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The Nobel Prize

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded to a total of 954 individuals and 27 organizations as of 2022. [1] The United States has the highest number of Nobel laureates in the world, with over 400 Nobel laureates. [2] Around 40% of all Nobel Prizes have been awarded to Americans; around 35% of them are immigrants from other nations. [3]

U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was the first American to win a Nobel Prize of any kind, being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his role in negotiating peace for the Russo-Japanese War. [4] Albert Michelson was the first American to win a Nobel Prize in any of the sciences, and Sinclair Lewis was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. [5] [6]

Chemistry

Year Image Laureate Birthplace Motivation
2022 Carolyn R. Bertozzi Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry"
2022 K. Barry Sharpless Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
2021 David MacMillan Bellshill, Scotland, United Kingdom "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis"
2020 Jennifer Doudna Washington, D.C., U.S. "for the development of a method for genome editing"
2019 John B. Goodenough Jena, Weimar Republic "for the development of lithium-ion batteries"
2019 M. Stanley Whittingham Nottingham, England "for the development of lithium-ion batteries"
2018 George P. Smith Norwalk, Connecticut, U.S. "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
2018 Frances Arnold Edgewood, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for the directed evolution of enzymes"
2017 Joachim Frank Siegen, Germany "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
2016 Fraser Stoddart Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"
2015 Paul L. Modrich Raton, New Mexico, U.S. "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"
2015 Aziz Sancar Savur, Mardin, Turkey "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"
2014 William E. Moerner Pleasanton, California "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
2014 Eric Betzig Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S. "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
2013 Arieh Warshel Kibbutz Sde Nahum, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel) "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
2013 Michael Levitt Pretoria, South Africa "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
2013 Martin Karplus Vienna, Austria "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
2012 Brian K. Kobilka Little Falls, Minnesota, United States "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
2012 Robert J. Lefkowitz The Bronx, New York City, USA "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
2010 Richard F. Heck Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S. "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"
2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Chidambaram, Madras State (now Tamil Nadu), India "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
2009 Thomas A. Steitz Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
2008 Roger Yonchien Tsien New York City, U.S. "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
2008 Martin Chalfie Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
2006 Roger D. Kornberg St. Louis, Missouri, US "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
2005 Robert H. Grubbs Marshall County, Kentucky, U.S. "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
2005 Richard R. Schrock Berne, Indiana, United States "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
2004 Irwin Rose Brooklyn, New York, U.S. "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
2003 Peter Agre Northfield, Minnesota, U.S. "for the discovery of water channels"
2003 Roderick MacKinnon Burlington, Massachusetts, US "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
2002 John Bennett Fenn New York City, U.S. "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
2001 William S. Knowles Taunton, Massachusetts, US "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
2001 K. Barry Sharpless Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
2000 Alan Heeger Sioux City, Iowa, United States "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
2000 Alan MacDiarmid Masterton, New Zealand "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
1999 Ahmed H. Zewail Damanhour, Egypt "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"
1998 Walter Kohn Vienna, Austria "for his development of the density-functional theory"
1997 Paul D. Boyer Provo, Utah, U.S. "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
1996 Richard E. Smalley Akron, Ohio, U.S. "for their discovery of fullerenes"
1996 Robert F. Curl Jr. Alice, Texas, U.S. "for their discovery of fullerenes"
1995 Mario J. Molina Mexico City, Mexico "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
1995 F. Sherwood Rowland Delaware, Ohio "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
1994 George Andrew Olah Budapest, Hungary "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
1993 Kary B. Mullis Lenoir, North Carolina, U.S. "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus Montreal, Quebec "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
1990 Elias James Corey Methuen, Massachusetts, U.S. "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"
1989 Sidney Altman Montreal, Quebec, Canada "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
1989 Thomas R. Cech Chicago, Illinois, US "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
1987 Charles J. Pedersen Busan, Korean Empire "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
1987 Donald J. Cram Chester, Vermont "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach San Jose, California, US "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
1986 Yuan T. Lee Shinchiku City, Shinchiku Prefecture, Taiwan under Japanese rule "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
1985 Jerome Karle New York City, U.S. "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman New York City "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
1984 Bruce Merrifield Fort Worth, Texas "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
1983 Henry Taube Neudorf, Saskatchewan, Canada "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"
1981 Roald Hoffmann Złoczów, Poland "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
1980 Walter Gilbert Boston, Massachusetts, United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
1980 Paul Berg New York City, U.S. "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
1979 Herbert C. Brown London, England "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
1976 William Lipscomb Cleveland, Ohio, US "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
1974 Paul J. Flory Sterling, Illinois, U.S. "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"
1972 Christian Anfinsen Monessen, Pennsylvania, US "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
1972 Stanford Moore Chicago, Illinois "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
1972 William H. Stein New York City, USA "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
1968 Lars Onsager Kristiania ( Oslo), Norway "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
1966 Robert S. Mulliken Newburyport, Massachusetts, U.S. "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
1965 Robert B. Woodward Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
1961 Melvin Calvin St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S. "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
1960 Willard F. Libby Parachute, Colorado "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud Chicago, Illinois, USA "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
1954 Linus C. Pauling Portland, Oregon, U.S. "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"
1951 Edwin M. McMillan Redondo Beach, California, U.S. "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
1951 Glenn Theodore Seaborg Ishpeming, Michigan, US "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
1949 William Giauque Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
1946 Wendell M. Stanley Ridgeville, Indiana, US "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
1946 James B. Sumner Canton, Massachusetts, US "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"
1946 John H. Northrop Yonkers, New York, U.S. "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
1934 Harold C. Urey Walkerton, Indiana, U.S. "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
1932 Irving Langmuir Brooklyn, New York, U.S. "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"
1914 Theodore W. Richards Germantown, Pennsylvania "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"

