The son of
Danish immigrants, John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum was born in 1867 in
St. Charles in what was then
Idaho Territory. Borglum was a child of
Mormon polygamy. His father, Jens Møller Haugaard Børglum (1839–1909), came from the village of
Børglum in northwestern Denmark. He had two wives when he lived in Idaho: Gutzon's mother, Christina Mikkelsen Børglum (1847–1871), and her sister Ida, who was Jens's first wife.[8] Jens Borglum decided to leave the LDS church and moved to
Omaha, Nebraska where polygamy was both illegal and taboo.[9] Jens Borglum had worked mainly as a woodcarver before his decision to attend the
Saint Louis Homeopathic Medical College[10] in
St. Louis, Missouri. At this point "Jens and Christina divorced, the family left the LDS church, and Jens, Ida, their children, and Christina's two sons, Gutzon and Solon, moved to St. Louis, where Jens earned a medical degree." Upon his graduation from the Missouri Medical College in 1874, Dr. Borglum moved the family to Fremont, Nebraska, where he established a medical practice.[11][12] Gutzon Borglum remained in Fremont until 1882, when his father enrolled him in
St. Mary's College, Kansas.[13]
After a brief stint at Saint Mary's College, Gutzon Borglum moved to Omaha, Nebraska, where he apprenticed in a machine shop and graduated from
Creighton Preparatory School.
New York City
Back in the U.S. in New York City, he sculpted saints and apostles for the new
Cathedral of St. John the Divine in 1901; in 1906 he had a group sculpture accepted by the
Metropolitan Museum of Art[14]— the first sculpture by a living American the museum had ever purchased—and made his presence further felt with some portraits. He also won the
Logan Medal of the Arts. His reputation soon surpassed that of his younger brother
Solon Borglum, already an established sculptor.
Family
In 1889, Borglum married his painting instructor, Elizabeth Jaynes Putnam, who was 18 years his senior.[15] After divorcing his first wife, Borglum married Mary Montgomery Williams, on May 20, 1909, with whom he had three children,[8] including a son,
Lincoln, and a daughter, Mary Ellis (Mel) Borglum Vhay.
Public life
Borglum was active in the committee that organized the New York
Armory Show of 1913, the birthplace of
modernism in American art. By the time the show was ready to open, however, Borglum had resigned from the committee, feeling that the emphasis on avant-garde works had co-opted the original premise of the show and made traditional artists like himself look provincial. He moved into an estate in
Stamford, Connecticut[16] in 1914 and lived there for 10 years. He sheltered
Czechoslovak Legion members on his land at Stamford in 1917.[17]
Borglum was an active member of the Ancient Free and Accepted Masons (the
Freemasons), raised in Howard Lodge #35, New York City, on June 10, 1904, and serving as its Worshipful Master 1910–11. In 1915, he was appointed Grand Representative of the Grand Lodge of Denmark near the Grand Lodge of New York. He received his Scottish Rite Degrees in the New York City Consistory on October 25, 1907.[18] He was friends with
Theodore Roosevelt for many years[19][20] and during the
1912 United States presidential election Borglum was a very active campaign organizer and member[21] of the
Bull Moose Party.[22][23]
While it has been claimed that Borglum was a member of the
Ku Klux Klan,[24] an article in the Smithsonian Magazine denies that there is proof that he officially joined the KKK.[25] That said, he became "deeply involved in Klan politics", attending Klan rallies and serving on Klan committees.[26] In 1925, having only completed the head of Robert E. Lee, Borglum was dismissed from the Stone Mountain project, with some holding that it came about due to infighting within the KKK, with Borglum involved in the strife.[27] Later, he stated "I am not a member of the Kloncilium, nor a knight of the KKK," but Howard Shaff and Audrey Karl Shaff claim that "that was for public consumption."[28] The museum at Mount Rushmore displays a letter to Borglum from
D. C. Stephenson, the infamous Klan Grand Dragon who later was convicted of the rape and murder of
Madge Oberholtzer. The 8x10 foot portrait contains the inscription "To my good friend Gutzon Borglum, with the greatest respect." Correspondence from Borglum to Stephenson during the 1920s detailed a deep
racist conviction in
Nordic moral superiority and strict immigration policies.[29]
Monuments
A fascination with gigantic scale and themes of heroic nationalism suited his extroverted personality. His
head of
Abraham Lincoln, carved from a six-ton block of marble, was exhibited in
Theodore Roosevelt's
White House and can be found in the
United States Capitol Crypt in
Washington, D.C. A "patriot," believing that the "monuments we have built are not our own," he looked to create art that was "American, drawn from American sources, memorializing American achievement," according to a 1908 interview.[citation needed] Borglum was highly suited to the competitive environment surrounding the contracts for public buildings and monuments, and his public sculptures are found all around the United States.
