBC News. 13 January 2020.
- ^ "South Ossetia profile". BBC News. 21 April 2016.
- ^ Aghalaryan, Kristine (April 2011). "Javakhk – Autonomy Is the Only Solution". Hetq Online. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- ^ "Civil Georgia | Russia Claims Ethnic Armenians Demand Autonomy in Samtskhe-Javakheti". civil.ge. 13 July 2021.
- ^ "Georgia: Javakheti Armenians' Call For Autonomy Has Tbilisi On Guard (Part 1)". www.rferl.org.
- ^ Basu, Sayak. "History of separatism in the conflicted northeastern state of Nagaland". Deccan Herald.
- ^ Shingavi, Snehal. "Understanding Kashmir's struggle for independence | International Socialist Review". isreview.org.
- ^ "Separatist Call For A 'Sovereign Kamatapur' Rises In North Bengal".
-
^ Ghosal, Aniruddha (17 April 2019).
"Former Militants of Banned Outfit Among Those on Election Duty in Darjeeling". News18. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
The organisation, banned by the Union government in 2014, aims to carve out a separate Kamtapur nation from India, comprising of six districts in West Bengal and four in Assam
- ^ BASUMATARY, RINOY (28 December 2018). "KLO vows to launch armed 'liberation' struggle against India". NORTHEAST NOW. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
-
^ Selvaraj, A (26 April 2019).
"Suspected member of Kamtapur militant group arrested in Chennai | Chennai News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
The Chennai city police on Friday arrested a suspected member of an extremist organization that demands carving out a separate state - Kamtapur - from West Bengal and Assam.
- ^ "Explained: How big is insurgency threat in Manipur?". 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Draconian laws fuel separatist movements in India's conflict-hit Manipur state". 5 June 2023.
- ^ "Indian Manipur separatists announce exiled government in UK". www.aljazeera.com.
- ^ Kazi, Jigme N. (2020). Sons of Sikkim. Chennai: Notion Press. pp. 389–391.
- ^ "Khalistan: The outlawed Sikh separatist movement that has Indian authorities on edge". 22 March 2023.
- ^ "Tripura: Injured BSF jawan dies after ambush by NLFT militants". 19 August 2022.
- ^ "Why Mizoram showed 'Hello independence' placards during protests". 13 February 2019.
- ^ "Mizoram: Mizo 'freedom fighters' still long for independence, even after 56 years". 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Menashe People (India)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Santals (India)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Birsa Commando Force (BCF) Archives". Northeast Today. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Birsa Commando Force (BCF) Terrorist Group, Assam". www.satp.org. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Adivasi outfit for Delhi role - Birsa Commando Force miffed with Dispur". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Dimasa People (India)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ Sirur, Simrin (23 May 2021). "What is DNLA? Northeast rebel group of Dimasa tribe that lost 6 members in Assam encounter". ThePrint. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Explained: The significance of DNLA militants laying down arms in Assam". The Indian Express. 14 November 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Dimasa National Liberation Army (DNLA) Terrorist Group, India". www.satp.org. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ Bureau, The Meghalayan (15 July 2022). "Tiwa organisations block NH-37 against govt move to create ASCR". The Meghalayan. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Tiwa Liberation Army militant apprehended by local people, arrested by police in Assam". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Tiwa Organisations Raise Voice For Tiwa Liberation Army - The Hills Times". 7 May 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ Desk, Sentinel Digital (3 November 2020). "Tiwa organizations demand the inclusion of left out ST villages in TAC - Sentinelassam". www.sentinelassam.com. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Tiwa Liberation Army militant apprehended by local people, arrested by police in Assam". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ Bureau, The Hindu (27 January 2022). "250 Tiwa, Gorkha extremists give up arms in Assam". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "'A Republic of South India' may still be possible, and blame for this rests with Left-'liberal'-missionary ecosystem". 6 May 2023.
- ^ "A Republic of South India is not entirely unthinkable". May 2023.
- ^ "Live Mint Columnist Fantacizes About Secession of Southern States from India". May 2023.
- ^ "South Indian leader wants separation from India". 21 March 2018.
- ^ "United States of Dravidian Republic: DMK Leader Calls for Secession of South States from India". 19 February 2023.
- ^ "Rabha National Security Force (RNSF)". www.satp.org. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Rabha Hasong - Rabhaland (India)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "RVA rebel held in Kokrajhar". Assam Times. 5 November 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Rabha National Liberation Army 'commander-in-chief' Deepak Rabha arrested". The Economic Times. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Assam Timeline - Year 2000". www.satp.org. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "terrorist-group-incident-text-india-rabha-national-liberation-front-rnlf_Aug-2013". www.satp.org. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ Kmaneck, Roshneesh. "644 militants surrender in Assam". Rediff. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Gorkhaland Issue". www.iasparliament.com.
- ^ "Ladakh, a fragile region, needs autonomy". The Hindu. 14 February 2023.
- ^ "United across Leh and Kargil, Ladakh takes demand for autonomy to Delhi now". 14 February 2023.
- ^ Habibullah, Hamaad. "India's Ladakh region wants its autonomy back". FairPlanet.
- ^ "Why Ladakh demanded autonomy since India's independence". 29 October 2021.
- ^ "Garoland Statehood demand re-emerges". 17 November 2022.
- ^ "Garo National Liberation Army (GNLA)". 9 July 2014. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Green towel hoisted as flag in Barak Valley; 5 arrested for raising anti-India slogans". Barak Bulletin. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ ""'Bundelkhand's statehood must'"".
- ^ "Decades-old demand for Vidarbha statehood on the wane?". 16 October 2019.
- ^ "Sedition charges against Atnasio Lobo for 'Free Goa from India' petition".
- ^ "Jammu outfits renew demand for separate statehood". 5 June 2023.
- ^ "Bodos again raise Bodoland statehood demand". 9 August 2022.
- ^ "STATEHOOD MOVEMENT: BODOLAND".
- ^ "New student body revives Bodoland statehood demand". The Hindu. 8 April 2022.
- ^ "UNPO: Aceh-Sumatra National Liberation Front's (ASNLF) participation in Indonesia's UPR review in Geneva".
- ^ "UNPO: Acheh Representative ASNLF Set to Protest in Finnish Capital Ahead of Anniversary of Memorandum".
- ^ "About – Acheh-Sumatra National Liberation Front". Archived from the original on 18 December 2021.
- ^ Colombijn, Freek (2003). "When there is nothing to imagine: Nationalism in Riau". Framing Indonesian Realities. Brill. pp. 333–370. ISBN 978-90-04-48682-9.
- ^ "Usai Deklarasi, Presiden Riau Merdeka Disembunyikan Mahasiswa". kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 April 2023.
- ^ Simanjuntak, Surya Dua Artha (12 December 2022). "Bupati Meranti Ancam Gabung Malaysia dan Angkat Senjata, Pengamat: Awas Makar!". Bisnis.com.
- ^ Tanjung, Erick; Ardiansyah, Novian (20 December 2022). "Buntut Ancam 'Gabung ke Malaysia', Bupati Meranti Dipanggil Kemendagri: Bahas DBH Minyak Bukan Sanksi". suara.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 April 2023.
- ^ "VIDEO: Bupati Meranti Dimediasi Usai Ancam Gabung Malaysia". 21 December 2022.
- ^ a b Renaldi, Adi (22 May 2017). "Did the Ahok Verdict Spark a Separatist Movement in North Sulawesi?". Vice. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ "Jurnalis ditahan terkait Referendum Minahasa, pegiat HAM anggap berlebihan". BBC News Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Siswoyo, Harry; Mukti, Fajar Ginanjar (17 May 2017). "Minahasa Merdeka, Haruskah?". VIVA (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Renaldi, Adi (22 May 2017). "Tuntutan Minahasa Merdeka Merespons Menangnya Intoleransi Di Kasus Ahok". www.vice.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ "Establishing-A-Special-Autonomy-Model-In-Bali-As-A-Means-Of-Preserving-Hindu-Balinese-Culture-And-Space" (PDF).
- ^ Priatmojo, Dedy; Andalan, Bobby (21 September 2016). "Polda Bali Segera Tindak Seruan Separatisme ForBALI". VIVA (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 December 2022.
- ^ "Bali Pushes for Special Autonomy". The Bali Times. 8 June 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ "Bali Ancam Merdeka". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Sihombing, Martin (12 September 2016). "KAMPANYE ForBALI Mengarah Ke Separatisme". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 April 2023.
-
^
"Archived copy". Archived from
the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) National Libration [ sic] Movement of Ahwaz - ^ "Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan". Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan. Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
- ^ "Whole Azerbaijan Pdf".
- ^ "Bütöv Azerbaycan!". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ "Elçibey'in "Birleşmiş Azerbaycan" ideolojisi – KAFKASSAM – Kafkasya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi". 5 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ "Official statement of the Central Committee of SANLM regarding the dismissal of Chehregani". Camah.com (in Azerbaijani). 21 January 2002. Archived from the original on 19 October 2004.
- ^ "Dissident Iranian Azeri Confirms he was Deported from Azerbaijan". EurasiaNet. 13 June 2006. Archived from the original on 4 September 2008.
- ^ "Güney Azerbaycan Türklüğü nün Özgürlük Mücadelesi Yolunda Azerbaycan Millî Direniş Teşkilatı (AMDT) kitap, Son Çağ yayın evi Matbaacılık Ltd.Şri" (PDF). Retrieved 25 June 2019. [ permanent dead link]
- ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesman Denies Iran Is Transiting Russian Arms To Armenia". Iran International. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ "Iran's Neutrality Under Strain As Ethnic And Religious Sympathy Builds For Azerbaijan". Iran International. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ Aryan, Hossein (22 October 2009). "Iran Offers Short-Term Solutions To Long-Term Problems". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ SAAG (16 November 2016). "Greater Balochistan: A Quiet Frontier Set To Explode – Analysis". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ "Jundallah: Iran's Sunni rebels". Al Jazeera English. Al Jazeera. 22 June 2010. Archived from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ Aryan, Hossein (22 October 2009). "Iran Offers Short-Term Solutions To Long-Term Problems Of Baluch Minority". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ "Iran 'militant' claims US support". BBC News. 26 February 2010.