Economics

Year Image Laureate Birthplace Motivation
2022 Ben Bernanke Augusta, Georgia, U.S. "for research on banks and financial crises"
2022 Douglas Diamond Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
2022 Philip H. Dybvig "or research on banks and financial crises"
2021 David Card Guelph, Ontario, Canada "for his empirical contributions to labour economics"
2021 Joshua Angrist Columbus, Ohio, U.S. "for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"
2021 Guido Imbens Geldrop, Netherlands "for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"
2020 Robert B. Wilson Geneva, Nebraska, U.S. "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
2020 Paul R. Milgrom Detroit, Michigan, U.S. "for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats"
2019 Abhijit Banerjee Mumbai, Maharashtra, India "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
2019 Esther Duflo Paris, France "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
2019 Michael Kremer New York City, U.S. "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
2018 Paul Romer Denver, Colorado, US "for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis"
2018 William Nordhaus Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S. "for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis"
2017 Richard H. Thaler East Orange, New Jersey, US "for his contributions to behavioural economics"
2016 Oliver Hart London, England "for their contributions to contract theory"
2015 Angus Deaton Edinburgh, Scotland "for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare"
2013 Robert J. Shiller Detroit, Michigan, U.S. "for their empirical analysis of asset prices"
2013 Lars Peter Hansen Urbana, Illinois "for their empirical analysis of asset prices"
2013 Eugene F. Fama Boston, Massachusetts "for their empirical analysis of asset prices"
2012 Alvin E. Roth New York City, U.S. "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"
2012 Lloyd S. Shapley Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"
2011 Christopher A. Sims Washington, D.C. "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"
2011 Thomas J. Sargent Pasadena, California, "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"
2010 Peter A. Diamond New York City, U.S. "for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
2010 Dale T. Mortensen Enterprise, Oregon, US "for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
2009 Elinor Ostrom Los Angeles, California "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"
2009 Oliver Eaton Williamson Superior, Wisconsin, U.S. "for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm"
2008 Paul Krugman Albany, New York, U.S. "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"
2007 Leonid Hurwicz Moscow, Russian Republic "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
2007 Eric S. Maskin New York City, US "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
2007 Roger B. Myerson Boston, Massachusetts, US "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
2006 Edmund S. Phelps Evanston, Illinois, U.S. "for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy"
2005 Robert Aumann Frankfurt, Hesse-Nassau, Prussia "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
2005 Thomas Schelling Oakland, California, U.S. "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
2004 Edward C. Prescott Glens Falls, New York, U.S. "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles"
2003 Robert F. Engle Syracuse, New York, U.S. "for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"
2002 Daniel Kahneman Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel) "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"
2002 Vernon L. Smith Wichita, Kansas, U.S. "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
2001 Joseph E. Stiglitz Gary, Indiana, U.S. "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
2001 George A. Akerlof New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
2001 A. Michael Spence Montclair, New Jersey, US "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
2000 James J. Heckman Chicago, Illinois, US "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples"
2000 Daniel L. McFadden Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S. "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice"
1997 Robert C. Merton New York City, U.S. "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
1997 Myron Scholes Timmins, Ontario, Canada "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
1996 William Vickrey Victoria, British Columbia, Canada "for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"
1995 Robert Lucas Jr. Yakima, Washington, U.S. "for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy"
1994 John Harsanyi Budapest, Hungary "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
1994 John Forbes Nash Bluefield, West Virginia, U.S. "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
1993 Robert W. Fogel New York City, U.S. "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
1993 Douglass C. North Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
1992 Gary S. Becker Pottsville, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour"
1991 Ronald Coase Willesden, London, England "for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy"
1990 Merton H. Miller Boston, Massachusetts "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
1990 William F. Sharpe Boston, Massachusetts, US "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
1990 Harry M. Markowitz Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
1987 Robert M. Solow Brooklyn, New York City, U.S. "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth"
1986 James M. Buchanan Murfreesboro, Tennessee, U.S. "for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making"
1985 Franco Modigliani Rome, Kingdom of Italy "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"
1983 Gérard Debreu Calais, France "for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium"
1982 George J. Stigler Seattle, Washington, U.S. "for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation"
1981 James Tobin Champaign, Illinois, U.S. "for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices"
1980 Lawrence R. Klein Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"
1979 Theodore Schultz Arlington, South Dakota, US "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"
1978 Herbert A. Simon Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"
1976 Milton Friedman Brooklyn, New York City, US "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy."
1975 Tjalling C. Koopmans 's-Graveland, Netherlands "for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
1973 Wassily Leontief Munich, German Empire "for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"
1972 Kenneth J. Arrow New York City, U.S. "for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
1971 Simon Kuznets Pinsk, Russian Empire
(now Belarus)
"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"
1970 Paul A. Samuelson Gary, Indiana, U.S. "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"

Peace

Year Image Laureate Birthplace Motivation
2021 Maria Ressa Manila, Philippines "for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace"
2009 Barack Obama Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples"
2007 Al Gore Washington, D.C., U.S. "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"
2002 Jimmy Carter Plains, Georgia, U.S. "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"
1997 Jody Williams Rutland, Vermont, United States "for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland"
1986 Elie Wiesel Sighet, Kingdom of Romania "for being a messenger to mankind: his message is one of peace, atonement and dignity"
1973 Henry Kissinger Fürth, Bavaria, Weimar Republic "for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973"
1970 Norman Borlaug Cresco, Iowa, United States "for having given a well-founded hope – the green revolution"
1964 Martin Luther King Jr. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. "for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population"
1962 Linus C. Pauling Portland, Oregon, U.S. "for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West"
1953 George C. Marshall Uniontown, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"
1950 Ralph J. Bunche Detroit, Michigan, U.S. "for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948–1949"
1947 American Friends Service Committee "for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations"
1946 Emily G. Balch Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. "for her lifelong work for the cause of peace"
1946 John R. Mott Livingston Manor, Sullivan County,
New York, U.S.
"for his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries"
1945 Cordell Hull Olympus, Tennessee, U.S. "for his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations"
1931 Jane Addams Cedarville, Illinois, U.S. "for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind"
1931 Nicholas M. Butler Elizabeth, New Jersey, U.S. "for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind"
1929 Frank B. Kellogg Potsdam, New York "for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact"
1925 Charles G. Dawes Marietta, Ohio, U.S. "for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan"
1919 Woodrow Wilson Staunton, Virginia, U.S. "for his role as founder of the League of Nations"
1912 Elihu Root Clinton, New York "for bringing about better understanding between the countries of North and South America and initiating important arbitration agreements between the United States and other countries"
1906 Theodore Roosevelt New York City, U.S. "for his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world's great powers, Japan and Russia"

Physics

Year Image Laureate Birthplace Motivation
2022 John Clauser Pasadena, California, U.S. "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"
2021 Syukuro Manabe Shinritsu, Uma, Ehime, Japan "for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming"
2020 Andrea Ghez New York City, U.S. "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"
2019 Jim Peebles Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology"
2018 Arthur Ashkin Brooklyn, New York, U.S. "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems"
2017 Rainer Weiss Berlin, Germany "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
2017 Kip Thorne Logan, Utah, U.S. "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
2017 Barry Barish Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
2016 F. Duncan M. Haldane London, England "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"
2016 John M. Kosterlitz Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"
2014 Shuji Nakamura Ikata, Ehime, Japan "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"
2012 David J. Wineland Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"
2011 Saul Perlmutter Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, US "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
2011 Brian P. Schmidt Missoula, Montana,
United States
"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
2011 Adam G. Riess Washington, D.C., U.S. "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
2009 Willard S. Boyle Amherst, Nova Scotia, Canada "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
2009 Charles K. Kao Shanghai, China "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"
2009 George E. Smith White Plains, New York, U.S. "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
2008 Yoichiro Nambu Tokyo, Japan "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"
2006 John C. Mather Roanoke, Virginia, U.S. "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
2006 George F. Smoot Yukon, Florida, U.S. "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
2005 John L. Hall Denver, Colorado, US "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
2005 Roy J. Glauber New York City, U.S. "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
2004 David J. Gross Washington, D.C., U.S. "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
2004 H. David Politzer New York City, U.S. "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
2004 Frank Wilczek Mineola, New York, U.S. "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
2003 Anthony J. Leggett Camberwell, London, England "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
2003 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
2002 Raymond Davis Jr. Washington, D.C., United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
2002 Riccardo Giacconi Genoa, Kingdom of Italy "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
2001 Eric A. Cornell Palo Alto, California, US "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
2001 Carl E. Wieman Corvallis, Oregon, U.S. "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
2000 Jack Kilby Jefferson City, Missouri, U.S. "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
1998 Horst Ludwig Störmer Frankfurt, Hesse, Allied-occupied Germany "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
1998 Robert B. Laughlin Visalia, California, United States "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
1998 Daniel C. Tsui Fan village, Henan, China "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
1997 Steven Chu St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
1997 William D. Phillips Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
1996 David M. Lee Rye, New York "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
1996 Douglas D. Osheroff Aberdeen, Washington, U.S. "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
1996 Robert Coleman Richardson Washington, D.C., U.S. "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"
1995 Martin L. Perl New York City "for the discovery of the tau lepton"
1995 Frederick Reines Paterson, New Jersey "for the detection of the neutrino"
1994 Clifford G. Shull Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique"
1993 Russell A. Hulse New York City "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
1993 Joseph H. Taylor Jr. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
1990 Jerome I. Friedman Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
1990 Henry W. Kendall Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
1989 Hans G. Dehmelt Görlitz, Germany "for the development of the ion trap technique"
1989 Norman F. Ramsey Washington, D.C., U.S. "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
1988 Leon M. Lederman New York City, U.S. "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
1988 Melvin Schwartz New York City, U.S. "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
1988 Jack Steinberger Bad Kissingen, Germany "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
1983 William A. Fowler Pittsburgh "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Lahore, Punjab, British India (present-day Punjab, Pakistan) "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"
1982 Kenneth G. Wilson Waltham, Massachusetts "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen Dordrecht, Netherlands "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
1981 Arthur L. Schawlow Mount Vernon, New York, U.S. "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
1980 James Cronin Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
1980 Val Fitch Merriman, Nebraska "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
1979 Steven Weinberg New York City, U.S. "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
1979 Sheldon Glashow New York City, U.S. "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
1978 Robert Woodrow Wilson Houston, Texas, U.S. "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1978 Arno Penzias Munich, Germany "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
1977 Philip W. Anderson Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. "for his discovery of the positron"
1977 John H. van Vleck Middletown, Connecticut, US "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
1976 Burton Richter Brooklyn, New York, U.S. "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
1976 Samuel C. C. Ting Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S. "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
1975 Ben Roy Mottelson Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
1975 James Rainwater Council, Idaho, U.S. "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
1973 Ivar Giaever Bergen, Norway "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
1972 John Bardeen Madison, Wisconsin, U.S. "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
1972 Leon N. Cooper Bronx, New York, U.S. "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
1972 Robert Schrieffer Oak Park, Illinois, U.S. "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
1969 Murray Gell-Mann Manhattan, New York City, U.S. "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1968 Luis Alvarez San Francisco, California, US "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"
1967 Hans Bethe Strasbourg, Germany "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
1965 Richard P. Feynman New York City, U.S. "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
1965 Julian Schwinger New York City, U.S. "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
1964 Charles H. Townes Greenville, South Carolina, US "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
1963 Maria Goeppert-Mayer Kattowitz, German Empire "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
1963 Eugene Wigner Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
1961 Robert Hofstadter New York City "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
1960 Donald A. Glaser Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. "for the invention of the bubble chamber"
1959 Owen Chamberlain San Francisco, California, U.S. "for their discovery of the antiproton"
1959 Emilio Segrè Tivoli, Kingdom of Italy "for their discovery of the antiproton"
1957 Chen Ning Yang Hefei, Republic of China "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
1957 Tsung-Dao Lee Shanghai, Republic of China "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
1956 William B. Shockley London, England "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
1956 John Bardeen Madison, Wisconsin, U.S. "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
1956 Walter H. Brattain Xiamen, Fujian, China "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
1955 Willis E. Lamb Los Angeles, California "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"
1955 Polykarp Kusch Blankenburg, District of Blankenburg, Duchy of Brunswick, German Empire "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
1952 E. M. Purcell Taylorville, Illinois, United States "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1952 Felix Bloch Zürich, Switzerland "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1946 Percy W. Bridgman Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics"
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi Rymanów, Galicia, Austria-Hungary "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1943 Otto Stern Sohrau, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
(today Żory, Poland)
"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
1939 Ernest Lawrence Canton, South Dakota, U.S. "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
1937 Clinton Davisson Bloomington, Illinois, USA "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
1936 Carl David Anderson New York City, U.S. "for his discovery of the positron"
1927 Arthur H. Compton Wooster, Ohio, U.S. "for his discovery of the effect named after him"
1923 Robert A. Millikan Morrison, Illinois, U.S. "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
1907 Albert A. Michelson Strelno, Kingdom of Prussia, German Confederation "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"