In 1908, Borglum won a competition for an
equestrian statue of the Civil War General
Philip Sheridan to be placed in
Sheridan Circle in Washington, D.C. A second version of General Philip Sheridan was erected in
Chicago,
Illinois, in 1923. Winning this competition was a personal triumph for him because he won out over sculptor
J.Q.A. Ward, a much older and more established artist and one whom Borglum had clashed with earlier in regard to the
National Sculpture Society. At the unveiling of the Sheridan statue, one observer, President Theodore Roosevelt (whom Borglum was later to include in the Mount Rushmore portrait group), declared that it was "first rate"; a critic wrote that "as a sculptor Gutzon Borglum was no longer a rumor, he was a fact." (Smith:see References)[full citation needed]
President
Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered an address on May 3, 1934, dedicating a statue of William Jennings Bryan created by Borglum. This Bryan statue by Borglum originally stood in
Washington, D.C. but was later displaced by highway construction and moved by an Act of Congress in 1961 to
Salem, Illinois, Bryan's birthplace.[30][31]
In 1925, the sculptor moved to Texas to work on the monument to trail drivers commissioned by the Trail Drivers Association. He completed the model in 1925, but due to lack of funds it was not cast until 1940, and then was only a fourth its originally planned size. It stands in front of the Texas Pioneer and Trail Drivers Memorial Hall next to the
Witte Museum in
San Antonio. Borglum lived at the historic
Menger Hotel, which in the 1920s was the residence of a number of artists. He subsequently planned the redevelopment of the Corpus Christi waterfront; the plan failed,[why?] although a model for a statue of Christ intended for it was later modified by his son and erected on a mountaintop in South Dakota. While living and working in Texas, Borglum took an interest in local beautification. He promoted change and modernity, although he was berated by academicians.[32]
Borglum was initially involved in the carving of
Stone Mountain in
Georgia. Borglum's nativist stances made him seem an ideologically sympathetic choice to carve a memorial to heroes of the
Confederate States of America, planned for
Stone Mountain, Georgia. In 1915, coinciding with the Klan-glorifying, highly successful The Birth of a Nation, he was approached by the
United Daughters of the Confederacy with a project for sculpting a 20-foot (6 m) high bust of General
Robert E. Lee on the mountain's 800-foot (240 m) rockface. Borglum accepted, but told the committee, "Ladies, a twenty-foot head of Lee on that mountainside would look like a postage stamp on a barn door."[33]
Borglum's ideas eventually evolved into a high relief
frieze of Lee,
Jefferson Davis, and
Stonewall Jackson riding around the mountain, followed by a legion of artillery troops. Borglum agreed to include a
Ku Klux Klan altar in his plans for the memorial to acknowledge a request of Helen Plane in 1915, who wrote to him: "I feel it is due to the KKK that saved us from Negro domination and
carpetbag rule, that it be immortalized on Stone Mountain".[27]
After a delay caused by
World War I, Borglum and the newly chartered Stone Mountain Confederate Monumental Association set to work on this monument, the largest ever attempted. Many difficulties slowed progress, some because of the sheer scale involved. After finishing the detailed model of the carving, Borglum was unable to trace the figures onto the massive area on which he was working, until he developed a gigantic
magic lantern to project the image onto the side of the mountain.