- ^ "Border Insecurity in Iran Amid Regime Crackdown on Minorities". Voice of America. 16 October 2018.
- ^ "At least 14 Iranian guards kidnapped near Pakistan border: Iranian media". Samaa Tv. 16 October 2018.
- ^ "Basra "Moving Towards Independence" | Iraq Business News". 31 December 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ "Kurdistan of the south, Basra takes further steps toward independence inside Iraq". Kurd Net - Ekurd.net Daily News. 10 April 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ "Never-Ending Story: Basra's Quest for Independence".
- ^ publisher (28 December 2021). "A New Region, or Independence? Basra's Demands Amidst a Local Government Crisis". صفاء خلف - Safaa Khalaf (in Arabic). Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ "UNPO: Iraqi Turkmen: Establishment of Iraqi Turkmen Autonomy". unpo.org.
- ^ "Iraqi Turkmen may declare autonomy | Report.az". report.az.
- ^ Kesling, Ben; Peker, Emre (18 July 2014). "Minorities in Iraq Follow Kurds in Pushing for More Autonomy". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "UNPO:Iraqi Turkmen". 24 October 2022.
- ^ "Iraq's Yazidis call for autonomy as conflict flares between army, PKK affiliates". 18 March 2021.
- ^ "An Autonomous Yazidi Regional Government Could Help to Save Iraq". www.rusi.orghttps. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ Fackler, Martin (5 July 2013). "In Okinawa, Talk of Break From Japan Turns Serious". The New York Times.
- ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Assessment for Hmong in Laos". Refworld. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
- ^ Gary Yia Lee. "Chapter 17: The Hmong Rebellion in Laos: Victims or Terrorists?". In Tan, Andrew T.H. (ed.). A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-84542-543-2.
- ^ "UNPO: Hmong". unpo.org. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Group draws up self determination petition for Sarawak and Sabah". Borneo Post. 13 August 2014. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ a b "Many in Sabah, Sarawak don't want to be part of Malaysia, claims analyst". The Rakyat Post. 16 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ "Independence referendum for Sarawak focal point of STAR agenda in state election, says Soo". Borneo Post Online. 7 December 2019.
- ^ "Malaysia an illegal union, claims Sarawak opposition leader". 21 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Sabahan secession instigator unfazed by impending probe". The Star. 6 September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ "Merger of Sabah, S'wak and Brunei | Daily Express Online - Sabah's Leading News Portal". www.dailyexpress.com.my. 3 October 1962.
- ^ Myint, Moe (24 October 2017). "Rakhine Crisis in Numbers". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ "Who we are?". www.rohingya.org. Arakan Rohingya National Org. Archived from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ "Press Release: Arakan Independence Alliance". Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ "Press release : Facts about Arakan Rohingya National Organisation". www.rohingya.org. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ^ "The Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam". tgte-us.org. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ^ "Inside Myanmar's reclusive Wa State". 10 June 2019.
- ^ "Nepal Terrorist Groups – Madheshi Armed Outfits". satp.org. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
- ^ "Madhesis in Nepal to continue protests till next election, says separatist leader". Catch News. 3 February 2016. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ "What is the Terai Independence Movement in Nepal- Its history significance and consequences here". Jagranjosh.com. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Abi-Habib, Maria; Mughal, Jalaluddin; Masood, Salman (19 September 2019). "In Pakistan-Held Kashmir, Growing Calls for Independence". The New York Times.
- ^ "Independence calls getting louder in Pakistani Kashmir – DW – 10/23/2019". dw.com.
- ^ "Contested status | Political Economy | thenews.com.pk". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ "Pakistan Faces Rising Separatist Insurgency in Balochistan". 24 January 2023.
- ^ "Explained: A Brief History Of Balochistan's Separatist Movement". 27 April 2022.
-
^ Malik Siraj Akbar (30 March 2011). The Redefined Dimensions of Baloch Nationalist Movement. Xlibris Corporation. p. 29.
The ultimate goal of BLA is "Greater Balochistan", a country that will comprise the Baloch areas of Pakistani and Iranian Balochistan provinces and some parts of Afghanistan.
- ^ Bansal, Alok. "Violent Sindhi nationalism raises its head again". South Asia Monitor. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
- ^ "Now Sindhis Demand Independent Nation In Pakistan". Outlook. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ Mashaal, RFE/RL's Radio. "At Least 11 Soldiers Killed In Armed Attack In Pakistan's Restive South Waziristan". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Ayub, Imran (27 December 2021). "All Mohajir entities should unite for new province, says Afaq". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ "Haqiqi Mohajir Quami Movement (MQM-H), Terrorist Group of Pakistan". www.satp.org. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ Dawn.com (5 January 2014). "Altaf for 'Sindh One' and 'Sindh Two'". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ "Muttahida Quomi Mahaz ,Terrorist Group of Pakistan". www.satp.org. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ Garcia, Bong (10 May 2018). "Sulu Sultanate, Bangsa Sug push revision of BBL". Sunstar. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
- ^ "Muslims in Sulu rally for independence".
- ^ "Cordillera Solons expressed views on regional autonomy". National Economic and Development Authority – Cordillera Administrative Region. 12 August 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ Ponciano, Mark Allen (24 March 2017). "Cordi autonomy bill filed as HB 5343". National Economic and Development Authority – Cordillera Administrative Region. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ^ Alimondo, Lauren (16 July 2020). "Cordillera renews call for autonomy". Sunstar. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ Dumlao, Artemio (11 February 2014). "Autonomy movement revived in Cordillera". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
- ^ Dumlao, Artemio (31 January 2013). "Rebels still dream of Cordillera's autonomy". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ "Cordillera People's Flag (Philippines)". 13 March 2016. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ Bitog, Rubyloida (21 April 2013). "Elders unite Bodong factions". Sun Star Baguio. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ^ a b Echeminada, Perseus (18 February 2024). "Alvarez: Secession bid still rolling". Daily Tribune. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ^ "Adbokasiya para maging independent ang Mindanao posibleng simulan sa Marso at matapos sa September ng kasalukuyang taon ng grupong Mindanao Independence Movement" [Advocacy for Mindanao to be an independent (state) may be started in April and may end by September this year by the Mindanao Independence Movement group]. Bombo Radyo News (in Filipino). Bombo Radyo Gensan. 4 February 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ^ "BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists". GMA News. Agence France-Presse. 16 August 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "MILF says MNLF joins fray on side of BIFM". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ Sabillo, Kristine Angeli (20 February 2015). "BIFF only wants Islamic state". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Сушко, А.В. (2018). "ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ИДЕИ И ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРАКТИКИ СИБИРСКОГО СЕПАРАТИЗМА". Вестник Томского государственного университета (426): 192–206. doi: 10.17223/15617793/426/23. eISSN 1561-803X. ISSN 1561-7793.
- ^ "Сибирский батальон ждет добровольцев". Регион.Эксперт (in Russian). Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ Coalson, Robert (6 January 2023). "Coming Apart At The Seams? For Russia's Ethnic Minorities, Ukraine War Is A Chance To Press For Independence From Moscow". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
- ^ "Кто и как раскачивает бурятский сепаратизм?". ulanude.bezformata.com. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
- ^ "Урал станет свободным, даже если Запад будет спасать Москву".
- ^ "Местных ставить нельзя — они договорятся и устроят республику".
- ^ "THE MOVEMENT FOR THE CREATION OF THE URALS REPUBLIC IN THE CONTEXT OF THE HISTORY OF THE URAL REGIONALISM".
- ^ "Fear of Long-Forgotten Urals Republic Reemerges in Moscow".
- ^ "Rebels admit defeat in Sri Lankan civil war | detnews.com | The Detroit News". detnews.com. Retrieved 30 May 2009. [ dead link]
- ^ "Two Malaysian DAP assemblymen, 8 others charged over alleged links to Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam". The Straits Times. 29 October 2019.
- ^ "Twelve allegedly linked to LTTE to be charged in court". The Star. 28 October 2019.
- ^ "Statement on Declaration of Shan State Independenc". peacehall.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ^ "Sri Lankan Tamil Struggle – Chapter 18: The First Sinhalese- Tamil Rift". T. Sabaratnam. Ilankai Tamil Sangam. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ "UNPO: Assyria: Human Rights situation in Iraq, Turkey and Syria". unpo.org.
- ^ "Druze Communities Face a Regional Decline in Influence | The Washington Institute". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
- ^ "Unrest in Syria's southern Druze city of As-Suwayda: Implications for change and regional dynamics".
- ^ "الأردن والمكون الدرزي وحراك السويداء: ما هي حدود "اللعب والانخراط" الآمن جنوب سوريا؟".
- ^ "August 10 Movement': Who are Syria's new opposition group linked to protests in Suweida and elsewhere". Archived from the original on 5 September 2023.
- ^ "Aborigines of Taiwan See Hopes for Autonomy Fade". www.voanews.com.
- ^ "UNPO: Taiwan: First Indigenous Political Party Founded". unpo.org.
- ^ "Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO)". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
- ^ "Bendera Malaysia dinaikkan di selatan Thai". cari.com.my (in Malay). 1 September 2012.
- ^ "How Patani-Malay Muslims refuse to be swallowed by Thailand's mainstream". trtworld.com.
- ^ "Security agencies monitoring Southern 'separatist' activists". Bangkok Post.