Physiology or Medicine

Year Image Laureate Birthplace Motivation
2021 David Julius New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"
2021 Ardem Patapoutian Beirut, Lebanon "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"
2020 Harvey J. Alter New York City, U.S. "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"
2020 Charles M. Rice Sacramento, California, U.S. "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"
2019 William Kaelin Jr. New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"
2019 Gregg L. Semenza New York City. New York, U.S. "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"
2018 James Allison Alice, Texas, U.S. "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation"
2017 Michael W. Young Miami, Florida, U.S. "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
2017 Michael Rosbash Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
2017 Jeffrey C. Hall New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
2015 William C. Campbell Ramelton, County Donegal, Ireland "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"
2014 John O'Keefe New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"
2013 Randy Schekman Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S. "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
2013 Thomas C. Südhof Göttingen, Germany "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
2013 James Rothman Haverhill, Massachusetts, US "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
2011 Ralph M. Steinman Montreal, Quebec, Canada "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"
2011 Bruce Beutler Chicago, Illinois "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
2009 Elizabeth Blackburn Hobart, Tasmania, Australia "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
2009 Carol W. Greider San Diego, California, U.S. "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
2009 Jack W. Szostak London, United Kingdom "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
2007 Mario R. Capecchi Verona, Italy "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"
2007 Oliver Smithies Halifax, West Yorkshire, England "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"
2006 Andrew Z. Fire Palo Alto, California "for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
2006 Craig C. Mello New Haven, Connecticut, US "for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
2004 Richard Axel New York City, US "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
2004 Linda B. Buck Seattle, Washington, U.S. "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
2003 Paul C. Lauterbur Sidney, Ohio "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
2002 Sydney Brenner Germiston, Transvaal, Union of South Africa "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
2002 H. Robert Horvitz Chicago, Illinois, US "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
2001 Leland H. Hartwell Los Angeles, California "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"
2000 Paul Greengard New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
2000 Eric Kandel Vienna, Austria "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
1999 Günter Blobel Waltersdorf (currently Niegosławice), Lower Silesia, Germany "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"
1998 Robert F. Furchgott Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
1998 Louis J. Ignarro Brooklyn, NY "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
1998 Ferid Murad Whiting, Indiana, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner Des Moines, Iowa, United States "for his discovery of Prions – a new biological principle of infection"
1995 Edward B. Lewis Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, US "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
1995 Eric F. Wieschaus South Bend, Indiana "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
1994 Alfred G. Gilman New Haven, Connecticut "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
1994 Martin Rodbell Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
1993 Phillip A. Sharp Falmouth, Kentucky, U.S. "for their discoveries of split genes"
1992 Edmond H. Fischer Shanghai International Settlement, Shanghai, China "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
1992 Edwin G. Krebs Lansing, Iowa "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
1990 Joseph E. Murray Milford, Massachusetts, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
1990 E. Donnall Thomas Mart, Texas, United States "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
1989 J. Michael Bishop York, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
1989 Harold E. Varmus Oceanside, New York, US "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
1988 Gertrude B. Elion New York City, United States "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
1988 George H. Hitchings Hoquiam, Washington, U.S. "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
1986 Stanley Cohen Brooklyn, New York, U.S. "for their discoveries of growth factors"
1986 Rita Levi-Montalcini Turin, Italy "for their discoveries of growth factors"
1985 Michael S. Brown Brooklyn, New York, United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
1985 Joseph L. Goldstein Kingstree, South Carolina "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
1983 Barbara McClintock Hartford, Connecticut, U.S. "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"
1981 David H. Hubel Windsor, Ontario, Canada "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"
1981 Roger W. Sperry Hartford, Connecticut, U.S. "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"
1980 Baruj Benacerraf Caracas, Venezuela "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
1980 George D. Snell Bradford, Massachusetts "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
1979 Allan M. Cormack Johannesburg, South Africa "for the development of computer assisted tomography"
1978 Hamilton O. Smith "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
1978 Daniel Nathans Wilmington, Delaware "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
1977 Roger Guillemin Dijon, France "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
1977 Andrew Schally Wilno, Poland "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
1977 Rosalyn Yalow New York City, U.S. "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
1976 Baruch S. Blumberg Brooklyn, New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
1976 Daniel Carleton Gajdusek Yonkers, New York, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
1975 David Baltimore New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
1975 Renato Dulbecco Catanzaro, Italy "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
1975 Howard Martin Temin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
1974 George E. Palade Iași, Romania "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"
1972 Gerald Edelman Ozone Park, Queens, New York "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
1971 Earl W. Sutherland Jr. Burlingame, Kansas, U.S. "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"
1970 Julius Axelrod New York City, USA "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
1969 Max Delbrück Berlin, German Empire "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
1969 Alfred Hershey Owosso, Michigan, US "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
1969 Salvador Luria Turin, Kingdom of Italy "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
1968 Robert W. Holley Urbana, Illinois "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
1968 Har Gobind Khorana Raipur, Multan, Punjab Province, British India (present day Punjab, Pakistan) "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
1968 Marshall Warren Nirenberg New York City "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
1967 Haldan Keffer Hartline Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, US "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
1967 George Wald New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
1966 Charles B. Huggins Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"
1966 Francis Peyton Rous Baltimore, Maryland "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"
1964 Konrad Bloch Neisse, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1962 James D. Watson Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
1961 Georg von Békésy Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"
1959 Arthur Kornberg New York City, U.S. "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
1959 Severo Ochoa Luarca, Asturias, Spain "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
1958 George Beadle Wahoo, Nebraska, U.S. "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
1958 Joshua Lederberg Montclair, New Jersey "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
1958 Edward Tatum Boulder, Colorado, United States "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
1956 Dickinson W. Richards Orange, New Jersey "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
1956 André F. Cournand Paris, France "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
1954 John F. Enders West Hartford, Connecticut "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
1954 Frederick C. Robbins Auburn, Alabama "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
1954 Thomas H. Weller Ann Arbor, Michigan "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
1953 Fritz Albert Lipmann Königsberg, German Empire (present-day Kaliningrad, Russia) "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
1952 Selman A. Waksman Nova Pryluka (near Vinnytsia), Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"
1950 Philip S. Hench Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
1950 Edward C. Kendall South Norwalk, Connecticut, United States "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori Prague, Austro-Hungarian Empire "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
1947 Gerty Cori Prague, Bohemia, Austro-Hungarian Empire "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
1946 Hermann J. Muller New York City, U.S. "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"
1944 Joseph Erlanger San Francisco, California, US "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
1944 Herbert S. Gasser Platteville, Wisconsin, U.S. "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
1943 Edward A. Doisy Hume, Illinois, US "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"
1934 George R. Minot Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
1934 William P. Murphy Stoughton, Wisconsin "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
1934 George H. Whipple Ashland, New Hampshire, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
1933 Thomas H. Morgan Lexington, Kentucky, US "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"

