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Hoxhaism ( /ˈhɒdʒə.ɪzəm/ HOJ-ə-iz-əm) is a variant of anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the anti-revisionist movement, appearing after the ideological dispute between the Chinese Communist Party and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978. [1] The ideology is named after Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of the Party of Labour from 1941 to 1985 and leader of Albania from 1944 to 1985.
Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of Joseph Stalin, the organization of the Soviet Union under Stalinism, [2] and fierce criticism of virtually all other communist groupings as revisionist—it defines currents such as Eurocommunism as anti-communist movements. [3]
Critical of the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and Yugoslavia, Enver Hoxha labeled the latter three " social imperialist" and condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, before withdrawing Albania from the Warsaw Pact in response. [4] Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue socialism by different paths, dictated by the conditions in those countries, [5] although Hoxha personally held the view that Titoism was "anti-Marxist" in overall practice. [6] [7]
The Albanians succeeded in ideologically winning over a large share of anti-revisionists, mainly in Latin America (such as the Popular Liberation Army and the Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador as well as the Revolutionary Communist Party of Brazil), but they also had a significant international following in general.[ citation needed] Today there's still a strong Hoxhaist presence in several Latin American countries, notably Ecuador where the PCMLE has significant support through its electoral front the Popular Unity Movement and influence within Ecuadorian trade unions. [8] [9] [10]
Following the fall of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania in 1991, many Hoxhaist parties grouped themselves around an international conference founded in 1994 and the publication Unity and Struggle. [11]
The term Hoxhaism is rarely employed by the organizations which are associated with this trend, with Hoxhaists viewing Hoxha's theoretical contributions to Marxism as strictly an augmentation of anti-revisionism rather than a distinct ideology. Hoxhaists typically identify themselves with Marxism–Leninism or Stalinism. [12]
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{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link)
Part of a series on |
Marxism–Leninism |
---|
Part of a series on |
Stalinism |
---|
Hoxhaism ( /ˈhɒdʒə.ɪzəm/ HOJ-ə-iz-əm) is a variant of anti-revisionist Marxism–Leninism that developed in the late 1970s due to a split in the anti-revisionist movement, appearing after the ideological dispute between the Chinese Communist Party and the Party of Labour of Albania in 1978. [1] The ideology is named after Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of the Party of Labour from 1941 to 1985 and leader of Albania from 1944 to 1985.
Hoxhaism demarcates itself by a strict defense of the legacy of Joseph Stalin, the organization of the Soviet Union under Stalinism, [2] and fierce criticism of virtually all other communist groupings as revisionist—it defines currents such as Eurocommunism as anti-communist movements. [3]
Critical of the United States, the Soviet Union, China, and Yugoslavia, Enver Hoxha labeled the latter three " social imperialist" and condemned the Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia in 1968, before withdrawing Albania from the Warsaw Pact in response. [4] Hoxhaism asserts the right of nations to pursue socialism by different paths, dictated by the conditions in those countries, [5] although Hoxha personally held the view that Titoism was "anti-Marxist" in overall practice. [6] [7]
The Albanians succeeded in ideologically winning over a large share of anti-revisionists, mainly in Latin America (such as the Popular Liberation Army and the Marxist–Leninist Communist Party of Ecuador as well as the Revolutionary Communist Party of Brazil), but they also had a significant international following in general.[ citation needed] Today there's still a strong Hoxhaist presence in several Latin American countries, notably Ecuador where the PCMLE has significant support through its electoral front the Popular Unity Movement and influence within Ecuadorian trade unions. [8] [9] [10]
Following the fall of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania in 1991, many Hoxhaist parties grouped themselves around an international conference founded in 1994 and the publication Unity and Struggle. [11]
The term Hoxhaism is rarely employed by the organizations which are associated with this trend, with Hoxhaists viewing Hoxha's theoretical contributions to Marxism as strictly an augmentation of anti-revisionism rather than a distinct ideology. Hoxhaists typically identify themselves with Marxism–Leninism or Stalinism. [12]
{{
cite book}}
: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
link)
{{
cite web}}
: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
link)