- ^ "Southern independence referendum movement watched". Bangkok Post.
- ^ "Prayut urges action on 'Pattani State' call". Bangkok Post.
- ^ Pike, John (21 May 2004). "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 28 April 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
- ^ "Hıdır Eren'le Zazalar ve Zaza'ca üzerine söyleşi 2.Bölüm Akın Sabur / Semih Öz/ Baran Gül". 22 February 2020.
- ^ "the curious case of the Republic of Karakalpakstan".
- ^ "Karakalpakstan's Sovereignty in Mirziyoyev's Uzbekistan".
- ^ "Why the world should pay attention to unrest in Karakalpakstan".
- ^ "Uzbekistan: Shadowy Group Agitates For 'Free Karakalpakstan'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 5 April 2008. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
- ^ "UNPO: Degar-Montagnards".
- ^ "Rainsy's vow of 'autonomy' for ethnic group sets off treason probe".
- ^ "Montagnards - Viet Nam". www.fotw.info. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ "15 Years After Kampuchea Krom Protests, an Ongoing Struggle for Identity".
- ^ "UNPO: Khmer-Krom".
- ^ "Five killed at secessionist protest in south Yemen". London: BBC. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
- ^ The New Arab (16 May 2017). "GCC: Aden-based Southern Transitional Council 'doomed to fail'". alaraby.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
- ^ The New Arab (11 May 2017). "Banished Aden governor forms independent 'South Yemen' council". alaraby.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
- ^ Saudi Research & Marketing (uk) Ltd. "Thirty Southern Figures Reject Transitional Council in Aden – ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English". Asharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
- ^ "The Growing Separatist Threat in Yemen's Hadramawt Governorate". Jamestown.
- ^ The Tibetan independence movement can either encompass the smaller Tibetan Autonomous Region (Xizang) or the larger " Greater Tibet".
- ^ These names can be used interchangeably as there is no official name yet
| This article has multiple issues. Please help
improve it or discuss these issues on the
talk page. (
Learn how and when to remove these template messages)
|
This is a list of active separatist movements in Asia. Separatism can include autonomism and secessionism, [1] despite the fact that independence is the primary goal of many separatist movements. Many separatist movements arise as a result of religious, racial, social, and cultural disparities between certain peoples and the majority or ruling class in a country.
Criteria
What is and is not considered an autonomist or secessionist movement is sometimes contentious. Entries on this list must meet three criteria:
- They are active movements with active members.
- They are seeking greater autonomy or self-determination for a geographic region (as opposed to personal autonomy).
- They are citizens/people of the conflict area and do not come from another country.
Under each region listed is one or more of the following:
- De facto state (de facto entity): for unrecognized regions with de facto autonomy.
- Proposed state: proposed name for a seceding sovereign state.
- Proposed autonomous area: for movements towards greater
autonomy for an area but not outright secession.
- De facto autonomous government: for governments with de facto autonomous control over a region.
- Government-in-exile: for a government based outside of the region in question, with or without control.
- Political party (or parties): for political parties involved in a political system to push for autonomy or secession.
- Militant organisation(s): for armed organisations.
- Advocacy group(s): for non-belligerent, non-politically participatory entities.
- Ethnic/ ethno-religious/ racial/ regional/ religious group(s).
Afghanistan
- Ethnic group:
Uyghurs,
Tajiks,
Uzbeks and
Turkic people
- Proposed state:
Southern Turkestan
[4]
[5]
- Militant organisations:
Turkestan Freedom Tigers
[6]
[7]
- Proposed state:
Azerbaijan
- Autonomist movements
Territory of the short-lived
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
- People:
Talysh people
- Proposed: Talysh province with regional administration within the borders of Azerbaijan [8]
- Political organisation: Talysh National Movement
- Government in exile:
Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic
[9]
- Ethnic group:
Lezgins
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Lezgistan
- Political organisations:
Sadval movement,
[10]
Federal Lezgian National and Cultural Autonomy
- Proposed state or autonomous region:
Bangladesh
- Ethnic group:
Jumma people
- Proposed: Autonomy for the Chittagong Hill Tracts [11] [12]
- Political parties: Parbatya Chattagram Jana Samhati Samiti, United People's Democratic Front
- Ethnic group:
Kuki
- Proposed state:
Zale'n-gam
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state:
Zogam (Parts of
Chittagong hill tracts)
- Ethnic group:
Zomi
- Proposed state:
Zogam
- Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army [13]
- Proposed state:
China
Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region
- Ethnic group:
Uyghurs
- Proposed state:
East Turkestan
[14]
- Government-in-exile: East Turkistan Government-in-Exile
- Militant organizations: Turkistan Islamic Party, East Turkestan Liberation Organization
- Advocacy group: East Turkistan National Awakening Movement
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Han Chinese of Hong Kong
- Proposed state:
Hong Kong or reunification with the
United Kingdom as an
Overseas Territory
- Political parties: Youngspiration, Hong Kong Indigenous, Hong Kong National Party, Alliance of Resuming British Sovereignty over Hong Kong and Independence, Hong Kong Independence Party
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Tibetan people
- Proposed state:
Tibet (includes all of
Xizang and parts of
Qinghai,
Sichuan,
Gansu, and
Yunnan)
- Government-in-exile: Central Tibetan Administration
- Advocacy groups: Tibetan Youth Congress, International Tibet Independence Movement [15] [16] [a]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Inner Mongolia (member of the
UNPO)
[19] or unification with
Mongolia
- Ethnic group: Mongols
- Political parties: Southern Mongolian Democratic Alliance, Mongolian Liberal Union Party, Inner Mongolian People's Party
Taiwan is not included in this list because it is not governed by the People's Republic of China. As of 2024, Taiwan is recognized by 11 members of the United Nations and the Holy See with others maintaining unofficial relations. [20]
Minor movements
-
Shanghainese nationalism
[21]
[22]
[23]
-
Cantonese nationalism,
[24]
[25]
[26]
-
Bashu nationalism
[27]
[28]
- Hui pan-nationalism or Ningxia, proposed greater autonomy [29] [30]
-
Manchukuo Government in exile
-
Fujian nationalism or American Hokkienese autonomy Association
[31]
[32]
[33]
[34]
Georgia
Territory of the former
Abkhaz Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
- Ethnic group:
Abkhazians
- De facto state:
Abkhazia
[35] (
recognized by 5 UN members)
- Political organization: Government of Abkhazia
- Militant organization: Abkhazian Armed Forces
- De facto state:
Territory of the former
South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast
- Ethnic group:
Ossetians
- De facto state:
South Ossetia
[36] (
recognized by 5 UN members)
- Political organization: Government of South Ossetia
- Militant organization: Armed Forces of South Ossetia
- De facto state:
- Ethnic group:
Armenians in Samtskhe–Javakheti
- Proposed autonomous region:
Javakhk (Javakheti)
- Political party: United Javakhk Democratic Alliance [37] [38] [39]
- Proposed autonomous region:
India
- Separatist movements
- Proposed state:
Assam
- Ethnic group: Assamese people
- Militant organizations:
United Liberation Front of Asom,
Muslim United Liberation Tigers of Assam
- Proposed state:
Nagalim
- Ethnic group: Naga people
- Militant organization:
National Socialist Council of Nagaland
- Proposed: independence or autonomy for
Jammu and Kashmir from
India or unification with
Pakistan
- Ethnic group: Kashmiri Muslims
- Political organizations: All Parties Hurriyat Conference, Jammu & Kashmir Ittihadul Muslimeen
- Political parties (autonomy): Jammu and Kashmir People's Conference, Jammu and Kashmir Peoples Democratic Party, Jammu & Kashmir National Conference
- Militant organizations:
Lashkar-e-Taiba,
Hizbul Mujahideen,
Jaish-e-Mohammed,
Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Proposed state:
Kamtapur or becoming a
state of India
- Ethnic group: Rajbanshi people
- Political parties (statehood): Kamtapur People's Party
- Militant organization:
Kamtapur Liberation Organisation
[43]
[44]
[45]
- Proposed state:
Manipur
- Ethnic groups: Meitei, Pangal, Naga
- Government-in-exile: Manipur State Council [48]
- Militant organizations:
United National Liberation Front,
People's Liberation Army of Manipur,
Kangleipak Communist Party,
People's Revolutionary Party of Kangleipak,
Kanglei Yawol Kanna Lup,
Maoist Communist Party of Manipur
- Proposed state:
Kingdom of Sikkim
- Ethnic group: Sikkimese people
- Proposed state:
Khalistan
[50]
- Ethnic group: Punjabi Sikhs
- Militant organizations:
Babbar Khalsa,
Bhindranwale Tiger Force of Khalistan,
Khalistan Commando Force,
Khalistan Liberation Force,
Khalistan Zindabad Force,
ISYF,
AISSF,
International Sikh Youth Federation,
Waris Punjab De
- Proposed state:
Meghalaya
- Ethnic groups: Khasi people, Pnar people
- Militant organization: Hynniewtrep National Liberation Council
- Advocacy group:
Seng Khasi Movement
Tripuri-majority areas of Tripura
- Proposed state:
Tipraland
- Ethnic group: Tripuri people
- Political parties:
Tipra Motha Party,
Tipraland State Party,
Indigenous Nationalist Party of Twipra
- Militant organisation:
National Liberation Front of Tripura,
[51]
All Tripura Tiger Force
- Proposed state:
Mizoram
[52]
[53]
- Ethnic group:
Mizo people
- Political parties: Mizo National Front, Zoram People's Movement, Hmar People's Convention
- Proposed state:
Zale'n-gam
- Ethnic group:
Bnei Menashe
[54]