Literature

Year Image Laureate Birthplace Motivation
2020 Louise Glück New York City, U.S. "for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal"
2016 Bob Dylan Duluth, Minnesota, US "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"
1993 Toni Morrison Lorain, Ohio, U.S. "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"
1987 Joseph Brodsky Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
(now Saint Petersburg, Russia)
"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"
1980 Czesław Miłosz Šeteniai, Kovno Governorate, Russian Empire "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"
1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer Leoncin, Congress Poland, Russian Empire "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"
1976 Saul Bellow Lachine, Quebec, Canada "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"
1962 John Steinbeck Salinas, California, U.S. "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"
1954 Ernest Hemingway Oak Park, Illinois, U.S. "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"
1949 William Faulkner New Albany, Mississippi, U.S. "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"
1948 T. S. Eliot St. Louis, Missouri, US "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"
1938 Pearl S. Buck Hillsboro, West Virginia, U.S. "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"
1936 Eugene O'Neill New York City, U.S. "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"
1930 Sinclair Lewis Sauk Centre, Minnesota, United States "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"

References

  1. ^ "All Nobel Prizes". NobelPrize.org.
  2. ^ "Why the United States dominates the Nobels". phys.org.
  3. ^ "Immigrant Nobel Prize Laureates". Institute for Immigration Research.
  4. ^ https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Blog/Item/Roosevelt%20is%20Awarded%20the%20Nobel%20Peace%20Prize. {{ cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= ( help)
  5. ^ "A.A. Michelson | American scientist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 15 December 2023.
  6. ^ "The Sinclair Lewis Society: FAQ". english.illinoisstate.edu.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Nobel Prize

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize has been awarded to a total of 954 individuals and 27 organizations as of 2022. [1] The United States has the highest number of Nobel laureates in the world, with over 400 Nobel laureates. [2] Around 40% of all Nobel Prizes have been awarded to Americans; around 35% of them are immigrants from other nations. [3]

U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt was the first American to win a Nobel Prize of any kind, being awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his role in negotiating peace for the Russo-Japanese War. [4] Albert Michelson was the first American to win a Nobel Prize in any of the sciences, and Sinclair Lewis was the first American to win the Nobel Prize in Literature. [5] [6]

Chemistry

Year Image Laureate Birthplace Motivation
2022 Carolyn R. Bertozzi Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. "for the development of click chemistry and bioorthogonal chemistry"
2022 K. Barry Sharpless Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
2021 David MacMillan Bellshill, Scotland, United Kingdom "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis"
2020 Jennifer Doudna Washington, D.C., U.S. "for the development of a method for genome editing"
2019 John B. Goodenough Jena, Weimar Republic "for the development of lithium-ion batteries"
2019 M. Stanley Whittingham Nottingham, England "for the development of lithium-ion batteries"
2018 George P. Smith Norwalk, Connecticut, U.S. "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
2018 Frances Arnold Edgewood, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for the directed evolution of enzymes"
2017 Joachim Frank Siegen, Germany "for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect"
2016 Fraser Stoddart Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom "for the design and synthesis of molecular machines"
2015 Paul L. Modrich Raton, New Mexico, U.S. "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"
2015 Aziz Sancar Savur, Mardin, Turkey "for mechanistic studies of DNA repair"
2014 William E. Moerner Pleasanton, California "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
2014 Eric Betzig Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S. "for the development of super-resolved fluorescence microscopy"
2013 Arieh Warshel Kibbutz Sde Nahum, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel) "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
2013 Michael Levitt Pretoria, South Africa "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
2013 Martin Karplus Vienna, Austria "for the development of multiscale models for complex chemical systems"
2012 Brian K. Kobilka Little Falls, Minnesota, United States "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
2012 Robert J. Lefkowitz The Bronx, New York City, USA "for studies of G-protein-coupled receptors"
2010 Richard F. Heck Springfield, Massachusetts, U.S. "for palladium-catalyzed cross couplings in organic synthesis"
2009 Venkatraman Ramakrishnan Chidambaram, Madras State (now Tamil Nadu), India "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
2009 Thomas A. Steitz Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. "for studies of the structure and function of the ribosome"
2008 Roger Yonchien Tsien New York City, U.S. "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
2008 Martin Chalfie Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for the discovery and development of the green fluorescent protein, GFP"
2006 Roger D. Kornberg St. Louis, Missouri, US "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
2005 Robert H. Grubbs Marshall County, Kentucky, U.S. "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
2005 Richard R. Schrock Berne, Indiana, United States "for the development of the metathesis method in organic synthesis"
2004 Irwin Rose Brooklyn, New York, U.S. "for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation"
2003 Peter Agre Northfield, Minnesota, U.S. "for the discovery of water channels"
2003 Roderick MacKinnon Burlington, Massachusetts, US "for structural and mechanistic studies of ion channels"
2002 John Bennett Fenn New York City, U.S. "for their development of soft desorption ionisation methods for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules"
2001 William S. Knowles Taunton, Massachusetts, US "for their work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions"
2001 K. Barry Sharpless Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for his work on chirally catalysed oxidation reactions"
2000 Alan Heeger Sioux City, Iowa, United States "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
2000 Alan MacDiarmid Masterton, New Zealand "for the discovery and development of conductive polymers"
1999 Ahmed H. Zewail Damanhour, Egypt "for his studies of the transition states of chemical reactions using femtosecond spectroscopy"
1998 Walter Kohn Vienna, Austria "for his development of the density-functional theory"
1997 Paul D. Boyer Provo, Utah, U.S. "for their elucidation of the enzymatic mechanism underlying the synthesis of adenosine triphosphate (ATP)"
1996 Richard E. Smalley Akron, Ohio, U.S. "for their discovery of fullerenes"
1996 Robert F. Curl Jr. Alice, Texas, U.S. "for their discovery of fullerenes"
1995 Mario J. Molina Mexico City, Mexico "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
1995 F. Sherwood Rowland Delaware, Ohio "for their work in atmospheric chemistry, particularly concerning the formation and decomposition of ozone"
1994 George Andrew Olah Budapest, Hungary "for his contribution to carbocation chemistry"
1993 Kary B. Mullis Lenoir, North Carolina, U.S. "for his invention of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method"
1992 Rudolph A. Marcus Montreal, Quebec "for his contributions to the theory of electron transfer reactions in chemical systems"
1990 Elias James Corey Methuen, Massachusetts, U.S. "for his development of the theory and methodology of organic synthesis"
1989 Sidney Altman Montreal, Quebec, Canada "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
1989 Thomas R. Cech Chicago, Illinois, US "for their discovery of catalytic properties of RNA"
1987 Charles J. Pedersen Busan, Korean Empire "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
1987 Donald J. Cram Chester, Vermont "for their development and use of molecules with structure-specific interactions of high selectivity"
1986 Dudley R. Herschbach San Jose, California, US "for their contributions concerning the dynamics of chemical elementary processes"
1986 Yuan T. Lee Shinchiku City, Shinchiku Prefecture, Taiwan under Japanese rule "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
1985 Jerome Karle New York City, U.S. "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
1985 Herbert A. Hauptman New York City "for their outstanding achievements in the development of direct methods for the determination of crystal structures"
1984 Bruce Merrifield Fort Worth, Texas "for his development of methodology for chemical synthesis on a solid matrix"
1983 Henry Taube Neudorf, Saskatchewan, Canada "for his work on the mechanisms of electron transfer reactions, especially in metal complexes"
1981 Roald Hoffmann Złoczów, Poland "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
1980 Walter Gilbert Boston, Massachusetts, United States "for their contributions concerning the determination of base sequences in nucleic acids"
1980 Paul Berg New York City, U.S. "for his fundamental studies of the biochemistry of nucleic acids, with particular regard to recombinant-DNA"
1979 Herbert C. Brown London, England "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
1976 William Lipscomb Cleveland, Ohio, US "for his studies on the structure of boranes illuminating problems of chemical bonding"
1974 Paul J. Flory Sterling, Illinois, U.S. "for his fundamental achievements, both theoretical and experimental, in the physical chemistry of the macromolecules"
1972 Christian Anfinsen Monessen, Pennsylvania, US "for his work on ribonuclease, especially concerning the connection between the amino acid sequence and the biologically active conformation"
1972 Stanford Moore Chicago, Illinois "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
1972 William H. Stein New York City, USA "for their contribution to the understanding of the connection between chemical structure and catalytic activity of the active centre of the ribonuclease molecule"
1968 Lars Onsager Kristiania ( Oslo), Norway "for the discovery of the reciprocal relations bearing his name, which are fundamental for the thermodynamics of irreversible processes"
1966 Robert S. Mulliken Newburyport, Massachusetts, U.S. "for his fundamental work concerning chemical bonds and the electronic structure of molecules by the molecular orbital method"
1965 Robert B. Woodward Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. "for his outstanding achievements in the art of organic synthesis"
1961 Melvin Calvin St. Paul, Minnesota, U.S. "for his research on the carbon dioxide assimilation in plants"
1960 Willard F. Libby Parachute, Colorado "for his method to use carbon-14 for age determination in archaeology, geology, geophysics, and other branches of science"
1955 Vincent du Vigneaud Chicago, Illinois, USA "for his work on biochemically important sulphur compounds, especially for the first synthesis of a polypeptide hormone"
1954 Linus C. Pauling Portland, Oregon, U.S. "for his research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances"
1951 Edwin M. McMillan Redondo Beach, California, U.S. "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
1951 Glenn Theodore Seaborg Ishpeming, Michigan, US "for their discoveries in the chemistry of the transuranium elements"
1949 William Giauque Niagara Falls, Ontario, Canada "for his contributions in the field of chemical thermodynamics, particularly concerning the behaviour of substances at extremely low temperatures"
1946 Wendell M. Stanley Ridgeville, Indiana, US "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
1946 James B. Sumner Canton, Massachusetts, US "for his discovery that enzymes can be crystallized"
1946 John H. Northrop Yonkers, New York, U.S. "for their preparation of enzymes and virus proteins in a pure form"
1934 Harold C. Urey Walkerton, Indiana, U.S. "for his discovery of heavy hydrogen"
1932 Irving Langmuir Brooklyn, New York, U.S. "for his discoveries and investigations in surface chemistry"
1914 Theodore W. Richards Germantown, Pennsylvania "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"

