PhotosLocation


laurium Latitude and Longitude:

37°42′N 24°3′E / 37.700°N 24.050°E / 37.700; 24.050
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Laurium)
Lavrio
Lavrion
Laurium
Λαύριο/Λαύριον
The port of Lavrio
The port of Lavrio
Lavrio Lavrion Laurium is located in Greece
Lavrio Lavrion Laurium
Lavrio
Lavrion
Laurium
Location within the region
Coordinates: 37°42′N 24°3′E / 37.700°N 24.050°E / 37.700; 24.050
CountryGreece
Administrative region Attica
Regional unit East Attica
Municipality Lavreotiki
Elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Population
 (2011) [1]
 • Community7,078
Time zone UTC+2 ( EET)
 • Summer ( DST) UTC+3 ( EEST)
Postal code
195 xx

Lavrio, Lavrion or Laurium ( Greek: Λαύριο; Ancient Greek: Λαύρειον (later Λαύριον); [2] from Middle Ages until 1908: Εργαστήρια Ergastiria) [3] is a town in southeastern part of Attica, Greece. It is part of Athens metropolitan area and the seat of the municipality of Lavreotiki. [4] [5] [6] Laurium was famous in Classical antiquity for its silver mines, which was one of the chief sources of revenue of the Athenian state. The metallic silver was mainly used for coinage. The Archaeological Museum of Lavrion shows much of the story of these mines.

It is located about 60 km SE of Athens city center, SE of Keratea and N of Cape Sounio. Laurium is situated on a bay overlooking the island of Makronisos (ancient times: Helena) in the east. The port is in the middle and gridded streets cover the residential area of Lavrio. GR-89 runs through Lavrio and ends south in Sounio.

History

Map of the mines of Laurion
Ruins of the ancient theatre at Thorikos
Archaeological Museum of Laurion

The modern town of Lavrio is at the site of the ancient village of Thoricus; its name is taken from that of the entire region of the Mines of Laurium.

The earliest evidence for mining dates to the beginning of the Bronze Age, ca. 3200 BC. [7]

Systematic exploitation of mineral resources seem to have begun in the 6th century BC under Peisistratus. [8] After the battle of Marathon, Themistocles persuaded the Athenians to devote the anticipated revenue derived from a major silver vein strike in the mines of Laurion circa 483 BC to expanding the Athenian fleet to 200 triremes, and thus laid the foundation of the Athenian naval power. The mines, which were the property of the state, were usually farmed out for a certain fixed sum and a percentage on the working; slave labour was exclusively employed. An unrecorded number were children. It was a miserable, dangerous, and brief life. As many as 20,000 slaves were employed at the height of the mining. A silver mint ( Argyrocopeum) was at Laurion.

Towards the end of the 5th century, the output fell, partly owing to the Spartan occupation of Decelea. But the mines continued to be worked, though Strabo records that in his time the tailings were being worked over, and Pausanias speaks of the mines as a thing of the past. The ancient workings, consisting of shafts and galleries for excavating the ore, and washing tables for concentrating the ore, may still be seen at many locations. There were well engineered tanks and reservoirs to collect rainwater for washing the ore since abundant supplies from streams or rivers was impossible at the site.

The mines were reworked in the late 19th century by French and Greek companies, but mainly for lead, manganese and cadmium. In 1896 a strike from the miners was violently confronted by the mining company's guards resulting in the death of two workers. The miners responded by destroying the company's offices and killing the guards. The government then sent police forces to support the company's interests against the strikers. Further clashes between workers and the police occurred to which the government replied by sending the military against the striking workers resulting in more workers' deaths. The strike ended violently with most of the strikers' demands not being fulfilled and with a military force being permanently established to patrol the miners. [9]

The Mineralogical Museum of Lavrion comprises samples of minerals from the region of Lavrion.

Climate

Lavrio, owing to its location in the southern tip of the Athens Riviera, has a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification: BSh), closely bordering a hot-summer mediterranean (Csa) climate. It has mild winters and hot summers, with particularly warm summer nights. The summer highs are 2 °C lower than in Piraeus and 4 °C lower than in downtown Athens. The driest months are July and August while the rainiest period is during December and January. According to the station of the National Observatory of Athens, Lavrio has not recorded an air frost since 2008.

