From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
World's states coloured by systems of government:
Republic:
   Presidential republic: President heads the government and is independent of the legislature
   Parliamentary republic: President is mostly or entirely ceremonial; ministry is accountable to the legislature
   Semi-presidential republic: President has some executive powers and is independent of legislature; remaining executive power is vested in ministry accountable to the legislature
  Republic with an executive head of state either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it
   One-party state: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party

Monarchy:
   Constitutional monarchy: Monarch is mostly or entirely ceremonial; ministry is accountable to the legislature
   Semi-constitutional monarchy: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power; remaining executive power is vested in the ministry
   Absolute monarchy: Monarch heads the government

   Military junta: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
   Provisional government: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
  Dependent territories and places without governments

Note: this chart represent de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy.

A directorial republic is a country ruled by a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government.

Current directorial systems

Directorial republic in Switzerland

One country now using this form of government is Switzerland [1] (and to a lesser extent, San Marino), where directories rule all levels of administration, federal, cantonal and municipal. On the face of it, the Swiss Federal Council might appear to be a typical parliamentary government; technically, however, it is not a meeting of ministers, but a college of heads of state. The current President of the Confederation is in fact only a primus inter pares (first among equals) with representative functions in particular for diplomacy with other States, without any power either of direction or of coordination of the activity of colleagues. [2] The Swiss Federal Council is elected by the Federal Assembly for four years, and is composed of seven members, among whom one is president and one is vice-president on a rotating basis, although these positions are symbolic in normal circumstances. The link between the Swiss managerial system and the presidential system is even more evident for the cantonal governments, where currently all directors are all individually directly elected by the voters. [3]

History

In political history, the term directory, in French directoire, is applied to high collegial institutions of state composed of members styled director. Early directorial systems were the Ambrosian Republic (1447-1450), the Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620), New England Confederation (1643–1686), partially in First Stadtholderless Period of Dutch Republic (1650–1672), Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 and the Directory of 1795–1799 in France. [4]

The French Directory was inspired by the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776, which prominently featured a collegial 12-member Supreme Executive Council with the President in fact only primus inter pares (first among equals). Variants of this form of government, based on the French model, were also established in the European regions conquered by France during the French Revolutionary Wars. Directorial systems have a lower presidentialism metric value compared to presidential systems due to lower concentration of political power in the hands of one individual. [5] Military juntas differ from the directorial system by not being elected. Utilizing sortition to select multiple executives can lead to a directorial system.

Former directorial systems

In the past, countries with elected directories include:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Switzerland | History, Flag, Map, Capital, Population, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  2. ^ Pierre Cormon (2014). Swiss Politics for Complete Beginners. Ginevra: Slatkine.
  3. ^ Buchs, Aurélia; Soguel, Nils (2022-04-01). "Fiscal performance and the re-election of finance ministers–evidence from the Swiss cantons". Public Choice. 191 (1): 31–49. doi: 10.1007/s11127-021-00949-z. ISSN  1573-7101. S2CID  246371550.
  4. ^ Directory (French history) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  5. ^ Sigman, Rachel; Lindberg, Staffan I. (November 1, 2017). "Neopatrimonialism and Democracy: An Empirical Investigation of Africa's Political Regimes". doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3066654 – via Social Science Research Network.
  6. ^ Directory (Ukrainian ruling body) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
World's states coloured by systems of government:
Republic:
   Presidential republic: President heads the government and is independent of the legislature
   Parliamentary republic: President is mostly or entirely ceremonial; ministry is accountable to the legislature
   Semi-presidential republic: President has some executive powers and is independent of legislature; remaining executive power is vested in ministry accountable to the legislature
  Republic with an executive head of state either accountable to the legislature or elected by it but not accountable to it
   One-party state: Power is constitutionally linked to a single political party

Monarchy:
   Constitutional monarchy: Monarch is mostly or entirely ceremonial; ministry is accountable to the legislature
   Semi-constitutional monarchy: Monarch holds significant executive or legislative power; remaining executive power is vested in the ministry
   Absolute monarchy: Monarch heads the government

   Military junta: Committee of military leaders controls the government; constitutional provisions are suspended
   Provisional government: No constitutionally defined basis to current regime
  Dependent territories and places without governments

Note: this chart represent de jure systems of government, not the de facto degree of democracy.

A directorial republic is a country ruled by a college of several people who jointly exercise the powers of a head of state and/or a head of government.

Current directorial systems

Directorial republic in Switzerland

One country now using this form of government is Switzerland [1] (and to a lesser extent, San Marino), where directories rule all levels of administration, federal, cantonal and municipal. On the face of it, the Swiss Federal Council might appear to be a typical parliamentary government; technically, however, it is not a meeting of ministers, but a college of heads of state. The current President of the Confederation is in fact only a primus inter pares (first among equals) with representative functions in particular for diplomacy with other States, without any power either of direction or of coordination of the activity of colleagues. [2] The Swiss Federal Council is elected by the Federal Assembly for four years, and is composed of seven members, among whom one is president and one is vice-president on a rotating basis, although these positions are symbolic in normal circumstances. The link between the Swiss managerial system and the presidential system is even more evident for the cantonal governments, where currently all directors are all individually directly elected by the voters. [3]

History

In political history, the term directory, in French directoire, is applied to high collegial institutions of state composed of members styled director. Early directorial systems were the Ambrosian Republic (1447-1450), the Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620), New England Confederation (1643–1686), partially in First Stadtholderless Period of Dutch Republic (1650–1672), Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776 and the Directory of 1795–1799 in France. [4]

The French Directory was inspired by the Pennsylvania Constitution of 1776, which prominently featured a collegial 12-member Supreme Executive Council with the President in fact only primus inter pares (first among equals). Variants of this form of government, based on the French model, were also established in the European regions conquered by France during the French Revolutionary Wars. Directorial systems have a lower presidentialism metric value compared to presidential systems due to lower concentration of political power in the hands of one individual. [5] Military juntas differ from the directorial system by not being elected. Utilizing sortition to select multiple executives can lead to a directorial system.

Former directorial systems

In the past, countries with elected directories include:

See also

References

  1. ^ "Switzerland | History, Flag, Map, Capital, Population, & Facts". Encyclopedia Britannica.
  2. ^ Pierre Cormon (2014). Swiss Politics for Complete Beginners. Ginevra: Slatkine.
  3. ^ Buchs, Aurélia; Soguel, Nils (2022-04-01). "Fiscal performance and the re-election of finance ministers–evidence from the Swiss cantons". Public Choice. 191 (1): 31–49. doi: 10.1007/s11127-021-00949-z. ISSN  1573-7101. S2CID  246371550.
  4. ^ Directory (French history) at the Encyclopædia Britannica
  5. ^ Sigman, Rachel; Lindberg, Staffan I. (November 1, 2017). "Neopatrimonialism and Democracy: An Empirical Investigation of Africa's Political Regimes". doi: 10.2139/ssrn.3066654 – via Social Science Research Network.
  6. ^ Directory (Ukrainian ruling body) at the Encyclopædia Britannica

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