Economics

Year Image Laureate Birthplace Motivation
2022 Ben Bernanke Augusta, Georgia, U.S. "for research on banks and financial crises"
2022 Douglas Diamond Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
2022 Philip H. Dybvig "or research on banks and financial crises"
2021 David Card Guelph, Ontario, Canada "for his empirical contributions to labour economics"
2021 Joshua Angrist Columbus, Ohio, U.S. "for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"
2021 Guido Imbens Geldrop, Netherlands "for their methodological contributions to the analysis of causal relationships"
2020 Robert B. Wilson Geneva, Nebraska, U.S. "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
2020 Paul R. Milgrom Detroit, Michigan, U.S. "for improvements to auction theory and inventions of new auction formats"
2019 Abhijit Banerjee Mumbai, Maharashtra, India "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
2019 Esther Duflo Paris, France "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
2019 Michael Kremer New York City, U.S. "for their experimental approach to alleviating global poverty"
2018 Paul Romer Denver, Colorado, US "for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis"
2018 William Nordhaus Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S. "for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis"
2017 Richard H. Thaler East Orange, New Jersey, US "for his contributions to behavioural economics"
2016 Oliver Hart London, England "for their contributions to contract theory"
2015 Angus Deaton Edinburgh, Scotland "for his analysis of consumption, poverty, and welfare"
2013 Robert J. Shiller Detroit, Michigan, U.S. "for their empirical analysis of asset prices"
2013 Lars Peter Hansen Urbana, Illinois "for their empirical analysis of asset prices"
2013 Eugene F. Fama Boston, Massachusetts "for their empirical analysis of asset prices"
2012 Alvin E. Roth New York City, U.S. "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"
2012 Lloyd S. Shapley Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. "for the theory of stable allocations and the practice of market design"
2011 Christopher A. Sims Washington, D.C. "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"
2011 Thomas J. Sargent Pasadena, California, "for their empirical research on cause and effect in the macroeconomy"
2010 Peter A. Diamond New York City, U.S. "for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
2010 Dale T. Mortensen Enterprise, Oregon, US "for their analysis of markets with search frictions"
2009 Elinor Ostrom Los Angeles, California "for her analysis of economic governance, especially the commons"
2009 Oliver Eaton Williamson Superior, Wisconsin, U.S. "for his analysis of economic governance, especially the boundaries of the firm"
2008 Paul Krugman Albany, New York, U.S. "for his analysis of trade patterns and location of economic activity"
2007 Leonid Hurwicz Moscow, Russian Republic "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
2007 Eric S. Maskin New York City, US "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
2007 Roger B. Myerson Boston, Massachusetts, US "for having laid the foundations of mechanism design theory"
2006 Edmund S. Phelps Evanston, Illinois, U.S. "for his analysis of intertemporal tradeoffs in macroeconomic policy"
2005 Robert Aumann Frankfurt, Hesse-Nassau, Prussia "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
2005 Thomas Schelling Oakland, California, U.S. "for having enhanced our understanding of conflict and cooperation through game-theory analysis"
2004 Edward C. Prescott Glens Falls, New York, U.S. "for their contributions to dynamic macroeconomics: the time consistency of economic policy and the driving forces behind business cycles"
2003 Robert F. Engle Syracuse, New York, U.S. "for methods of analyzing economic time series with time-varying volatility (ARCH)"
2002 Daniel Kahneman Tel Aviv, British Mandate of Palestine (now Israel) "for having integrated insights from psychological research into economic science, especially concerning human judgment and decision-making under uncertainty"
2002 Vernon L. Smith Wichita, Kansas, U.S. "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
2001 Joseph E. Stiglitz Gary, Indiana, U.S. "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
2001 George A. Akerlof New Haven, Connecticut, U.S. "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
2001 A. Michael Spence Montclair, New Jersey, US "for their analyses of markets with asymmetric information"
2000 James J. Heckman Chicago, Illinois, US "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing selective samples"
2000 Daniel L. McFadden Raleigh, North Carolina, U.S. "for his development of theory and methods for analyzing discrete choice"
1997 Robert C. Merton New York City, U.S. "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
1997 Myron Scholes Timmins, Ontario, Canada "for a new method to determine the value of derivatives"
1996 William Vickrey Victoria, British Columbia, Canada "for their fundamental contributions to the economic theory of incentives under asymmetric information"
1995 Robert Lucas Jr. Yakima, Washington, U.S. "for having developed and applied the hypothesis of rational expectations, and thereby having transformed macroeconomic analysis and deepened our understanding of economic policy"
1994 John Harsanyi Budapest, Hungary "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
1994 John Forbes Nash Bluefield, West Virginia, U.S. "for their pioneering analysis of equilibria in the theory of non-cooperative games"
1993 Robert W. Fogel New York City, U.S. "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
1993 Douglass C. North Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. "for having renewed research in economic history by applying economic theory and quantitative methods in order to explain economic and institutional change"
1992 Gary S. Becker Pottsville, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for having extended the domain of microeconomic analysis to a wide range of human behaviour and interaction, including nonmarket behaviour"
1991 Ronald Coase Willesden, London, England "for his discovery and clarification of the significance of transaction costs and property rights for the institutional structure and functioning of the economy"
1990 Merton H. Miller Boston, Massachusetts "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
1990 William F. Sharpe Boston, Massachusetts, US "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
1990 Harry M. Markowitz Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for their pioneering work in the theory of financial economics"
1987 Robert M. Solow Brooklyn, New York City, U.S. "for his contributions to the theory of economic growth"
1986 James M. Buchanan Murfreesboro, Tennessee, U.S. "for his development of the contractual and constitutional bases for the theory of economic and political decision-making"
1985 Franco Modigliani Rome, Kingdom of Italy "for his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets"
1983 Gérard Debreu Calais, France "for having incorporated new analytical methods into economic theory and for his rigorous reformulation of the theory of general equilibrium"
1982 George J. Stigler Seattle, Washington, U.S. "for his seminal studies of industrial structures, functioning of markets and causes and effects of public regulation"
1981 James Tobin Champaign, Illinois, U.S. "for his analysis of financial markets and their relations to expenditure decisions, employment, production and prices"
1980 Lawrence R. Klein Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. "for the creation of econometric models and the application to the analysis of economic fluctuations and economic policies"
1979 Theodore Schultz Arlington, South Dakota, US "for their pioneering research into economic development research with particular consideration of the problems of developing countries"
1978 Herbert A. Simon Milwaukee, Wisconsin, U.S. "who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition"
1976 Milton Friedman Brooklyn, New York City, US "for his achievements in the fields of consumption analysis, monetary history and theory, and for his demonstration of the complexity of stabilization policy."
1975 Tjalling C. Koopmans 's-Graveland, Netherlands "for their contributions to the theory of optimum allocation of resources"
1973 Wassily Leontief Munich, German Empire "for the development of the input-output method and for its application to important economic problems"
1972 Kenneth J. Arrow New York City, U.S. "for their pioneering contributions to general economic equilibrium theory and welfare theory"
1971 Simon Kuznets Pinsk, Russian Empire
(now Belarus)
"for his empirically founded interpretation of economic growth which has led to new and deepened insight into the economic and social structure and process of development"
1970 Paul A. Samuelson Gary, Indiana, U.S. "for the scientific work through which he has developed static and dynamic economic theory and actively contributed to raising the level of analysis in economic science"