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Ethnic group:
- Proposed state:
Santhal Pargana
[55]
- Ethnic group: Santal people
- Militant organisation: Birsa Commando Force [56] [57] [58]
- Ethnic group:
Dimasa People
[59]
- Proposed state: Dimasaland [60]
- Militant organisation: Dimasa National Liberation Army [61] [62]
- Ethnic group: Tiwa people [63]
Zogam (In
India the claimed territories are:
Barak Valley,
Tripura,
East Jaintia Hills,
Dima Hasao district and
Karbi Anglong district of
Assam)
- Ethnic group:
Zomi
- Proposed state:
Zogam
- Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army [13]
- Proposed state:
South India (includes Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Puducherry, Lakshadweep and Telangana)
- Ethnic groups:
Dravidians (
Telugus,
Tamils,
Kannadigas,
Malayalis,
Tuluvas)
- Proposed state: Republic of South India
[69]
[70]
[71] or
Dravida Nadu
[72]
- Political party: Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK) [73]
- Proposed state: Republic of South India
[69]
[70]
[71] or
- Autonomist or statehood movements
- State or extended autonomous area:
Rabha Hasong
[74]
[75]
- Ethnic group: Rabha people
- Militant organizations: Rabha Jatiya Aikya Manch, Rabha Vipers Army (RVA), [76] Rabha National Liberation Army, [77] Rabha Jatiya Mukti Bahini (RJMB) [78] [79] [80]
- Ethnic group:
Indian Gorkhas
- Proposal: creation of a separate autonomous Gorkhaland state within India [81]
- Political movement:
Gorkhaland movement
- Political parties:
Gorkha National Liberation Front,
Akhil Bharatiya Gorkha League,
Gorkha Janmukti Morcha
- Ethnic group:
Garo people
- Proposal: making the Garo Hills Autonomous District Council into an autonomous state of India [86] [87] [88]
- Political party: Garo National Council
- Ethnic group:
Bundelkhandi
- Proposal: making the region of Bundelkhand into a state of India [89]
- Political party: Bundelkhand Mukti Morcha
- Ethnic group:
Marathi people
- Proposal: separation of Vidarbha from the state of Maharashtra [90]
- Political party: Vidarbha Rajya Party, Vidarbha Vikas Party, Nag Vidarbha Andolan Samiti
- Ethnic group:
Goans
- Proposed autonomous region: Goa [91]
- Political party: Niz Goenkar Revolution Front
- Ethnic group:
Dogri people
- Proposal: separation of the Jammu region from Jammu and Kashmir as a separate state within india [92]
- Political party: Ikkjutt Jammu
- Ethnic group:
Bodo people
- Proposal: statehood for Bodoland [93] [94]
- Political party: Bodo National Students Union [95]
Indonesia
- Ethnic group:
Acehnese
- Proposed state:
Aceh
- Militant organisation: Free Aceh Movement (negotiated peace with the Indonesian government in 2005, and now it is a civil movement, but the separatism still has supporters)
- Advocacy Group: Aceh-Sumatra National Liberation Front (Member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) [96] [97] [98]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Riau Malays
- Ethnic group:
Minahasan
- Proposed state:
Greater Minahasa
[104]
- Advocacy group: Independent Minahasa Movement (Gerakan Minahasa Merdeka), [104] Greater Minahasa Alliance [105] [106] [107]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Balinese
Iran
- Ethnic group:
Khuzestani Arabs
- Proposed state:
Al-Ahwaz
[113]
- Militant organisations: Al-Ahwaz Arab People's Democratic Popular Front, National Liberation Movement of Ahwaz, Ahwaz Arab Renaissance Party, Ahwaz Liberation Organisation, Arab Struggle Movement for the Liberation of Ahwaz
- Advocacy group: Democratic Solidarity Party of Al-Ahwaz (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic groups:
Kurds
- Proposed state:
Kurdistan
[114]
- Political parties: Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Party for a Free Life in Kurdistan, Komalah
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic groups:
Iranian Azerbaijanis
- Proposed state:
South Azerbaijan
[115]
[116]
[117] or unification with
Azerbaijan
- Advocacy group: South Azerbaijan National Awakening Movement, [118] [119] Azerbaijan National Resistance Organization [120] [121] [122]
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Balochs
- Proposed state:
Balochistan along with
Balochistan, Pakistan
[123]
[124] and
Baloch majority territories in
Afghanistan
- Militant organisations: Jundallah (Historical), [125] [126] [127] Jaish ul-Adl (Currently Active) [128] [129]
- Proposed state:
Iraq
Proposed state:
Kurdistan
- Ethnic group: Kurds
- Current de jure and de facto autonomous region:
Iraqi Kurdistan
- Political parties: Kurdistan Independence Movement, Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iraq, Patriotic Union of Kurdistan (members of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisation: Peshmerga
- Proposed autonomous area:
Nineveh Plains
- Ethnic group:
Assyrians,
Chaldeans,
Arab Christians
- Proposed state:
Assyria
- Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyrian Universal Alliance (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization), Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisation: Nineveh Plain Protection Units
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Assyrians,
Chaldeans,
Arab Christians
- Proposed autonomous area: Al-Rafidain Autonomous Region
Proposed state: Basra [130] [131] [132]
- Current de jure and de facto autonomous region:
Basra Governorate
- Ethnic group:
Iraqi Turkmen
- Proposed autonomous region or state:
Turkmeneli
[134]
[135]
[136]
- Political party: Iraqi Turkmen Front (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization) [137]
- Proposed autonomous region or state:
- Ethnic group:
Yazidis
- Proposal: autonomy for the Sinjar region, including the Sinjar Mountains
- Political parties:
Yazidi Movement for Reform and Progress,
Sinjar Alliance
[138]
[139]
Israel
West Bank and the Gaza Strip
- People:
Palestinians
- De jure state:
Palestine (recognized by
138 UN member states)
- Proposal:
re-unification with
Israel or
recognition of Palestine
- Political organization: Government of Palestine
- Militant organization: Palestinian National Security Forces, Palestine Liberation Army
- Proposal:
re-unification with
- De jure state:
Japan
- Ethnic group:
Ryukyuan
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Republic of Ryukyu or
Ryukyu Kingdom
[140]
- Political parties: Kariyushi Club, formerly Ryūkyū Independence Party (琉球独立党, Ryūkyū Dokuritsutō)
- Political groups: Ryukyu independence movement
- Note: The supporters of the movement want the Amami Islands in Kagoshima Prefecture, former part of the defunct Ryukyu Kingdom until 1609, to be part of independent Ryukyu.
- Proposed state or autonomous area:
Laos
- Ethnic group: Hmong people
Malaysia
Sarawak
[144]
[145]
[146]
[147]
- Ethnic groups: Chinese, (See Demographics of Sarawak)
- Proposed state:
Sarawak
- Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sarawak For Sarawakian Big Team (S4S Big Team), Sarawak Association of People's Aspirations (SAPA), Sarawak Sovereignty Movement, Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM), Sarawak Liberation Movement [144] [148] [149]
- Political parties: Parti Bumi Kenyalang
- Ethnic groups: Chinese, (See Demographics of Sabah)
- Proposed state: Sabah
- Advocacy groups: Borneo Heritage Foundation (BHF), Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia (SSKM) [144] [148]
Myanmar
- Ethnic group:
Rakhine
- Proposed state:
Arakan State
- Advocacy groups: Arakan Independence Alliance, Arakan Army (Kachin State), Arakan Army (Kayin State)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group: Chin
- De Facto State:
Chinland
[
citation needed]
- Political Party:
Chin National Front
- Militant organisation: Chin National Army (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Ethnic group:
Karen
- Proposed state:
Kawthoolei
- Militant organisation: Karen National Liberation Army
- Advocacy group: Karen National Union
- Proposed state:
Kawthoolei
- Ethnic group:
Karenni
- Proposed state:
Kayah State
- Militant organisation: Karenni Army
- Advocacy group: Karenni National Progressive Party (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Government-in-exile: Karenni Provisional Government
- Proposed state:
Kayah State
- Ethnic group:
Kokang people (ethnic Han Chinese)
- Proposed state:
Kokang
- Militant organisation: Myanmar National Democratic Alliance Army
- Proposed state:
Kokang
- Ethnic group:
Mon
- Proposed state:
Mon State, Monland
- Political party: New Mon State Party
- Proposed state:
Mon State, Monland
- Ethnic group:
Rohingya
- Proposed state:
Rahmanland
- Militant organisation: Arakan Rohingya Salvation Army [150]
- Advocacy groups: Arakan Rohingya National Organisation, [151] [152] Rohingya National Council [153]
- Proposed state:
Rahmanland
- Ethnic group:
Shan (member of the
Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Proposed state:
Shan Republic
- Political party: Shan Democratic Union
- Militant organisation: Shan State Army
- Advocacy group: Restoration Council of Shan State
- Government in exile: Interim Government of Federated Shan States [154]
- Proposed state:
Shan Republic
- Proposed state:
Pa'O Self-Administered Zone
- Ethnic group: Pa'O
- Militant organisation:
Pa-O National Liberation Army
- Proposed state:
Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone
- Ethnic group: Palaung
- Militant organisation:
Palaung State Liberation Army
- Ethnic group:
Wa
- Proposed/de facto State:
Wa State
- Political party:
United Wa State Party
- Militant organisation:
United Wa State Army
- Proposed/de facto State:
Wa State
- Ethnic group:
Kuki
- Proposed state:
Zale'n-gam
- Militant organisation: Kuki National Army
- Advocacy group: Kuki National Organisation
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Zomi
- Proposed state:
Zogam
- Militant organisation: Zomi Revolutionary Army [13]
- Proposed state:
- Proposed state:
Nagalim
- Ethnic group: Naga people
- Militant organization:
National Socialist Council of Nagaland
Nepal
- Ethnic group:
Kiratis
- Proposed state: Kirat
- Political party: Kirat Janabadi Workers Party
- Ethnic group:
Madhesi peoples (including
Maithils,
Bhojpuris and
Tharus).