Carving officially began on June 23, 1923, with Borglum making the first cut. At Stone Mountain he developed sympathetic connections with the reorganized Ku Klux Klan, who were major financial backers of the monument. Lee's head was unveiled on Lee's birthday January 19, 1924, to a large crowd, but soon thereafter Borglum was increasingly at odds with the officials of the organization. His domineering, perfectionist, authoritarian manner brought tensions to such a point that in March 1925 Borglum smashed his clay and plaster models. He left Georgia permanently, his tenure with the organization over. None of his work remains, as it was all blasted off the mountain's face for the work of Borglum's replacement
Henry Augustus Lukeman. In his abortive attempt, however, Borglum had developed the necessary techniques for sculpting on a gigantic scale that made Mount Rushmore possible.[34]
His Mount Rushmore project, 1927–1941, was the brainchild of South Dakota state historian
Doane Robinson.[35] His first attempt with the face of
Thomas Jefferson had to be redone when it was determined that there was not enough stone to complete it.[36] Dynamite was used to remove large areas of rock from under Washington's brow. The initial pair of presidents,
George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, was soon joined by
Abraham Lincoln and
Theodore Roosevelt.[37]
Ivan Houser, father of
John Sherrill Houser, was assistant sculptor to Gutzon Borglum in the early years of carving; he began working with Borglum shortly after the inception of the monument and was with Borglum for a total of seven years. When Houser left Gutzon to devote his talents to his own work, Gutzon's son, Lincoln, took over as Assistant-Sculptor to his father.[38]
Borglum alternated exhausting on-site supervising with world tours, raising money, polishing his personal legend, sculpting a
Thomas Paine memorial for Paris and a
Woodrow Wilson memorial for
Poznań, Poland (1931).[39] In his absence, work at Mount Rushmore was overseen by Bill Tallman[40] and later his son,
Lincoln Borglum.[41] During the Rushmore project, father and son were residents of Beeville, Texas. When he died in Chicago, following complications of surgery, his son finished another season at Rushmore, but left the monument largely in the state of completion it had reached under his father's direction.[42]
Other works
In 1909, the sculpture Rabboni was created as a grave site for the Ffoulke Family in Washington, D.C. at
Rock Creek Cemetery.[43]
His statue of Collis P. Huntington was completed in 1924 and stands at the entrance of the CSX Huntington headquarters building located in the 900 block of Seventh Avenue
Huntington, West Virginia.
Another Borglum design is the
North Carolina Monument on
Seminary Ridge at the
Gettysburg Battlefield in south-central
Pennsylvania. The cast bronze sculpture depicts a wounded
Confederate officer encouraging his men to push forward during
Pickett's Charge. Borglum had also made arrangements for an airplane to fly over the monument during the dedication ceremony on July 3, 1929. During the sculpture's unveiling, the plane scattered roses across the field as a salute to those North Carolinians who had fought and died at Gettysburg.[citation needed]
In 1939 when German troops marched into Poland, they destroyed Borglum's statue of
Woodrow Wilson located in
Poznań.[57]
^Howard Shaff and Audrey Karl Shaff, Six Wars at a Time; The Life and Times of Gutzon Borglum, sculptor of Mount Rushmore, Center for Western Studies, St. Augustana College, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 1985, p. 197
^Howard Shaff and Audrey Karl Shaff, Six Wars at a Time: The Life and Times of Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor of Mount Rushmore, The Center for Western Studies, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 1985, p. 18
^Smith RA. (1985). The carving of Mount Rushmore. New York: Abbeville Press Publishers
^Senie, Harriet (2023). Monumental Controversies. Potomac Books. p. 20.
ISBN978-1-64012-499-8.
^Jeff Morganteen, 'The Dart: Artists Drawn to Stamford Home', Stamford Advocate, December 18, 2011,
[1]Archived January 7, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine.
^Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019,
ISBN978-80-87173-47-3, pages 101-102, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–190.
^Howard Shaff and Audrey Karl Shaff, Six Wars at a Time; The Life and Times of Gutzon Borglum, sculptor of Mount Rushmore, Center for Western Studies, St. Augustana College, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 1985, p. 197
^Tagliaferro, John (2004). Great White Fathers. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. p. 186.
ISBN978-1-58648-205-3.