Climate data for Lavrio (2008-2023)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.9
(73.2)
23.1
(73.6)
23.3
(73.9)
27.7
(81.9)
32.8
(91.0)
39.3
(102.7)
42.4
(108.3)
38.2
(100.8)
38.7
(101.7)
33.1
(91.6)
27.4
(81.3)
23.7
(74.7)
42.4
(108.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2)
14.9
(58.8)
16.5
(61.7)
19.8
(67.6)
24.4
(75.9)
28.5
(83.3)
30.9
(87.6)
30.7
(87.3)
27.5
(81.5)
22.8
(73.0)
19.3
(66.7)
15.7
(60.3)
22.1
(71.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2)
11.9
(53.4)
13.3
(55.9)
16.3
(61.3)
20.8
(69.4)
25.1
(77.2)
27.8
(82.0)
27.9
(82.2)
24.6
(76.3)
20.1
(68.2)
16.7
(62.1)
13.0
(55.4)
19.1
(66.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9)
9.0
(48.2)
10.2
(50.4)
12.8
(55.0)
17.2
(63.0)
21.6
(70.9)
24.8
(76.6)
25.2
(77.4)
21.6
(70.9)
17.3
(63.1)
14.0
(57.2)
10.2
(50.4)
16.0
(60.8)
Record low °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2)
0.6
(33.1)
0.6
(33.1)
5.8
(42.4)
10.8
(51.4)
14.8
(58.6)
19.9
(67.8)
19.6
(67.3)
14.3
(57.7)
8.8
(47.8)
6.6
(43.9)
2.4
(36.3)
0.1
(32.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 72.2
(2.84)
48.9
(1.93)
39.8
(1.57)
20.67
(0.81)
6.3
(0.25)
11.4
(0.45)
2.4
(0.09)
0.4
(0.02)
18.4
(0.72)
31.1
(1.22)
52.9
(2.08)
77.5
(3.05)
381.97
(15.03)
Source 1: National Observatory of Athens Monthly Bulletins (Oct 2008 - Apr 2023) [10]
Source 2: Lavrio N.O.A station [11]

Facilities

The Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport is 35 km away from Lavrio or about 30 minutes drive. Lavrio is connected to Athens by car using the Lavrio/Sounio Leoforos (Highway) and then Attiki Odos. This trip takes about an hour. A quite convenient solution to go to Athens is to "park and drive". Drive from Lavrio to Koropi Train Station and there take the suburban railway or metro that goes straight to Athens center. (30 minutes drive + 30 minutes train)

Lavrio was the terminal station of the Athens-Lavrion Railway, which was abandoned in 1957.

The mining town of Laurium, Michigan was named after the famous Greek Laurium.

Sports

Laurium hosts the football club Olympiacos Laurium, which played in the Gamma Ethniki in the past, and the basketball club Lavrio B.C., which plays in the Basket League.

Sport clubs based in Laurium
Club Founded Sports Achievements
Olympiacos Laurium 1926 Football Previous presence in Gamma Ethniki
Lavrio B.C. 1990 Basketball Current presence in Basket League

Twin towns

See also

References

  1. ^ "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
  2. ^ Liddell, Scott, Jones, Greek Lexicon.
  3. ^ "EETAA local government changes". eetaa.gr. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  4. ^ "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
  5. ^ NWC. "Map of Athens: offline map and detailed map of Athens city". athensmap360.com. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  6. ^ "Athens Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  7. ^ "Newly Discovered Greek Silver Mine Rewrites History - GreekReporter.com". greece.greekreporter.com. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  8. ^ Wood, J.R. (2022). "Other ways to examine the finances behind the birth of Classical Greece". Archaeometry. doi: 10.1111/arcm.12839. S2CID  253075525.
  9. ^ "Η απεργία των μεταλλωρύχων στο Λαύριο το 1896. Τέσσερις εργάτες δολοφονήθηκαν και η κυβέρνηση έστειλε στρατό και πλοία για να καταστείλει την απεργία". ΜΗΧΑΝΗ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΟΝΟΥ (in Greek). 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  10. ^ "Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα".
  11. ^ "Latest Conditions in Lavrio - Greece".