- Proposed state:
Madhesh
- Militant organisations: Janatantrik Terai Mukti Morcha, Madhesh Mukti Tigers (MMT), Tharuwan National Liberation Front (TNLF) [156]
- Advocacy group: Alliance for Independent Madhesh [157] Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party, Terai Madhesh Loktantrik Party (2007), Terai Madhes Sadbhavana Party [158]
- Proposed state:
Pakistan
- Proposed: secession of
Azad Kashmir from
Pakistan
[159]
[160]
- Ethnic groups: Kashmiri Muslims, Kashmiris
- Political party: Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front
- Proposed: autonomy for
Gilgit-Baltistan
- Ethnic groups: Baltis, Shins
- Political party:
Balawaristan National Front (Naji)
[161]
- Ethnic group:
Balochs
- Proposed state:
Balochistan along with
Sistan and Baluchestan of
Iran and
some parts of
Afghanistan
[164]
- Political parties: Baloch National Movement, Baloch Republican Party, Free Balochistan Movement (member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization)
- Militant organisations: Baloch Liberation Army, Baloch Liberation Front, Baloch Nationalist Army,
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Sindhi
- Proposed state:
Sindhudesh
- Political parties: Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz, Jeay Sindh Muttahida Mahaz, Sindh United Party
- Student organization: Jeay Sindh Studdents' Federation
- Militant organization: Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Pashtun
- Proposition: Advocating for the regional autonomy and increased Pashtun cultural expression
- Political party : Awami National Party, Taliban [167]
- Ethnic group:
Muhajir
- Proposition: creation of a separate province for the Muhajirs
- Political Parties: Mohajir Qaumi Movement Pakistan, [168] [169] [170] Muttahida Qaumi Movement - London [171]
Philippines
Sulu archipelago and parts of Zamboanga Peninsula
- Ethnic groups:
Moro (
Tausūg,
Banguingui,
Sama-Bajau,
Yakan)
- Proposed state/autonomous area: Bangsa Sūg [172] [173]
Cordillera Administrative Region
- Ethnic group:
Igorot
- Proposed autonomous area: Cordillera Autonomous Region [174] or Autonomous Region of the Cordillera [175] [176]
- Advocacy groups: Autonomy in the Administrative Cordillera Movement, [177] Cordillera People's Liberation Army, [178] [179] Cordillera Bodong Administration [180]
- Ethnic groups: Cebuano settlers and Hiligaynon settlers
Other Islamic militants operating in Mindanao had goals to create an Islamic state in the Philippines, such as the Bangsamoro Islamic Freedom Fighters. [183] [184] [185]
Russia
Siberia or
Siberian Federal District
[186]
- Ethnic group:
Russians,
Siberians (
Siberian peoples)
- Proposed state or federal subject:
Siberian Republic
- Militant organisation: Siberian Battalion of the
Civic Council
[187]
- Advocacy groups: Siberian regionalist groups, [188] Civil Council
- Militant organisation: Siberian Battalion of the
Civic Council
[187]
- Proposed state or federal subject:
- Ethnic group:
Buryats
- Proposed state:
Buryatia or unification with
Mongolia
[189]
- Advocacy groups: Free Buryatia Foundation
- Proposed state:
Ural Federal District [190] [191]
- ethnic group:
Russians
- proposed state:
Ural Republic
[192]
[193]
- political parties: Ural Republic Movement, Free Ural, The Ural Democratic foundation
- proposed state:
Sri Lanka
- Ethnic group:
Sri Lankan Tamils
- Proposed state:
Tamil Eelam
- Militant organisation:
Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam,
[194]
[195]
[196]
People's Liberation Organisation of Tamil Eelam,
etc.
- Political parties: Tamil National Alliance, People's Front of Liberation Tigers
- Government in exile: Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam [197] [198]
- Advocacy groups: Global Tamil Forum, Tamil Youth Organisation, World Tamil Movement
- Proposed state:
Syria
De facto autonomous region:
Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria (Rojava)
- Larger ethnic groups: Kurds, Arabs, Assyrians
- Smaller ethnic groups:
Armenians,
Turkmen,
Yazidis,
Circassians
- Political organisation: Syrian Democratic Council
- Militant organisation: Syrian Democratic Forces
Separatist movements:
- Ethnic group:
Assyrians
[199]
- Proposed state:
Assyria
- Political parties: Syriac Union Party, Assyrian Democratic Organization
- Militant organisations: Syriac Military Council, Sutoro
- Advocacy groups: Assyria Council of Europe,
- Proposed state:
Autonomist movements:
- Ethnic Groups: Druze
Taiwan
The
Republic of China (ROC), commonly known as Taiwan, is a state that has diplomatic relations with 11
United Nations member states (as well as the
Holy See, an
observer).
[20]
- Proposed state:
Republic of Taiwan
- Movement:
Taiwan independence movement,
Taiwanese nationalism
- Note: The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) has been democratically elected to power in Taiwan five times; in 2000 (until 2004), in 2004 (until 2008), in 2016 (until 2020), in 2020 (until 2024), and in 2024 (until 2028). Although the DPP has been the nominal ruling party of the Republic of China throughout these four ruling terms, the DPP has been pushing a pro-Taiwan independence agenda, whether tacitly or overtly. Some representatives of the DPP, such as William Lai, argue that Taiwan independence should not even be considered an "independence movement" but is rather the recognition of the reality of the current situation of the Republic of China on Taiwan. Many supporters of Taiwan independence believe that Taiwan, under the formal name of the "Republic of China", is already an independent country from mainland China, under the formal name of the "People's Republic of China". Some groups also exclude the Kinmen and Matsu Islands from their proposal.
- Political parties: Pan-Green Coalition ( Democratic Progressive Party, Taiwan Solidarity Union, Taiwan Independence Party), New Power Party, Taiwan Statebuilding Party
- Advocacy groups: Keep Taiwan Free (Taiwanese organisation), World United Formosans for Independence
- Movement:
Taiwan independence movement,
Taiwanese nationalism
- Ethnic group:
Native Taiwanese
- Proposed: autonomy for the indigenous peoples of Taiwan [204]
- Political party: Taiwan First Nations Party [205]
Thailand
- Ethnic group:
Patani Malays
- Proposed state:
Pattani Darul Makrif,
[206] unification with
Malaysia
[207]
[208]
- Militant organisation: Patani United Liberation Organisation, Patani Malays National Revolutionary Front, Runda Kumpulan Kecil, Pattani Islamic Mujahideen Movement, Islamic Liberation Front of Patani
- Advocacy group: Pelajar Bangsa [209] [210] [211]
- Proposed state:
Turkey
- Ethnic group:
Kurds
- Proposed state:
Kurdistan
- Militant organisations: Democrat Party of Kurdistan/North (PDK/Bakur), Revolutionary Party of Kurdistan (PŞK), Communist Party of Kurdistan (KKP)
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Assyrians,
Arab Christians
- Proposed state:
Assyria
- Political parties: Assyrian Democratic Movement, Assyria Liberation Party
- Militant organisations: Nineveh Plain Protection Units, Dwekh Nawsha
- Advocacy groups: Assyrian General Conference, Assyria Council of Europe
- Proposed state:
- Ethnic group:
Zazas
- Proposed state:
Zazaistan
- Political parties: Democracy Time Party [213]
- Advocacy groups: Federation of Zaza Associations
- Proposed state:
Uzbekistan
Karakalpakstan
[214]
[215]
[216]
- Ethnic group:
Karakalpaks
- Proposed state:
Republic of Karakalpakstan
- Advocacy group: Free Karakalpakstan National Revival Party [217](Activity[ citation needed])
- Proposed state:
Vietnam
Quảng Bình province, Quảng Trị province, Thừa Thiên Huế province
- Ethnic group:
Montagnard
[218]
- Proposed: autonomy
[219] for the
Montagnard
- Political organisations:
Montagnard Foundation, Inc.,
United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races(Defunct), Montagnard Dega Association, Montagnard Human Rights Organization, United Montagnard People, M'Nong Bu-dang, Movement for the Unity of Ethnic Groups of South Viet-Nam
[220]
- Proposed: autonomy
[219] for the
Mekong Delta and South East Vietnam
- Ethnic group:
Khmer Krom
[221]
[222]
- Proposed: Autonomy or Independence for the Khmer Krom
- Political party:
Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation,
United Front for the Liberation of Oppressed Races(Defunct)
Yemen
-
South Yemen
- Proposed state:
The Republic of South Arabia or
Hadhramout Arab State or
The Republic of South Yemen
[223]
[b]
- De facto state:
Southern Transitional Council
[224]
[225]
[226]
- Political parties: Yemeni Socialist Party
- Proposed state:
-
Hadhramaut
[227]
- Ethnic group:
Hadharem as well as
Mehri and
Soqotri
- Proposed state:
Hadhramaut Arab State
- De facto state:
Hadhramaut Region,
Protectorate of South Arabia
- Political party: Hadhrami League, Hadramout National Council
- Proposed state:
See also
References
- ^ Gehring, Kai; Schneider, Stephan A. (2017). "Regional Resources and Democratic Secessionism". Proceedings. Annual Conference on Taxation and Minutes of the Annual Meeting of the National Tax Association. 110: 6. ISSN 1549-7542. JSTOR 26794426.
- ^ "(Video) "Dzhabhat Turkestan Janubi" (South Turkestan [Turkistan] Front) Forms In Opposition of Taliban (IEA) in Balkh Mazar-i-Sharif Province, Afghanistan - 30 June 2022". TRAC. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ Research, Security Risks (20 May 2022). "Mapping Afghan Resistance Movement". Security Risks Asia. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Infographic: Anti-Taliban Groups in Afghanistan". Islamic World News. 6 July 2022. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "Infographic: Anti-Taliban Groups in Afghanistan". makhaterltakfir.com. Retrieved 27 December 2022.