^
abMichael J. Hyde (2004). "The Ethos of Rhetoric". p. 161. University of South Carolina Press
^Howard Shaff and Audrey Karl Shaff, Six Wars at a Time; The Life and Times of Gutzon Borglum, sculptor of Mount Rushmore, Center for Western Studies, St. Augustana College, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 1985, p.203
^Harriet Senie (2014). "Critical Issues in Public Art: Content, Context, and Controversy". Smithsonian Institution,
^Shaff, Audrey Karl, Six Wars at a Time: The Life and Times of Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor of Mount Rushmore, The Center for Western Studies, Augustana College, Sioux City, South Dakota, 1985, p. 277
The son of
Danish immigrants, John Gutzon de la Mothe Borglum was born in 1867 in
St. Charles in what was then
Idaho Territory. Borglum was a child of
Mormon polygamy. His father, Jens Møller Haugaard Børglum (1839–1909), came from the village of
Børglum in northwestern Denmark. He had two wives when he lived in Idaho: Gutzon's mother, Christina Mikkelsen Børglum (1847–1871), and her sister Ida, who was Jens's first wife.[8] Jens Borglum decided to leave the LDS church and moved to
Omaha, Nebraska where polygamy was both illegal and taboo.[9] Jens Borglum had worked mainly as a woodcarver before his decision to attend the
Saint Louis Homeopathic Medical College[10] in
St. Louis, Missouri. At this point "Jens and Christina divorced, the family left the LDS church, and Jens, Ida, their children, and Christina's two sons, Gutzon and Solon, moved to St. Louis, where Jens earned a medical degree." Upon his graduation from the Missouri Medical College in 1874, Dr. Borglum moved the family to Fremont, Nebraska, where he established a medical practice.[11][12] Gutzon Borglum remained in Fremont until 1882, when his father enrolled him in
St. Mary's College, Kansas.[13]
After a brief stint at Saint Mary's College, Gutzon Borglum moved to Omaha, Nebraska, where he apprenticed in a machine shop and graduated from
Creighton Preparatory School.
New York City
Back in the U.S. in New York City, he sculpted saints and apostles for the new
Cathedral of St. John the Divine in 1901; in 1906 he had a group sculpture accepted by the
Metropolitan Museum of Art[14]— the first sculpture by a living American the museum had ever purchased—and made his presence further felt with some portraits. He also won the
Logan Medal of the Arts. His reputation soon surpassed that of his younger brother
Solon Borglum, already an established sculptor.
Family
In 1889, Borglum married his painting instructor, Elizabeth Jaynes Putnam, who was 18 years his senior.[15] After divorcing his first wife, Borglum married Mary Montgomery Williams, on May 20, 1909, with whom he had three children,[8] including a son,
Lincoln, and a daughter, Mary Ellis (Mel) Borglum Vhay.
Public life
Borglum was active in the committee that organized the New York
Armory Show of 1913, the birthplace of
modernism in American art. By the time the show was ready to open, however, Borglum had resigned from the committee, feeling that the emphasis on avant-garde works had co-opted the original premise of the show and made traditional artists like himself look provincial. He moved into an estate in
Stamford, Connecticut[16] in 1914 and lived there for 10 years. He sheltered
Czechoslovak Legion members on his land at Stamford in 1917.[17]
Borglum was an active member of the Ancient Free and Accepted Masons (the
Freemasons), raised in Howard Lodge #35, New York City, on June 10, 1904, and serving as its Worshipful Master 1910–11. In 1915, he was appointed Grand Representative of the Grand Lodge of Denmark near the Grand Lodge of New York. He received his Scottish Rite Degrees in the New York City Consistory on October 25, 1907.[18] He was friends with
Theodore Roosevelt for many years[19][20] and during the
1912 United States presidential election Borglum was a very active campaign organizer and member[21] of the
Bull Moose Party.[22][23]
While it has been claimed that Borglum was a member of the
Ku Klux Klan,[24] an article in the Smithsonian Magazine denies that there is proof that he officially joined the KKK.[25] That said, he became "deeply involved in Klan politics", attending Klan rallies and serving on Klan committees.[26] In 1925, having only completed the head of Robert E. Lee, Borglum was dismissed from the Stone Mountain project, with some holding that it came about due to infighting within the KKK, with Borglum involved in the strife.[27] Later, he stated "I am not a member of the Kloncilium, nor a knight of the KKK," but Howard Shaff and Audrey Karl Shaff claim that "that was for public consumption."[28] The museum at Mount Rushmore displays a letter to Borglum from
D. C. Stephenson, the infamous Klan Grand Dragon who later was convicted of the rape and murder of
Madge Oberholtzer. The 8x10 foot portrait contains the inscription "To my good friend Gutzon Borglum, with the greatest respect." Correspondence from Borglum to Stephenson during the 1920s detailed a deep
racist conviction in
Nordic moral superiority and strict immigration policies.[29]
Monuments
A fascination with gigantic scale and themes of heroic nationalism suited his extroverted personality. His
head of
Abraham Lincoln, carved from a six-ton block of marble, was exhibited in
Theodore Roosevelt's
White House and can be found in the
United States Capitol Crypt in
Washington, D.C. A "patriot," believing that the "monuments we have built are not our own," he looked to create art that was "American, drawn from American sources, memorializing American achievement," according to a 1908 interview.[citation needed] Borglum was highly suited to the competitive environment surrounding the contracts for public buildings and monuments, and his public sculptures are found all around the United States.