Sources

External links


laurium Latitude and Longitude:

37°42′N 24°3′E / 37.700°N 24.050°E / 37.700; 24.050
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Laurium)
Lavrio
Lavrion
Laurium
Λαύριο/Λαύριον
The port of Lavrio
The port of Lavrio
Lavrio Lavrion Laurium is located in Greece
Lavrio Lavrion Laurium
Lavrio
Lavrion
Laurium
Location within the region
Coordinates: 37°42′N 24°3′E / 37.700°N 24.050°E / 37.700; 24.050
CountryGreece
Administrative region Attica
Regional unit East Attica
Municipality Lavreotiki
Elevation
10 m (30 ft)
Population
 (2011) [1]
 • Community7,078
Time zone UTC+2 ( EET)
 • Summer ( DST) UTC+3 ( EEST)
Postal code
195 xx

Lavrio, Lavrion or Laurium ( Greek: Λαύριο; Ancient Greek: Λαύρειον (later Λαύριον); [2] from Middle Ages until 1908: Εργαστήρια Ergastiria) [3] is a town in southeastern part of Attica, Greece. It is part of Athens metropolitan area and the seat of the municipality of Lavreotiki. [4] [5] [6] Laurium was famous in Classical antiquity for its silver mines, which was one of the chief sources of revenue of the Athenian state. The metallic silver was mainly used for coinage. The Archaeological Museum of Lavrion shows much of the story of these mines.

It is located about 60 km SE of Athens city center, SE of Keratea and N of Cape Sounio. Laurium is situated on a bay overlooking the island of Makronisos (ancient times: Helena) in the east. The port is in the middle and gridded streets cover the residential area of Lavrio. GR-89 runs through Lavrio and ends south in Sounio.

History

Map of the mines of Laurion
Ruins of the ancient theatre at Thorikos
Archaeological Museum of Laurion

The modern town of Lavrio is at the site of the ancient village of Thoricus; its name is taken from that of the entire region of the Mines of Laurium.

The earliest evidence for mining dates to the beginning of the Bronze Age, ca. 3200 BC. [7]

Systematic exploitation of mineral resources seem to have begun in the 6th century BC under Peisistratus. [8] After the battle of Marathon, Themistocles persuaded the Athenians to devote the anticipated revenue derived from a major silver vein strike in the mines of Laurion circa 483 BC to expanding the Athenian fleet to 200 triremes, and thus laid the foundation of the Athenian naval power. The mines, which were the property of the state, were usually farmed out for a certain fixed sum and a percentage on the working; slave labour was exclusively employed. An unrecorded number were children. It was a miserable, dangerous, and brief life. As many as 20,000 slaves were employed at the height of the mining. A silver mint ( Argyrocopeum) was at Laurion.

Towards the end of the 5th century, the output fell, partly owing to the Spartan occupation of Decelea. But the mines continued to be worked, though Strabo records that in his time the tailings were being worked over, and Pausanias speaks of the mines as a thing of the past. The ancient workings, consisting of shafts and galleries for excavating the ore, and washing tables for concentrating the ore, may still be seen at many locations. There were well engineered tanks and reservoirs to collect rainwater for washing the ore since abundant supplies from streams or rivers was impossible at the site.

The mines were reworked in the late 19th century by French and Greek companies, but mainly for lead, manganese and cadmium. In 1896 a strike from the miners was violently confronted by the mining company's guards resulting in the death of two workers. The miners responded by destroying the company's offices and killing the guards. The government then sent police forces to support the company's interests against the strikers. Further clashes between workers and the police occurred to which the government replied by sending the military against the striking workers resulting in more workers' deaths. The strike ended violently with most of the strikers' demands not being fulfilled and with a military force being permanently established to patrol the miners. [9]

The Mineralogical Museum of Lavrion comprises samples of minerals from the region of Lavrion.

Climate

Lavrio, owing to its location in the southern tip of the Athens Riviera, has a hot semi-arid climate ( Köppen climate classification: BSh), closely bordering a hot-summer mediterranean (Csa) climate. It has mild winters and hot summers, with particularly warm summer nights. The summer highs are 2 °C lower than in Piraeus and 4 °C lower than in downtown Athens. The driest months are July and August while the rainiest period is during December and January. According to the station of the National Observatory of Athens, Lavrio has not recorded an air frost since 2008.