Peace

Year Image Laureate Birthplace Motivation
2021 Maria Ressa Manila, Philippines "for their efforts to safeguard freedom of expression, which is a precondition for democracy and lasting peace"
2009 Barack Obama Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S. "for his extraordinary efforts to strengthen international diplomacy and cooperation between peoples"
2007 Al Gore Washington, D.C., U.S. "for their efforts to build up and disseminate greater knowledge about man-made climate change, and to lay the foundations for the measures that are needed to counteract such change"
2002 Jimmy Carter Plains, Georgia, U.S. "for his decades of untiring effort to find peaceful solutions to international conflicts, to advance democracy and human rights, and to promote economic and social development"
1997 Jody Williams Rutland, Vermont, United States "for the courageous efforts in founding a movement to put an end to the violent conflict in Northern Ireland"
1986 Elie Wiesel Sighet, Kingdom of Romania "for being a messenger to mankind: his message is one of peace, atonement and dignity"
1973 Henry Kissinger Fürth, Bavaria, Weimar Republic "for jointly having negotiated a cease fire in Vietnam in 1973"
1970 Norman Borlaug Cresco, Iowa, United States "for having given a well-founded hope – the green revolution"
1964 Martin Luther King Jr. Atlanta, Georgia, U.S. "for his non-violent struggle for civil rights for the Afro-American population"
1962 Linus C. Pauling Portland, Oregon, U.S. "for his fight against the nuclear arms race between East and West"
1953 George C. Marshall Uniontown, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease"
1950 Ralph J. Bunche Detroit, Michigan, U.S. "for his work as mediator in Palestine in 1948–1949"
1947 American Friends Service Committee "for their pioneering work in the international peace movement and compassionate effort to relieve human suffering, thereby promoting the fraternity between nations"
1946 Emily G. Balch Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. "for her lifelong work for the cause of peace"
1946 John R. Mott Livingston Manor, Sullivan County,
New York, U.S.
"for his contribution to the creation of a peace-promoting religious brotherhood across national boundaries"
1945 Cordell Hull Olympus, Tennessee, U.S. "for his indefatigable work for international understanding and his pivotal role in establishing the United Nations"
1931 Jane Addams Cedarville, Illinois, U.S. "for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind"
1931 Nicholas M. Butler Elizabeth, New Jersey, U.S. "for their assiduous effort to revive the ideal of peace and to rekindle the spirit of peace in their own nation and in the whole of mankind"
1929 Frank B. Kellogg Potsdam, New York "for his crucial role in bringing about the Briand-Kellogg Pact"
1925 Charles G. Dawes Marietta, Ohio, U.S. "for his crucial role in bringing about the Dawes Plan"
1919 Woodrow Wilson Staunton, Virginia, U.S. "for his role as founder of the League of Nations"
1912 Elihu Root Clinton, New York "for bringing about better understanding between the countries of North and South America and initiating important arbitration agreements between the United States and other countries"
1906 Theodore Roosevelt New York City, U.S. "for his role in bringing to an end the bloody war recently waged between two of the world's great powers, Japan and Russia"