- ^ "What Happened to the Northern Alliance in Afghanistan?".
- ^ "Australian Government Department of Home Affairs Common Claims Afghanistan Country of Origin Information Services Section (COISS) Effective from 10 June 2022" (PDF).
- ^ "UNPO: Talysh". unpo.org. Retrieved 29 November 2020.
- ^ Regering in ballingschap ondersteunt strijd in Azerbeidzjan. // Vluchtelingen Dag krant. — Netherlands, 20.06.2019. — P. 4.
- ^ Demirdjian, Z. S. Andrew (25 May 2021). "Lezgistan: Lurking threat to Azerbaijan". Keghart. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ "Bangladesh hiding rights violations in Chittagong". www.ucanews.com. Retrieved 28 September 2022.
- ^ "UNPO: Chittagong Hills Tract: 'Full Autonomy the Only Solution'". unpo.org.
- ^ a b c Pau, Thang Lian (31 January 2014). "Zomi te koitan tungta ihiam? (Where Are We Now?)". Zomi Daily. Archived from the original on 5 December 2020.
- ^ "Independence Is the Only Way Forward for East Turkestan". 22 April 2024.
- ^ "China says separatists sparked violence in Sichuan". February 2012.
- ^ Sautman, Barry (2005). "China's Strategic Vulnerability to Minority Separatism in Tibet". Asian Affairs. 32 (2): 87–118. doi: 10.3200/AAFS.32.2.87-118. JSTOR 30172870. S2CID 154271958.
- ^ Steger, Isabella (4 September 2020). "China's insatiable appetite for control is forcing even its "model minority" to rebel". Quartz. Archived from the original on 7 September 2020. Retrieved 8 September 2020.
- ^ "Inner Mongolia--Another Tibet or Xinjiang? | Wilson Center". www.wilsoncenter.org.
- ^ "UNPO: Southern Mongolia". unpo.org.
- ^ a b "Kiribati cuts ties with Taiwan to switch to China, days after Solomon Islands". www.abc.net.au. 20 September 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2020.
- ^ Areddy, James T. (23 April 2022). "Shanghai Lockdown Bolsters a Fringe Independence Movement". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "Chinese Regional Separatist Movements". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 9 October 2022.
- ^ "独派人士下月聚首华府 向中国霸权说不". 22 September 2019. Archived from the original on 22 September 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ "Protest in Amsterdam Marks 75th Anniversary of World Human Rights Day - Support Uyghurs". 14 December 2023. Archived from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ "Hong Kong Extradition Bill Protests Photo Gallery". 7 February 2023. Archived from the original on 7 February 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ "世界人权日 伦敦多族裔游行促向北京问责 — 普通话主页". 17 December 2023. Archived from the original on 17 December 2023. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ tibetanreview (6 August 2022). "Sinicization will not succeed, Basuria will be free again". Tibetan Review. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "Republic of Basuria". Republic of Basuria. Retrieved 9 April 2024.
- ^ "Muslim Chinese : ethnic nationalism in the people's republic | WorldCat.org". search.worldcat.org. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
-
^
"https://www.nytimes.com/2016/02/02/world/asia/china-islam-hui-ningxia.html".
The New York Times.
{{ cite web}}: External link in|title= - ^ 8th Free Nations #PostRussia of Forum #London & #Paris Promo autumn2023 Hokkienam #PostPRC #MBTPAxis. Retrieved 9 April 2024 – via www.youtube.com.
- ^ "Chinese Regional Separatist Movements". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ "Language Log » Hokkien renaissance". Retrieved 18 April 2024.
- ^ Guingona, Phillip B., ed. (2024), "Capital Heroes and a Hokkien Nation", China and the Philippines: A Connected History, c. 1900–50, Asian Connections, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 125–147, doi: 10.1017/9781009359207.006, ISBN 978-1-009-35924-5, retrieved 18 April 2024
- ^ "Abkhazia profile". BBC News. 13 January 2020.
- ^ "South Ossetia profile". BBC News. 21 April 2016.
- ^ Aghalaryan, Kristine (April 2011). "Javakhk – Autonomy Is the Only Solution". Hetq Online. Retrieved 1 October 2022.
- ^ "Civil Georgia | Russia Claims Ethnic Armenians Demand Autonomy in Samtskhe-Javakheti". civil.ge. 13 July 2021.
- ^ "Georgia: Javakheti Armenians' Call For Autonomy Has Tbilisi On Guard (Part 1)". www.rferl.org.
- ^ Basu, Sayak. "History of separatism in the conflicted northeastern state of Nagaland". Deccan Herald.
- ^ Shingavi, Snehal. "Understanding Kashmir's struggle for independence | International Socialist Review". isreview.org.
- ^ "Separatist Call For A 'Sovereign Kamatapur' Rises In North Bengal".
-
^ Ghosal, Aniruddha (17 April 2019).
"Former Militants of Banned Outfit Among Those on Election Duty in Darjeeling". News18. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
The organisation, banned by the Union government in 2014, aims to carve out a separate Kamtapur nation from India, comprising of six districts in West Bengal and four in Assam
- ^ BASUMATARY, RINOY (28 December 2018). "KLO vows to launch armed 'liberation' struggle against India". NORTHEAST NOW. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
-
^ Selvaraj, A (26 April 2019).
"Suspected member of Kamtapur militant group arrested in Chennai | Chennai News - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 15 October 2019.
The Chennai city police on Friday arrested a suspected member of an extremist organization that demands carving out a separate state - Kamtapur - from West Bengal and Assam.
- ^ "Explained: How big is insurgency threat in Manipur?". 23 February 2022.
- ^ "Draconian laws fuel separatist movements in India's conflict-hit Manipur state". 5 June 2023.
- ^ "Indian Manipur separatists announce exiled government in UK". www.aljazeera.com.
- ^ Kazi, Jigme N. (2020). Sons of Sikkim. Chennai: Notion Press. pp. 389–391.
- ^ "Khalistan: The outlawed Sikh separatist movement that has Indian authorities on edge". 22 March 2023.
- ^ "Tripura: Injured BSF jawan dies after ambush by NLFT militants". 19 August 2022.
- ^ "Why Mizoram showed 'Hello independence' placards during protests". 13 February 2019.
- ^ "Mizoram: Mizo 'freedom fighters' still long for independence, even after 56 years". 2 March 2022.
- ^ "Menashe People (India)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Santals (India)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Birsa Commando Force (BCF) Archives". Northeast Today. 15 September 2022. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Birsa Commando Force (BCF) Terrorist Group, Assam". www.satp.org. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Adivasi outfit for Delhi role - Birsa Commando Force miffed with Dispur". www.telegraphindia.com. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Dimasa People (India)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ Sirur, Simrin (23 May 2021). "What is DNLA? Northeast rebel group of Dimasa tribe that lost 6 members in Assam encounter". ThePrint. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Explained: The significance of DNLA militants laying down arms in Assam". The Indian Express. 14 November 2021. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Dimasa National Liberation Army (DNLA) Terrorist Group, India". www.satp.org. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ Bureau, The Meghalayan (15 July 2022). "Tiwa organisations block NH-37 against govt move to create ASCR". The Meghalayan. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Tiwa Liberation Army militant apprehended by local people, arrested by police in Assam". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Tiwa Organisations Raise Voice For Tiwa Liberation Army - The Hills Times". 7 May 2022. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ Desk, Sentinel Digital (3 November 2020). "Tiwa organizations demand the inclusion of left out ST villages in TAC - Sentinelassam". www.sentinelassam.com. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Tiwa Liberation Army militant apprehended by local people, arrested by police in Assam". The Economic Times. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ Bureau, The Hindu (27 January 2022). "250 Tiwa, Gorkha extremists give up arms in Assam". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "'A Republic of South India' may still be possible, and blame for this rests with Left-'liberal'-missionary ecosystem". 6 May 2023.
- ^ "A Republic of South India is not entirely unthinkable". May 2023.
- ^ "Live Mint Columnist Fantacizes About Secession of Southern States from India". May 2023.
- ^ "South Indian leader wants separation from India". 21 March 2018.
- ^ "United States of Dravidian Republic: DMK Leader Calls for Secession of South States from India". 19 February 2023.
- ^ "Rabha National Security Force (RNSF)". www.satp.org. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Rabha Hasong - Rabhaland (India)". www.crwflags.com. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "RVA rebel held in Kokrajhar". Assam Times. 5 November 2017. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Rabha National Liberation Army 'commander-in-chief' Deepak Rabha arrested". The Economic Times. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Assam Timeline - Year 2000". www.satp.org. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "terrorist-group-incident-text-india-rabha-national-liberation-front-rnlf_Aug-2013". www.satp.org. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ Kmaneck, Roshneesh. "644 militants surrender in Assam". Rediff. Retrieved 22 December 2022.
- ^ "Gorkhaland Issue". www.iasparliament.com.
- ^ "Ladakh, a fragile region, needs autonomy". The Hindu. 14 February 2023.
- ^ "United across Leh and Kargil, Ladakh takes demand for autonomy to Delhi now". 14 February 2023.
- ^ Habibullah, Hamaad. "India's Ladakh region wants its autonomy back". FairPlanet.
- ^ "Why Ladakh demanded autonomy since India's independence". 29 October 2021.
- ^ "Garoland Statehood demand re-emerges". 17 November 2022.
- ^ "Garo National Liberation Army (GNLA)". 9 July 2014. Archived from the original on 9 July 2014. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ "Green towel hoisted as flag in Barak Valley; 5 arrested for raising anti-India slogans". Barak Bulletin. 27 January 2020. Retrieved 23 December 2022.