Climate data for Lavrio (2008-2023)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 22.9
(73.2)
23.1
(73.6)
23.3
(73.9)
27.7
(81.9)
32.8
(91.0)
39.3
(102.7)
42.4
(108.3)
38.2
(100.8)
38.7
(101.7)
33.1
(91.6)
27.4
(81.3)
23.7
(74.7)
42.4
(108.3)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 14.0
(57.2)
14.9
(58.8)
16.5
(61.7)
19.8
(67.6)
24.4
(75.9)
28.5
(83.3)
30.9
(87.6)
30.7
(87.3)
27.5
(81.5)
22.8
(73.0)
19.3
(66.7)
15.7
(60.3)
22.1
(71.8)
Daily mean °C (°F) 11.2
(52.2)
11.9
(53.4)
13.3
(55.9)
16.3
(61.3)
20.8
(69.4)
25.1
(77.2)
27.8
(82.0)
27.9
(82.2)
24.6
(76.3)
20.1
(68.2)
16.7
(62.1)
13.0
(55.4)
19.1
(66.4)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 8.3
(46.9)
9.0
(48.2)
10.2
(50.4)
12.8
(55.0)
17.2
(63.0)
21.6
(70.9)
24.8
(76.6)
25.2
(77.4)
21.6
(70.9)
17.3
(63.1)
14.0
(57.2)
10.2
(50.4)
16.0
(60.8)
Record low °C (°F) 0.1
(32.2)
0.6
(33.1)
0.6
(33.1)
5.8
(42.4)
10.8
(51.4)
14.8
(58.6)
19.9
(67.8)
19.6
(67.3)
14.3
(57.7)
8.8
(47.8)
6.6
(43.9)
2.4
(36.3)
0.1
(32.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 72.2
(2.84)
48.9
(1.93)
39.8
(1.57)
20.67
(0.81)
6.3
(0.25)
11.4
(0.45)
2.4
(0.09)
0.4
(0.02)
18.4
(0.72)
31.1
(1.22)
52.9
(2.08)
77.5
(3.05)
381.97
(15.03)
Source 1: National Observatory of Athens Monthly Bulletins (Oct 2008 - Apr 2023) [10]
Source 2: Lavrio N.O.A station [11]

Facilities

The Eleftherios Venizelos International Airport is 35 km away from Lavrio or about 30 minutes drive. Lavrio is connected to Athens by car using the Lavrio/Sounio Leoforos (Highway) and then Attiki Odos. This trip takes about an hour. A quite convenient solution to go to Athens is to "park and drive". Drive from Lavrio to Koropi Train Station and there take the suburban railway or metro that goes straight to Athens center. (30 minutes drive + 30 minutes train)

Lavrio was the terminal station of the Athens-Lavrion Railway, which was abandoned in 1957.

The mining town of Laurium, Michigan was named after the famous Greek Laurium.

Sports

Laurium hosts the football club Olympiacos Laurium, which played in the Gamma Ethniki in the past, and the basketball club Lavrio B.C., which plays in the Basket League.

Sport clubs based in Laurium
Club Founded Sports Achievements
Olympiacos Laurium 1926 Football Previous presence in Gamma Ethniki
Lavrio B.C. 1990 Basketball Current presence in Basket League

Twin towns

See also

References

  1. ^ "Απογραφή Πληθυσμού - Κατοικιών 2011. ΜΟΝΙΜΟΣ Πληθυσμός" (in Greek). Hellenic Statistical Authority.
  2. ^ Liddell, Scott, Jones, Greek Lexicon.
  3. ^ "EETAA local government changes". eetaa.gr. Retrieved 26 June 2020.
  4. ^ "ΦΕΚ B 1292/2010, Kallikratis reform municipalities" (in Greek). Government Gazette.
  5. ^ NWC. "Map of Athens: offline map and detailed map of Athens city". athensmap360.com. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  6. ^ "Athens Population 2021 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs)". worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 2022-01-07.
  7. ^ "Newly Discovered Greek Silver Mine Rewrites History - GreekReporter.com". greece.greekreporter.com. Retrieved 20 April 2018.
  8. ^ Wood, J.R. (2022). "Other ways to examine the finances behind the birth of Classical Greece". Archaeometry. doi: 10.1111/arcm.12839. S2CID  253075525.
  9. ^ "Η απεργία των μεταλλωρύχων στο Λαύριο το 1896. Τέσσερις εργάτες δολοφονήθηκαν και η κυβέρνηση έστειλε στρατό και πλοία για να καταστείλει την απεργία". ΜΗΧΑΝΗ ΤΟΥ ΧΡΟΝΟΥ (in Greek). 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2022-08-21.
  10. ^ "Meteo.gr - Προγνώσεις καιρού για όλη την Ελλάδα".
  11. ^ "Latest Conditions in Lavrio - Greece".

Sources

External links


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