Physics

Year Image Laureate Birthplace Motivation
2022 John Clauser Pasadena, California, U.S. "for experiments with entangled photons, establishing the violation of Bell inequalities and pioneering quantum information science"
2021 Syukuro Manabe Shinritsu, Uma, Ehime, Japan "for the physical modelling of Earth’s climate, quantifying variability and reliably predicting global warming"
2020 Andrea Ghez New York City, U.S. "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy"
2019 Jim Peebles Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology"
2018 Arthur Ashkin Brooklyn, New York, U.S. "for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems"
2017 Rainer Weiss Berlin, Germany "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
2017 Kip Thorne Logan, Utah, U.S. "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
2017 Barry Barish Omaha, Nebraska, U.S. "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves"
2016 F. Duncan M. Haldane London, England "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"
2016 John M. Kosterlitz Aberdeen, Scotland, United Kingdom "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter"
2014 Shuji Nakamura Ikata, Ehime, Japan "for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources"
2012 David J. Wineland Milwaukee, Wisconsin, United States "for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems"
2011 Saul Perlmutter Champaign-Urbana, Illinois, US "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
2011 Brian P. Schmidt Missoula, Montana,
United States
"for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
2011 Adam G. Riess Washington, D.C., U.S. "for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae"
2009 Willard S. Boyle Amherst, Nova Scotia, Canada "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
2009 Charles K. Kao Shanghai, China "for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication"
2009 George E. Smith White Plains, New York, U.S. "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
2008 Yoichiro Nambu Tokyo, Japan "for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics"
2006 John C. Mather Roanoke, Virginia, U.S. "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
2006 George F. Smoot Yukon, Florida, U.S. "for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation"
2005 John L. Hall Denver, Colorado, US "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
2005 Roy J. Glauber New York City, U.S. "for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence"
2004 David J. Gross Washington, D.C., U.S. "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
2004 H. David Politzer New York City, U.S. "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
2004 Frank Wilczek Mineola, New York, U.S. "for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction"
2003 Anthony J. Leggett Camberwell, London, England "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
2003 Alexei Alexeyevich Abrikosov Moscow, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union "for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids"
2002 Raymond Davis Jr. Washington, D.C., United States "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos"
2002 Riccardo Giacconi Genoa, Kingdom of Italy "for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources"
2001 Eric A. Cornell Palo Alto, California, US "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
2001 Carl E. Wieman Corvallis, Oregon, U.S. "for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates"
2000 Jack Kilby Jefferson City, Missouri, U.S. "for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit"
1998 Horst Ludwig Störmer Frankfurt, Hesse, Allied-occupied Germany "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
1998 Robert B. Laughlin Visalia, California, United States "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
1998 Daniel C. Tsui Fan village, Henan, China "for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations"
1997 Steven Chu St. Louis, Missouri, U.S. "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
1997 William D. Phillips Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light"
1996 David M. Lee Rye, New York "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
1996 Douglas D. Osheroff Aberdeen, Washington, U.S. "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
1996 Robert Coleman Richardson Washington, D.C., U.S. "for his work on the thermionic phenomenon and especially for the discovery of the law named after him"
1995 Martin L. Perl New York City "for the discovery of the tau lepton"
1995 Frederick Reines Paterson, New Jersey "for the detection of the neutrino"
1994 Clifford G. Shull Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania "for the development of the neutron diffraction technique"
1993 Russell A. Hulse New York City "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
1993 Joseph H. Taylor Jr. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania "for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation"
1990 Jerome I. Friedman Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics"
1990 Henry W. Kendall Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
1989 Hans G. Dehmelt Görlitz, Germany "for the development of the ion trap technique"
1989 Norman F. Ramsey Washington, D.C., U.S. "for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks"
1988 Leon M. Lederman New York City, U.S. "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
1988 Melvin Schwartz New York City, U.S. "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
1988 Jack Steinberger Bad Kissingen, Germany "for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino"
1983 William A. Fowler Pittsburgh "for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe"
1983 Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar Lahore, Punjab, British India (present-day Punjab, Pakistan) "for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars"
1982 Kenneth G. Wilson Waltham, Massachusetts "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1981 Nicolaas Bloembergen Dordrecht, Netherlands "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
1981 Arthur L. Schawlow Mount Vernon, New York, U.S. "for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy"
1980 James Cronin Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
1980 Val Fitch Merriman, Nebraska "for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons"
1979 Steven Weinberg New York City, U.S. "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
1979 Sheldon Glashow New York City, U.S. "for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current"
1978 Robert Woodrow Wilson Houston, Texas, U.S. "for his method of making the paths of electrically charged particles visible by condensation of vapour"
1978 Arno Penzias Munich, Germany "for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation"
1977 Philip W. Anderson Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S. "for his discovery of the positron"
1977 John H. van Vleck Middletown, Connecticut, US "for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems"
1976 Burton Richter Brooklyn, New York, U.S. "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
1976 Samuel C. C. Ting Ann Arbor, Michigan, U.S. "for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind"
1975 Ben Roy Mottelson Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
1975 James Rainwater Council, Idaho, U.S. "for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection"
1973 Ivar Giaever Bergen, Norway "for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively"
1972 John Bardeen Madison, Wisconsin, U.S. "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
1972 Leon N. Cooper Bronx, New York, U.S. "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
1972 Robert Schrieffer Oak Park, Illinois, U.S. "for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory"
1969 Murray Gell-Mann Manhattan, New York City, U.S. "for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions"
1968 Luis Alvarez San Francisco, California, US "for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis"
1967 Hans Bethe Strasbourg, Germany "for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars"
1965 Richard P. Feynman New York City, U.S. "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
1965 Julian Schwinger New York City, U.S. "for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles"
1964 Charles H. Townes Greenville, South Carolina, US "for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle"
1963 Maria Goeppert-Mayer Kattowitz, German Empire "for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure"
1963 Eugene Wigner Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary, Austria-Hungary "for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles"
1961 Robert Hofstadter New York City "for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons"
1960 Donald A. Glaser Cleveland, Ohio, U.S. "for the invention of the bubble chamber"
1959 Owen Chamberlain San Francisco, California, U.S. "for their discovery of the antiproton"
1959 Emilio Segrè Tivoli, Kingdom of Italy "for their discovery of the antiproton"
1957 Chen Ning Yang Hefei, Republic of China "for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles"
1957 Tsung-Dao Lee Shanghai, Republic of China "for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3"
1956 William B. Shockley London, England "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
1956 John Bardeen Madison, Wisconsin, U.S. "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
1956 Walter H. Brattain Xiamen, Fujian, China "for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect"
1955 Willis E. Lamb Los Angeles, California "for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum"
1955 Polykarp Kusch Blankenburg, District of Blankenburg, Duchy of Brunswick, German Empire "for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron"
1952 E. M. Purcell Taylorville, Illinois, United States "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1952 Felix Bloch Zürich, Switzerland "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1946 Percy W. Bridgman Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S. "for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics"
1944 Isidor Isaac Rabi Rymanów, Galicia, Austria-Hungary "for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei"
1943 Otto Stern Sohrau, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire
(today Żory, Poland)
"for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton"
1939 Ernest Lawrence Canton, South Dakota, U.S. "for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements"
1937 Clinton Davisson Bloomington, Illinois, USA "for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals"
1936 Carl David Anderson New York City, U.S. "for his discovery of the positron"
1927 Arthur H. Compton Wooster, Ohio, U.S. "for his discovery of the effect named after him"
1923 Robert A. Millikan Morrison, Illinois, U.S. "for his work on the elementary charge of electricity and on the photoelectric effect"
1907 Albert A. Michelson Strelno, Kingdom of Prussia, German Confederation "for his optical precision instruments and the spectroscopic and metrological investigations carried out with their aid"