In 1908, Borglum won a competition for an
equestrian statue of the Civil War General
Philip Sheridan to be placed in
Sheridan Circle in Washington, D.C. A second version of General Philip Sheridan was erected in
Chicago,
Illinois, in 1923. Winning this competition was a personal triumph for him because he won out over sculptor
J.Q.A. Ward, a much older and more established artist and one whom Borglum had clashed with earlier in regard to the
National Sculpture Society. At the unveiling of the Sheridan statue, one observer, President Theodore Roosevelt (whom Borglum was later to include in the Mount Rushmore portrait group), declared that it was "first rate"; a critic wrote that "as a sculptor Gutzon Borglum was no longer a rumor, he was a fact." (Smith:see References)[full citation needed]
President
Franklin D. Roosevelt delivered an address on May 3, 1934, dedicating a statue of William Jennings Bryan created by Borglum. This Bryan statue by Borglum originally stood in
Washington, D.C. but was later displaced by highway construction and moved by an Act of Congress in 1961 to
Salem, Illinois, Bryan's birthplace.[30][31]
In 1925, the sculptor moved to Texas to work on the monument to trail drivers commissioned by the Trail Drivers Association. He completed the model in 1925, but due to lack of funds it was not cast until 1940, and then was only a fourth its originally planned size. It stands in front of the Texas Pioneer and Trail Drivers Memorial Hall next to the
Witte Museum in
San Antonio. Borglum lived at the historic
Menger Hotel, which in the 1920s was the residence of a number of artists. He subsequently planned the redevelopment of the Corpus Christi waterfront; the plan failed,[why?] although a model for a statue of Christ intended for it was later modified by his son and erected on a mountaintop in South Dakota. While living and working in Texas, Borglum took an interest in local beautification. He promoted change and modernity, although he was berated by academicians.[32]
Borglum was initially involved in the carving of
Stone Mountain in
Georgia. Borglum's nativist stances made him seem an ideologically sympathetic choice to carve a memorial to heroes of the
Confederate States of America, planned for
Stone Mountain, Georgia. In 1915, coinciding with the Klan-glorifying, highly successful The Birth of a Nation, he was approached by the
United Daughters of the Confederacy with a project for sculpting a 20-foot (6 m) high bust of General
Robert E. Lee on the mountain's 800-foot (240 m) rockface. Borglum accepted, but told the committee, "Ladies, a twenty-foot head of Lee on that mountainside would look like a postage stamp on a barn door."[33]
Borglum's ideas eventually evolved into a high relief
frieze of Lee,
Jefferson Davis, and
Stonewall Jackson riding around the mountain, followed by a legion of artillery troops. Borglum agreed to include a
Ku Klux Klan altar in his plans for the memorial to acknowledge a request of Helen Plane in 1915, who wrote to him: "I feel it is due to the KKK that saved us from Negro domination and
carpetbag rule, that it be immortalized on Stone Mountain".[27]
After a delay caused by
World War I, Borglum and the newly chartered Stone Mountain Confederate Monumental Association set to work on this monument, the largest ever attempted. Many difficulties slowed progress, some because of the sheer scale involved. After finishing the detailed model of the carving, Borglum was unable to trace the figures onto the massive area on which he was working, until he developed a gigantic
magic lantern to project the image onto the side of the mountain.