- ^ ""'Bundelkhand's statehood must'"".
- ^ "Decades-old demand for Vidarbha statehood on the wane?". 16 October 2019.
- ^ "Sedition charges against Atnasio Lobo for 'Free Goa from India' petition".
- ^ "Jammu outfits renew demand for separate statehood". 5 June 2023.
- ^ "Bodos again raise Bodoland statehood demand". 9 August 2022.
- ^ "STATEHOOD MOVEMENT: BODOLAND".
- ^ "New student body revives Bodoland statehood demand". The Hindu. 8 April 2022.
- ^ "UNPO: Aceh-Sumatra National Liberation Front's (ASNLF) participation in Indonesia's UPR review in Geneva".
- ^ "UNPO: Acheh Representative ASNLF Set to Protest in Finnish Capital Ahead of Anniversary of Memorandum".
- ^ "About – Acheh-Sumatra National Liberation Front". Archived from the original on 18 December 2021.
- ^ Colombijn, Freek (2003). "When there is nothing to imagine: Nationalism in Riau". Framing Indonesian Realities. Brill. pp. 333–370. ISBN 978-90-04-48682-9.
- ^ "Usai Deklarasi, Presiden Riau Merdeka Disembunyikan Mahasiswa". kumparan (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 April 2023.
- ^ Simanjuntak, Surya Dua Artha (12 December 2022). "Bupati Meranti Ancam Gabung Malaysia dan Angkat Senjata, Pengamat: Awas Makar!". Bisnis.com.
- ^ Tanjung, Erick; Ardiansyah, Novian (20 December 2022). "Buntut Ancam 'Gabung ke Malaysia', Bupati Meranti Dipanggil Kemendagri: Bahas DBH Minyak Bukan Sanksi". suara.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 April 2023.
- ^ "VIDEO: Bupati Meranti Dimediasi Usai Ancam Gabung Malaysia". 21 December 2022.
- ^ a b Renaldi, Adi (22 May 2017). "Did the Ahok Verdict Spark a Separatist Movement in North Sulawesi?". Vice. Retrieved 22 October 2022.
- ^ "Jurnalis ditahan terkait Referendum Minahasa, pegiat HAM anggap berlebihan". BBC News Indonesia (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Siswoyo, Harry; Mukti, Fajar Ginanjar (17 May 2017). "Minahasa Merdeka, Haruskah?". VIVA (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Renaldi, Adi (22 May 2017). "Tuntutan Minahasa Merdeka Merespons Menangnya Intoleransi Di Kasus Ahok". www.vice.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ "Establishing-A-Special-Autonomy-Model-In-Bali-As-A-Means-Of-Preserving-Hindu-Balinese-Culture-And-Space" (PDF).
- ^ Priatmojo, Dedy; Andalan, Bobby (21 September 2016). "Polda Bali Segera Tindak Seruan Separatisme ForBALI". VIVA (in Indonesian). Retrieved 24 December 2022.
- ^ "Bali Pushes for Special Autonomy". The Bali Times. 8 June 2007. Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ "Bali Ancam Merdeka". detiknews (in Indonesian). Retrieved 19 December 2022.
- ^ Sihombing, Martin (12 September 2016). "KAMPANYE ForBALI Mengarah Ke Separatisme". Bisnis.com (in Indonesian). Retrieved 26 April 2023.
-
^
"Archived copy". Archived from
the original on 12 August 2010. Retrieved 28 July 2010.
{{ cite web}}: CS1 maint: archived copy as title ( link) National Libration [ sic] Movement of Ahwaz - ^ "Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan". Democratic Party of Iranian Kurdistan. Archived from the original on 1 April 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
- ^ "Whole Azerbaijan Pdf".
- ^ "Bütöv Azerbaycan!". www.cumhuriyet.com.tr (in Turkish). Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ "Elçibey'in "Birleşmiş Azerbaycan" ideolojisi – KAFKASSAM – Kafkasya Stratejik Araştırmalar Merkezi". 5 May 2020. Retrieved 12 May 2021.
- ^ "Official statement of the Central Committee of SANLM regarding the dismissal of Chehregani". Camah.com (in Azerbaijani). 21 January 2002. Archived from the original on 19 October 2004.
- ^ "Dissident Iranian Azeri Confirms he was Deported from Azerbaijan". EurasiaNet. 13 June 2006. Archived from the original on 4 September 2008.
- ^ "Güney Azerbaycan Türklüğü nün Özgürlük Mücadelesi Yolunda Azerbaycan Millî Direniş Teşkilatı (AMDT) kitap, Son Çağ yayın evi Matbaacılık Ltd.Şri" (PDF). Retrieved 25 June 2019. [ permanent dead link]
- ^ "Foreign Ministry Spokesman Denies Iran Is Transiting Russian Arms To Armenia". Iran International. 29 September 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ "Iran's Neutrality Under Strain As Ethnic And Religious Sympathy Builds For Azerbaijan". Iran International. 1 October 2020. Retrieved 6 April 2021.
- ^ Aryan, Hossein (22 October 2009). "Iran Offers Short-Term Solutions To Long-Term Problems". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ SAAG (16 November 2016). "Greater Balochistan: A Quiet Frontier Set To Explode – Analysis". Eurasia Review. Retrieved 19 February 2022.
- ^ "Jundallah: Iran's Sunni rebels". Al Jazeera English. Al Jazeera. 22 June 2010. Archived from the original on 23 June 2010. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ Aryan, Hossein (22 October 2009). "Iran Offers Short-Term Solutions To Long-Term Problems Of Baluch Minority". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 15 December 2014.
- ^ "Iran 'militant' claims US support". BBC News. 26 February 2010.
- ^ "Border Insecurity in Iran Amid Regime Crackdown on Minorities". Voice of America. 16 October 2018.
- ^ "At least 14 Iranian guards kidnapped near Pakistan border: Iranian media". Samaa Tv. 16 October 2018.
- ^ "Basra "Moving Towards Independence" | Iraq Business News". 31 December 2014. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ "Kurdistan of the south, Basra takes further steps toward independence inside Iraq". Kurd Net - Ekurd.net Daily News. 10 April 2015. Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ "Never-Ending Story: Basra's Quest for Independence".
- ^ publisher (28 December 2021). "A New Region, or Independence? Basra's Demands Amidst a Local Government Crisis". صفاء خلف - Safaa Khalaf (in Arabic). Retrieved 30 July 2022.
- ^ "UNPO: Iraqi Turkmen: Establishment of Iraqi Turkmen Autonomy". unpo.org.
- ^ "Iraqi Turkmen may declare autonomy | Report.az". report.az.
- ^ Kesling, Ben; Peker, Emre (18 July 2014). "Minorities in Iraq Follow Kurds in Pushing for More Autonomy". Wall Street Journal.
- ^ "UNPO:Iraqi Turkmen". 24 October 2022.
- ^ "Iraq's Yazidis call for autonomy as conflict flares between army, PKK affiliates". 18 March 2021.
- ^ "An Autonomous Yazidi Regional Government Could Help to Save Iraq". www.rusi.orghttps. Archived from the original on 1 September 2023. Retrieved 20 August 2023.
- ^ Fackler, Martin (5 July 2013). "In Okinawa, Talk of Break From Japan Turns Serious". The New York Times.
- ^ Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for. "Refworld | Assessment for Hmong in Laos". Refworld. Retrieved 22 May 2023.
- ^ Gary Yia Lee. "Chapter 17: The Hmong Rebellion in Laos: Victims or Terrorists?". In Tan, Andrew T.H. (ed.). A Handbook of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar Publishing Limited. ISBN 978-1-84542-543-2.
- ^ "UNPO: Hmong". unpo.org. Retrieved 11 October 2022.
- ^ a b c d "Group draws up self determination petition for Sarawak and Sabah". Borneo Post. 13 August 2014. Archived from the original on 12 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ a b "Many in Sabah, Sarawak don't want to be part of Malaysia, claims analyst". The Rakyat Post. 16 February 2014. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ "Independence referendum for Sarawak focal point of STAR agenda in state election, says Soo". Borneo Post Online. 7 December 2019.
- ^ "Malaysia an illegal union, claims Sarawak opposition leader". 21 November 2019.
- ^ a b "Sabahan secession instigator unfazed by impending probe". The Star. 6 September 2014. Archived from the original on 11 November 2014. Retrieved 12 November 2014.
- ^ "Merger of Sabah, S'wak and Brunei | Daily Express Online - Sabah's Leading News Portal". www.dailyexpress.com.my. 3 October 1962.
- ^ Myint, Moe (24 October 2017). "Rakhine Crisis in Numbers". The Irrawaddy. Archived from the original on 27 October 2017. Retrieved 27 October 2017.
- ^ "Who we are?". www.rohingya.org. Arakan Rohingya National Org. Archived from the original on 16 January 2019. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ "Press Release: Arakan Independence Alliance". Archived from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 22 February 2020.
- ^ "Press release : Facts about Arakan Rohingya National Organisation". www.rohingya.org. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 30 May 2016. Retrieved 14 May 2016.
- ^ "The Transnational Government of Tamil Eelam". tgte-us.org. Archived from the original on 21 September 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ^ "Inside Myanmar's reclusive Wa State". 10 June 2019.
- ^ "Nepal Terrorist Groups – Madheshi Armed Outfits". satp.org. Archived from the original on 15 September 2017. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
- ^ "Madhesis in Nepal to continue protests till next election, says separatist leader". Catch News. 3 February 2016. Archived from the original on 6 March 2016. Retrieved 1 March 2016.