Physiology or Medicine

Year Image Laureate Birthplace Motivation
2021 David Julius New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"
2021 Ardem Patapoutian Beirut, Lebanon "for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch"
2020 Harvey J. Alter New York City, U.S. "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"
2020 Charles M. Rice Sacramento, California, U.S. "for the discovery of Hepatitis C virus"
2019 William Kaelin Jr. New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"
2019 Gregg L. Semenza New York City. New York, U.S. "for their discoveries of how cells sense and adapt to oxygen availability"
2018 James Allison Alice, Texas, U.S. "for their discovery of cancer therapy by inhibition of negative immune regulation"
2017 Michael W. Young Miami, Florida, U.S. "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
2017 Michael Rosbash Kansas City, Missouri, U.S. "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
2017 Jeffrey C. Hall New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries of molecular mechanisms controlling the circadian rhythm"
2015 William C. Campbell Ramelton, County Donegal, Ireland "for their discoveries concerning a novel therapy against infections caused by roundworm parasites"
2014 John O'Keefe New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain"
2013 Randy Schekman Saint Paul, Minnesota, U.S. "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
2013 Thomas C. Südhof Göttingen, Germany "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
2013 James Rothman Haverhill, Massachusetts, US "for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells"
2011 Ralph M. Steinman Montreal, Quebec, Canada "for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity"
2011 Bruce Beutler Chicago, Illinois "for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity"
2009 Elizabeth Blackburn Hobart, Tasmania, Australia "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
2009 Carol W. Greider San Diego, California, U.S. "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
2009 Jack W. Szostak London, United Kingdom "for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase"
2007 Mario R. Capecchi Verona, Italy "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"
2007 Oliver Smithies Halifax, West Yorkshire, England "for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells"
2006 Andrew Z. Fire Palo Alto, California "for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
2006 Craig C. Mello New Haven, Connecticut, US "for their discovery of RNA interference – gene silencing by double-stranded RNA"
2004 Richard Axel New York City, US "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
2004 Linda B. Buck Seattle, Washington, U.S. "for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system"
2003 Paul C. Lauterbur Sidney, Ohio "for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging"
2002 Sydney Brenner Germiston, Transvaal, Union of South Africa "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
2002 H. Robert Horvitz Chicago, Illinois, US "for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death'"
2001 Leland H. Hartwell Los Angeles, California "for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle"
2000 Paul Greengard New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
2000 Eric Kandel Vienna, Austria "for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system"
1999 Günter Blobel Waltersdorf (currently Niegosławice), Lower Silesia, Germany "for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell"
1998 Robert F. Furchgott Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
1998 Louis J. Ignarro Brooklyn, NY "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
1998 Ferid Murad Whiting, Indiana, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system"
1997 Stanley B. Prusiner Des Moines, Iowa, United States "for his discovery of Prions – a new biological principle of infection"
1995 Edward B. Lewis Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania, US "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
1995 Eric F. Wieschaus South Bend, Indiana "for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development"
1994 Alfred G. Gilman New Haven, Connecticut "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
1994 Martin Rodbell Baltimore, Maryland, U.S. "for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells"
1993 Phillip A. Sharp Falmouth, Kentucky, U.S. "for their discoveries of split genes"
1992 Edmond H. Fischer Shanghai International Settlement, Shanghai, China "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
1992 Edwin G. Krebs Lansing, Iowa "for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism"
1990 Joseph E. Murray Milford, Massachusetts, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
1990 E. Donnall Thomas Mart, Texas, United States "for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease"
1989 J. Michael Bishop York, Pennsylvania, U.S. "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
1989 Harold E. Varmus Oceanside, New York, US "for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes"
1988 Gertrude B. Elion New York City, United States "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
1988 George H. Hitchings Hoquiam, Washington, U.S. "for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment"
1986 Stanley Cohen Brooklyn, New York, U.S. "for their discoveries of growth factors"
1986 Rita Levi-Montalcini Turin, Italy "for their discoveries of growth factors"
1985 Michael S. Brown Brooklyn, New York, United States "for their development of the use of boron- and phosphorus-containing compounds, respectively, into important reagents in organic synthesis"
1985 Joseph L. Goldstein Kingstree, South Carolina "for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism"
1983 Barbara McClintock Hartford, Connecticut, U.S. "for her discovery of mobile genetic elements"
1981 David H. Hubel Windsor, Ontario, Canada "for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system"
1981 Roger W. Sperry Hartford, Connecticut, U.S. "for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres"
1980 Baruj Benacerraf Caracas, Venezuela "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
1980 George D. Snell Bradford, Massachusetts "for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions"
1979 Allan M. Cormack Johannesburg, South Africa "for the development of computer assisted tomography"
1978 Hamilton O. Smith "for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor"
1978 Daniel Nathans Wilmington, Delaware "for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics"
1977 Roger Guillemin Dijon, France "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
1977 Andrew Schally Wilno, Poland "for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain"
1977 Rosalyn Yalow New York City, U.S. "for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones"
1976 Baruch S. Blumberg Brooklyn, New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
1976 Daniel Carleton Gajdusek Yonkers, New York, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases"
1975 David Baltimore New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
1975 Renato Dulbecco Catanzaro, Italy "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
1975 Howard Martin Temin Philadelphia, Pennsylvania "for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell"
1974 George E. Palade Iași, Romania "for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell"
1972 Gerald Edelman Ozone Park, Queens, New York "for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies"
1971 Earl W. Sutherland Jr. Burlingame, Kansas, U.S. "for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones"
1970 Julius Axelrod New York City, USA "for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmitters in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation"
1969 Max Delbrück Berlin, German Empire "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
1969 Alfred Hershey Owosso, Michigan, US "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
1969 Salvador Luria Turin, Kingdom of Italy "for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses"
1968 Robert W. Holley Urbana, Illinois "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
1968 Har Gobind Khorana Raipur, Multan, Punjab Province, British India (present day Punjab, Pakistan) "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
1968 Marshall Warren Nirenberg New York City "for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis"
1967 Haldan Keffer Hartline Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania, US "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
1967 George Wald New York City, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye"
1966 Charles B. Huggins Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada "for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer"
1966 Francis Peyton Rous Baltimore, Maryland "for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses"
1964 Konrad Bloch Neisse, Kingdom of Prussia, German Empire "for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith"
1962 James D. Watson Chicago, Illinois, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material"
1961 Georg von Békésy Budapest, Kingdom of Hungary "for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea"
1959 Arthur Kornberg New York City, U.S. "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
1959 Severo Ochoa Luarca, Asturias, Spain "for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid"
1958 George Beadle Wahoo, Nebraska, U.S. "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
1958 Joshua Lederberg Montclair, New Jersey "for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria"
1958 Edward Tatum Boulder, Colorado, United States "for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events"
1956 Dickinson W. Richards Orange, New Jersey "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
1956 André F. Cournand Paris, France "for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system"
1954 John F. Enders West Hartford, Connecticut "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
1954 Frederick C. Robbins Auburn, Alabama "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
1954 Thomas H. Weller Ann Arbor, Michigan "for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue"
1953 Fritz Albert Lipmann Königsberg, German Empire (present-day Kaliningrad, Russia) "for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism"
1952 Selman A. Waksman Nova Pryluka (near Vinnytsia), Kiev Governorate, Russian Empire (now Ukraine) "for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis"
1950 Philip S. Hench Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, US "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
1950 Edward C. Kendall South Norwalk, Connecticut, United States "for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects"
1947 Carl Ferdinand Cori Prague, Austro-Hungarian Empire "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
1947 Gerty Cori Prague, Bohemia, Austro-Hungarian Empire "for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen"
1946 Hermann J. Muller New York City, U.S. "for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation"
1944 Joseph Erlanger San Francisco, California, US "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
1944 Herbert S. Gasser Platteville, Wisconsin, U.S. "for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres"
1943 Edward A. Doisy Hume, Illinois, US "for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K"
1934 George R. Minot Boston, Massachusetts, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
1934 William P. Murphy Stoughton, Wisconsin "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
1934 George H. Whipple Ashland, New Hampshire, U.S. "for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia"
1933 Thomas H. Morgan Lexington, Kentucky, US "for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity"

Literature

Year Image Laureate Birthplace Motivation
2020 Louise Glück New York City, U.S. "for her unmistakable poetic voice that with austere beauty makes individual existence universal"
2016 Bob Dylan Duluth, Minnesota, US "for having created new poetic expressions within the great American song tradition"
1993 Toni Morrison Lorain, Ohio, U.S. "who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality"
1987 Joseph Brodsky Leningrad, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union
(now Saint Petersburg, Russia)
"for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity"
1980 Czesław Miłosz Šeteniai, Kovno Governorate, Russian Empire "who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts"
1978 Isaac Bashevis Singer Leoncin, Congress Poland, Russian Empire "for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life"
1976 Saul Bellow Lachine, Quebec, Canada "for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work"
1962 John Steinbeck Salinas, California, U.S. "for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception"
1954 Ernest Hemingway Oak Park, Illinois, U.S. "for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style"
1949 William Faulkner New Albany, Mississippi, U.S. "for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel"
1948 T. S. Eliot St. Louis, Missouri, US "for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry"
1938 Pearl S. Buck Hillsboro, West Virginia, U.S. "for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces"
1936 Eugene O'Neill New York City, U.S. "for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy"
1930 Sinclair Lewis Sauk Centre, Minnesota, United States "for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters"

References

  1. ^ "All Nobel Prizes". NobelPrize.org.
  2. ^ "Why the United States dominates the Nobels". phys.org.
  3. ^ "Immigrant Nobel Prize Laureates". Institute for Immigration Research.
  4. ^ https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Blog/Item/Roosevelt%20is%20Awarded%20the%20Nobel%20Peace%20Prize. {{ cite web}}: Missing or empty |title= ( help)
  5. ^ "A.A. Michelson | American scientist | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 15 December 2023.
  6. ^ "The Sinclair Lewis Society: FAQ". english.illinoisstate.edu.

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