Carving officially began on June 23, 1923, with Borglum making the first cut. At Stone Mountain he developed sympathetic connections with the reorganized Ku Klux Klan, who were major financial backers of the monument. Lee's head was unveiled on Lee's birthday January 19, 1924, to a large crowd, but soon thereafter Borglum was increasingly at odds with the officials of the organization. His domineering, perfectionist, authoritarian manner brought tensions to such a point that in March 1925 Borglum smashed his clay and plaster models. He left Georgia permanently, his tenure with the organization over. None of his work remains, as it was all blasted off the mountain's face for the work of Borglum's replacement
Henry Augustus Lukeman. In his abortive attempt, however, Borglum had developed the necessary techniques for sculpting on a gigantic scale that made Mount Rushmore possible.[34]
His Mount Rushmore project, 1927–1941, was the brainchild of South Dakota state historian
Doane Robinson.[35] His first attempt with the face of
Thomas Jefferson had to be redone when it was determined that there was not enough stone to complete it.[36] Dynamite was used to remove large areas of rock from under Washington's brow. The initial pair of presidents,
George Washington and Thomas Jefferson, was soon joined by
Abraham Lincoln and
Theodore Roosevelt.[37]
Ivan Houser, father of
John Sherrill Houser, was assistant sculptor to Gutzon Borglum in the early years of carving; he began working with Borglum shortly after the inception of the monument and was with Borglum for a total of seven years. When Houser left Gutzon to devote his talents to his own work, Gutzon's son, Lincoln, took over as Assistant-Sculptor to his father.[38]
Borglum alternated exhausting on-site supervising with world tours, raising money, polishing his personal legend, sculpting a
Thomas Paine memorial for Paris and a
Woodrow Wilson memorial for
Poznań, Poland (1931).[39] In his absence, work at Mount Rushmore was overseen by Bill Tallman[40] and later his son,
Lincoln Borglum.[41] During the Rushmore project, father and son were residents of Beeville, Texas. When he died in Chicago, following complications of surgery, his son finished another season at Rushmore, but left the monument largely in the state of completion it had reached under his father's direction.[42]
Other works
In 1909, the sculpture Rabboni was created as a grave site for the Ffoulke Family in Washington, D.C. at
Rock Creek Cemetery.[43]
His statue of Collis P. Huntington was completed in 1924 and stands at the entrance of the CSX Huntington headquarters building located in the 900 block of Seventh Avenue
Huntington, West Virginia.
Another Borglum design is the
North Carolina Monument on
Seminary Ridge at the
Gettysburg Battlefield in south-central
Pennsylvania. The cast bronze sculpture depicts a wounded
Confederate officer encouraging his men to push forward during
Pickett's Charge. Borglum had also made arrangements for an airplane to fly over the monument during the dedication ceremony on July 3, 1929. During the sculpture's unveiling, the plane scattered roses across the field as a salute to those North Carolinians who had fought and died at Gettysburg.[citation needed]
In 1939 when German troops marched into Poland, they destroyed Borglum's statue of
Woodrow Wilson located in
Poznań.[57]
^Howard Shaff and Audrey Karl Shaff, Six Wars at a Time; The Life and Times of Gutzon Borglum, sculptor of Mount Rushmore, Center for Western Studies, St. Augustana College, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 1985, p. 197
^Howard Shaff and Audrey Karl Shaff, Six Wars at a Time: The Life and Times of Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor of Mount Rushmore, The Center for Western Studies, Augustana College, Sioux Falls, South Dakota, 1985, p. 18
^Smith RA. (1985). The carving of Mount Rushmore. New York: Abbeville Press Publishers
^Senie, Harriet (2023). Monumental Controversies. Potomac Books. p. 20.
ISBN978-1-64012-499-8.
^Jeff Morganteen, 'The Dart: Artists Drawn to Stamford Home', Stamford Advocate, December 18, 2011,
[1]Archived January 7, 2021, at the
Wayback Machine.
^Preclík, Vratislav. Masaryk a legie (Masaryk and legions), váz. kniha, 219 str., vydalo nakladatelství Paris Karviná, Žižkova 2379 (734 01 Karviná) ve spolupráci s Masarykovým demokratickým hnutím (Masaryk Democratic Movement, Prague), 2019,
ISBN978-80-87173-47-3, pages 101-102, 124–125, 128, 129, 132, 140–148, 184–190.
^Howard Shaff and Audrey Karl Shaff, Six Wars at a Time; The Life and Times of Gutzon Borglum, sculptor of Mount Rushmore, Center for Western Studies, St. Augustana College, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 1985, p. 197
^Tagliaferro, John (2004). Great White Fathers. New York, NY: PublicAffairs. p. 186.
ISBN978-1-58648-205-3.
^
abMichael J. Hyde (2004). "The Ethos of Rhetoric". p. 161. University of South Carolina Press
^Howard Shaff and Audrey Karl Shaff, Six Wars at a Time; The Life and Times of Gutzon Borglum, sculptor of Mount Rushmore, Center for Western Studies, St. Augustana College, Sioux Falls, South Dakota 1985, p.203
^Harriet Senie (2014). "Critical Issues in Public Art: Content, Context, and Controversy". Smithsonian Institution,
^Shaff, Audrey Karl, Six Wars at a Time: The Life and Times of Gutzon Borglum, Sculptor of Mount Rushmore, The Center for Western Studies, Augustana College, Sioux City, South Dakota, 1985, p. 277