- ^ "What is the Terai Independence Movement in Nepal- Its history significance and consequences here". Jagranjosh.com. 15 March 2021. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Abi-Habib, Maria; Mughal, Jalaluddin; Masood, Salman (19 September 2019). "In Pakistan-Held Kashmir, Growing Calls for Independence". The New York Times.
- ^ "Independence calls getting louder in Pakistani Kashmir – DW – 10/23/2019". dw.com.
- ^ "Contested status | Political Economy | thenews.com.pk". www.thenews.com.pk. Retrieved 19 November 2023.
- ^ "Pakistan Faces Rising Separatist Insurgency in Balochistan". 24 January 2023.
- ^ "Explained: A Brief History Of Balochistan's Separatist Movement". 27 April 2022.
-
^ Malik Siraj Akbar (30 March 2011). The Redefined Dimensions of Baloch Nationalist Movement. Xlibris Corporation. p. 29.
The ultimate goal of BLA is "Greater Balochistan", a country that will comprise the Baloch areas of Pakistani and Iranian Balochistan provinces and some parts of Afghanistan.
- ^ Bansal, Alok. "Violent Sindhi nationalism raises its head again". South Asia Monitor. Archived from the original on 23 November 2015. Retrieved 23 November 2015.
- ^ "Now Sindhis Demand Independent Nation In Pakistan". Outlook. Retrieved 15 November 2019.
- ^ Mashaal, RFE/RL's Radio. "At Least 11 Soldiers Killed In Armed Attack In Pakistan's Restive South Waziristan". RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ Ayub, Imran (27 December 2021). "All Mohajir entities should unite for new province, says Afaq". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ "Haqiqi Mohajir Quami Movement (MQM-H), Terrorist Group of Pakistan". www.satp.org. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ Dawn.com (5 January 2014). "Altaf for 'Sindh One' and 'Sindh Two'". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ "Muttahida Quomi Mahaz ,Terrorist Group of Pakistan". www.satp.org. Retrieved 23 November 2023.
- ^ Garcia, Bong (10 May 2018). "Sulu Sultanate, Bangsa Sug push revision of BBL". Sunstar. Retrieved 1 March 2021.
- ^ "Muslims in Sulu rally for independence".
- ^ "Cordillera Solons expressed views on regional autonomy". National Economic and Development Authority – Cordillera Administrative Region. 12 August 2013. Archived from the original on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 28 February 2015.
- ^ Ponciano, Mark Allen (24 March 2017). "Cordi autonomy bill filed as HB 5343". National Economic and Development Authority – Cordillera Administrative Region. Archived from the original on 19 July 2018. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ^ Alimondo, Lauren (16 July 2020). "Cordillera renews call for autonomy". Sunstar. Retrieved 2 May 2021.
- ^ Dumlao, Artemio (11 February 2014). "Autonomy movement revived in Cordillera". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on 31 August 2017. Retrieved 31 August 2017.
- ^ Dumlao, Artemio (31 January 2013). "Rebels still dream of Cordillera's autonomy". The Philippine Star. Archived from the original on 3 October 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
- ^ "Cordillera People's Flag (Philippines)". 13 March 2016. Archived from the original on 13 March 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2022.
- ^ Bitog, Rubyloida (21 April 2013). "Elders unite Bodong factions". Sun Star Baguio. Archived from the original on 6 October 2017. Retrieved 6 October 2017.
- ^ a b Echeminada, Perseus (18 February 2024). "Alvarez: Secession bid still rolling". Daily Tribune. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ^ "Adbokasiya para maging independent ang Mindanao posibleng simulan sa Marso at matapos sa September ng kasalukuyang taon ng grupong Mindanao Independence Movement" [Advocacy for Mindanao to be an independent (state) may be started in April and may end by September this year by the Mindanao Independence Movement group]. Bombo Radyo News (in Filipino). Bombo Radyo Gensan. 4 February 2024. Retrieved 30 March 2024.
- ^ "BIFF, Abu Sayyaf pledge allegiance to Islamic State jihadists". GMA News. Agence France-Presse. 16 August 2014. Archived from the original on 28 January 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ "MILF says MNLF joins fray on side of BIFM". Archived from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 29 June 2015.
- ^ Sabillo, Kristine Angeli (20 February 2015). "BIFF only wants Islamic state". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Archived from the original on 20 February 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015.
- ^ Сушко, А.В. (2018). "ИСТОРИЧЕСКИЕ ИДЕИ И ПОЛИТИЧЕСКИЕ ПРАКТИКИ СИБИРСКОГО СЕПАРАТИЗМА". Вестник Томского государственного университета (426): 192–206. doi: 10.17223/15617793/426/23. eISSN 1561-803X. ISSN 1561-7793.
- ^ "Сибирский батальон ждет добровольцев". Регион.Эксперт (in Russian). Retrieved 14 August 2023.
- ^ Coalson, Robert (6 January 2023). "Coming Apart At The Seams? For Russia's Ethnic Minorities, Ukraine War Is A Chance To Press For Independence From Moscow". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. Archived from the original on 25 January 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2023.
- ^ "Кто и как раскачивает бурятский сепаратизм?". ulanude.bezformata.com. Retrieved 15 April 2023.
- ^ "Урал станет свободным, даже если Запад будет спасать Москву".
- ^ "Местных ставить нельзя — они договорятся и устроят республику".
- ^ "THE MOVEMENT FOR THE CREATION OF THE URALS REPUBLIC IN THE CONTEXT OF THE HISTORY OF THE URAL REGIONALISM".
- ^ "Fear of Long-Forgotten Urals Republic Reemerges in Moscow".
- ^ "Rebels admit defeat in Sri Lankan civil war | detnews.com | The Detroit News". detnews.com. Retrieved 30 May 2009. [ dead link]
- ^ "Two Malaysian DAP assemblymen, 8 others charged over alleged links to Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam". The Straits Times. 29 October 2019.
- ^ "Twelve allegedly linked to LTTE to be charged in court". The Star. 28 October 2019.
- ^ "Statement on Declaration of Shan State Independenc". peacehall.com. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 20 September 2012.
- ^ "Sri Lankan Tamil Struggle – Chapter 18: The First Sinhalese- Tamil Rift". T. Sabaratnam. Ilankai Tamil Sangam. Retrieved 19 January 2012.
- ^ "UNPO: Assyria: Human Rights situation in Iraq, Turkey and Syria". unpo.org.
- ^ "Druze Communities Face a Regional Decline in Influence | The Washington Institute". www.washingtoninstitute.org. Retrieved 23 December 2023.
- ^ "Unrest in Syria's southern Druze city of As-Suwayda: Implications for change and regional dynamics".
- ^ "الأردن والمكون الدرزي وحراك السويداء: ما هي حدود "اللعب والانخراط" الآمن جنوب سوريا؟".
- ^ "August 10 Movement': Who are Syria's new opposition group linked to protests in Suweida and elsewhere". Archived from the original on 5 September 2023.
- ^ "Aborigines of Taiwan See Hopes for Autonomy Fade". www.voanews.com.
- ^ "UNPO: Taiwan: First Indigenous Political Party Founded". unpo.org.
- ^ "Pattani United Liberation Organization (PULO)". GlobalSecurity.org. Archived from the original on 10 March 2009. Retrieved 10 April 2009.
- ^ "Bendera Malaysia dinaikkan di selatan Thai". cari.com.my (in Malay). 1 September 2012.
- ^ "How Patani-Malay Muslims refuse to be swallowed by Thailand's mainstream". trtworld.com.
- ^ "Security agencies monitoring Southern 'separatist' activists". Bangkok Post.
- ^ "Southern independence referendum movement watched". Bangkok Post.
- ^ "Prayut urges action on 'Pattani State' call". Bangkok Post.
- ^ Pike, John (21 May 2004). "Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK)". Federation of American Scientists. Archived from the original on 28 April 2008. Retrieved 23 July 2008.
- ^ "Hıdır Eren'le Zazalar ve Zaza'ca üzerine söyleşi 2.Bölüm Akın Sabur / Semih Öz/ Baran Gül". 22 February 2020.
- ^ "the curious case of the Republic of Karakalpakstan".
- ^ "Karakalpakstan's Sovereignty in Mirziyoyev's Uzbekistan".
- ^ "Why the world should pay attention to unrest in Karakalpakstan".
- ^ "Uzbekistan: Shadowy Group Agitates For 'Free Karakalpakstan'". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 5 April 2008. Archived from the original on 17 February 2009. Retrieved 11 April 2009.
- ^ "UNPO: Degar-Montagnards".
- ^ "Rainsy's vow of 'autonomy' for ethnic group sets off treason probe".
- ^ "Montagnards - Viet Nam". www.fotw.info. Retrieved 12 November 2023.
- ^ "15 Years After Kampuchea Krom Protests, an Ongoing Struggle for Identity".
- ^ "UNPO: Khmer-Krom".
- ^ "Five killed at secessionist protest in south Yemen". London: BBC. 25 November 2009. Retrieved 25 November 2009.
- ^ The New Arab (16 May 2017). "GCC: Aden-based Southern Transitional Council 'doomed to fail'". alaraby.co.uk. Archived from the original on 29 July 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
- ^ The New Arab (11 May 2017). "Banished Aden governor forms independent 'South Yemen' council". alaraby.co.uk. Archived from the original on 11 May 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
- ^ Saudi Research & Marketing (uk) Ltd. "Thirty Southern Figures Reject Transitional Council in Aden – ASHARQ AL-AWSAT English". Asharq Al-Awsat. Archived from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 8 June 2017.
- ^ "The Growing Separatist Threat in Yemen's Hadramawt Governorate". Jamestown.
- ^ The Tibetan independence movement can either encompass the smaller Tibetan Autonomous Region (Xizang) or the larger " Greater Tibet".
- ^ These names can be used interchangeably as there is no official name yet